团头鲂和斑马鱼鳞片的发生发育过程比较研究

为探究鱼类鳞片的发生发育过程,以团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为实验对象,结合形态学和组织学方法,对这两种鱼的鳞片发生发育过程进行了系统的比较研究。结果显示:团头鲂和斑马鱼分别在出膜后24 d和39 d开始出现鳞片,鳞片首次出现时的体长分别为16.3～19.7 mm和8.5～9.2 mm。鳞片分别于出膜后44 d和47 d,体长达到23.9～24.6 mm和12.1～12.5 mm时覆盖完全。团头鲂的鳞片最先出现于鳃盖后缘侧线处,随着体长的增加,沿着侧线向尾部逐渐覆盖,侧线下方的覆盖速度快于侧线上方。相比之下,斑马鱼的鳞片最先出现在尾柄侧线处,随着体长的增加,鳞片沿着侧线向头部逐渐覆盖,其水平覆盖的速度快于垂直覆盖的速度。组织学结果表明,团头鲂和斑马鱼鳞片的发生主要经历了形态发生早期、形态发生晚期、分化早期、分化晚期和折叠期,共5个时期。相关性分析结果表明,团头鲂、斑马鱼的体长和日龄均与鳞片的覆盖率有相关性,其中体长与鳞片的覆盖率相关性更高。     

鲤出血病的发现及研究初报

一、病况观察 1.症状对24尾病鱼的观察,病鱼侧线上方及背部鳞片粗糙,失去光泽,颜色较白,易脱落,有时有丝状物(藻类或真菌待查)附着;眼眶下方常有明显小血斑点,上颌、口腔内两颊部及下颏充血,严重者腹面两胸鳍间有一较大出血斑或灰褐色斑块,腹、臀、尾鳍基部充血,尾鳍及背鳍末端常腐蚀残缺。鳃充血或失血成白鳃,但不腐败;发病初期部份鱼肛门见有红肿。剥去皮鳞,尾柄和背鳍前侧线上方肌肉常呈片状出血,严重者两侧肌肉有紫色血斑、该处肌肉有的开始腐烂,出血症状典型;体腔内腹水兼有血水严重,肠道充塞度     

肉红鲫鱼

<正> 鱼体呈纺锤型,全身鳞片呈透明状,侧线鳞下面二至三行以上的鳞片均呈肉桔红色(直至背鳍中部),侧线鳞下面三行至腹部为肉红色(类似咸瘦肉色),鳃盖骨透明可见紫红色鳃耙,眼睛上有眼脸可转动,乌黑。背鳍上半部较透明,下半部呈桔红色,     

珠江水系鳞科（Bagridae）鱼类一新记录

鲇形目,鳞科的长须黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus eupogon在广西桂林漓江首次发现,为珠江水系新记录。采集标本1尾,全长254．78mm,标准体长207．70mm,背鳍Ⅱ-6,胸鳍Ⅱ-6,腹鳍i-5,臀鳍19,外部第一鳃弓鳃耙数16;标准体长为体高的9．32倍,为头长的6．46倍,头长为吻长的3．96倍,为眼径的4．21倍,眼间距的2．25倍,尾柄长为尾柄高的3．09倍。     

尼罗尖吻鲈(Lates niloticus L.)的形态和生物学特性

解剖观察自埃及引进的尼罗尖吻鲈(Lates niloticus L.),对其形态特征做了详细记录,并在养殖过程中对生物学特性做了观察。尼罗尖吻鲈体延长,侧扁;DⅦ~Ⅷ,10~14。前鳃盖下缘有强棘;鳃盖后缘呈锯齿状,有一硬棘。被鳞为栉鳞,中等大小,侧线清晰与体背缘平行,具侧线鳞60~80枚。尾鳍圆滑不分叉。成鱼鱼体银白色,并有暗色条纹,幼鱼背部大多有青黑色斑块,下半部银色。消化道粗短,与体长之比约为0.66。尼罗尖吻鲈是热带种类,肉食性,适宜生长温度为26~32℃,生长速度快,一般2~3年性成熟。     

粗鳞黄尾鲴的生物学及其养殖技术

１粗鳞黄尾鲴的生态特征粗鳞黄尾鲴属鲤科、鲴亚科的一种新型选育鱼类。它体形侧扁 ,较长 ,腹部圆 ;背部肉体厚 ,呈青黑色 ;嘴锥形 ,上颌下钩 ;胸鳍、腹鳍各一对 ;呈杏黄色 ,背鳍为灰青色 ,具光滑硬刺、分枝 ;尾鳍为桔黄色 ,鳞片排列较其它鲴类稀疏 ;侧线鳞６２枚 ,手感粗糙。生殖季节 ,雄性有明显珠星。２粗鳞黄尾鲴的生活习性粗鳞黄尾鲴一般生活在水的中底层 ,摄食量大且贪食 ,可摄食植物碎屑、腐殖质、各种藻类、糠、麦麸、动物下脚料、人畜粪、肥泥以及人工饲料。其鳃耙排列紧密 ,滤食性极强 ,肠相当长 ,是体长的１０倍 ,消化力极强 ,故…     

滇池鲤4种年龄鉴定材料的比较

为确定鉴定滇池鲤（Cyprinus carpio）年龄的适宜材料,对4种年龄鉴定材料（耳石、鳞片、胸鳍条和鳃盖骨）的形态和年轮标志进行了描述,并对这4种钙化组织鉴定鲤年龄的一致性进行了探讨。2013年5、6、8-11月以及2014年3-7月,使用拖网采集云南滇池鲤584尾,体长范围7.5~50.5 cm,体重范围17.2~3 211.3 g。其中耳石采集于584尾样本,鳃盖骨和鳞片分别采集于276尾样本,胸鳍条采集于274尾样本。微耳石磨片轮纹清晰,在反射光下呈明暗相间的条纹,年龄标志明显。同一鉴定者2次年龄读数的吻合率,微耳石磨片轮最高（88.0%),鳞片次之(84.1%),胸鳍条和鳃盖骨则分别为73.7%和72.1%。2次读龄的平均误差百分比,微耳石磨片和鳞片较小,分别为2.6%和2.9%;胸鳍条和鳃盖骨较高,分别为4.7%和5.9%。以微耳石磨片年龄读数为基准,鳞片年龄读数与其吻合率最高(77.5%),平均变异系数最低(6.14%);鳃盖骨和胸鳍条与其吻合率分别为61.9%和56.2%,平均变异系数均超过12%。综合分析认为,耳石是滇池鲤年龄鉴定的最佳材料,鉴定4龄以下个体年龄时可使用鳞片,鳃盖骨和胸鳍条则不适于滇池鲤的年龄鉴定。     

条石鲷鳃的组织发育及鳃上钠钾三磷酸腺苷酶活性的早期变化

为完善条石鲷的早期组织发育过程,探索条石鲷仔鱼早期高死亡率的内在发育机制,实验对鳃器官的早期发育进行观察,结果显示:条石鲷仔鱼在1日龄时出现鳃原基;2日龄,原始鳃弓形成;3日龄,鳃丝原基出现;6日龄,鳃丝两侧的扁平细胞向外突出而形成原始的鳃小叶,假鳃出现;7日龄,鳃小叶基部出现泌氯细胞;8日龄,泌氯细胞开始分泌蛋白样物质;14日龄,鳃的结构分化发育完善.钠钾三磷酸腺苷酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)的相对活性从胚胎分裂期不断增加,直至器官分化期.此后活性逐渐降低,并保持在一个较低的水平,直至9日龄活性才开始上升.而12日龄之后又不断下降,到14日龄降至最低值(0.246±0.126) U/g.此后急剧上升,到18日龄升至最高值(4.731±0.309) U/g.从20日龄起,Na+,K+-ATPase的相对活性保持稳定上升,直至本次实验结束.结果表明,Na+,K+-ATPase活性的变化与鳃组织,尤其是与泌氯细胞的发育密切相关,而且在其活性较低的阶段,条石鲷仔鱼的死亡率较高.     

野生细鳞鱼的生物学特性及繁殖力

本文对采捕的野生细鳞鱼的生物学特性及繁殖力进行了测定,结果表明:细鳞鱼可量比例性状为:全长/体长1.13±0.02,体长/体高4.86±0.30,体长/头长4.41±0.19,体长/尾柄长6.94±0.72,体长/尾柄高12.53±0.59,尾柄长/尾柄高1.82±0.17,头长/吻长3.36±0.31,头长/眼径5.41±0.52,头长/眼间距2.89±0.26;可数性状为:背鳍鳍式:II,11～13,胸鳍鳍式:I,15～19,腹鳍鳍式:I,9～12,臀鳍鳍式:II,10～14,侧线鳞:108～163,侧线上鳞:24～37,侧线下鳞:23～36,第一鳃弓鳃耙数:15～29,脊椎骨:57～61,肋骨:28～31,幽门垂:70～121。绝对繁殖力2823.25±1237.01,相对繁殖力3.20±1.79。     

舟山群岛大鳞副泥鳅与真泥鳅形态特征比较研究

从舟山群岛采集体长7.1～18.7 cm、体重3.2～55.6 g的野生泥鳅样本,依据侧线鳞数目初步分出127尾大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisguruns dubryanus)和136尾真泥鳅(Misguruns anguilliaudatuses)。按体长段分组,分别记录两种泥鳅体长、体高、尾柄长、尾柄高、头长、吻长、口须长、头长等数据,统计分析体长/体高、尾柄长/尾柄高、头长/吻长、口须长/头长几组数据,结果显示:大鳞副泥鳅尾柄长为尾柄高的(1.07±0.10)倍,真泥鳅尾柄长是尾柄高的(1.84±0.12)倍。大鳞副泥鳅和真泥鳅口须长/头长分别为1.05±0.11,0.54±0.11。尾柄长/尾柄高口须长/头长在两种泥鳅之间也有显著的差异。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.