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1.
Victual Vicissitudes: Consumer Deskilling and the (Gendered) Transformation of Food Systems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A considerable literature addresses worker deskilling in manufacturing and the related loss of control over production processes
experienced by farmers and others working in the agri-food industry. Much less attention has been directed at a parallel process
of consumer deskilling in the food system, which has been no less important. Consumer deskilling in its various dimensions
carries enormous consequences for the restructuring of agro-food systems and for consumer sovereignty, diets, and health.
The prevalence of packaged, processed, and industrially transformed foodstuffs is often explained in terms of consumer preference
for convenience. A closer look at the social construction of “consumers” reveals that the agro-food industry has waged a double
disinformation campaign to manipulate and to re-educate consumers while appearing to respond to consumer demand. Many consumers
have lost the knowledge necessary to make discerning decisions about the multiple dimensions of quality, including the contributions
a well-chosen diet can make to health, planetary sustainability, and community economic development. They have also lost the
skills needed to make use of basic commodities in a manner that allows them to eat a high quality diet while also eating lower
on the food chain and on a lower budget. This process has a significant gender dimension, as it is the autonomy of those primarily
responsible for purchasing and preparing foodstuffs that has been systematically undermined. Too often, food industry professionals
and regulatory agencies have been accessories to this process by misdirecting attention to the less important dimensions of
quality.
JoAnn Jaffe teaches rural, environmental, and development sociology, the sociology of gender, and theory in the Department of Sociology
and Social Studies of the University of Regina.
Michael Gertler teaches rural sociology, the sociology of communities, and the sociology of agriculture in the Department of Sociology at
the University of Saskatchewan. He holds a cross appointment in the Centre for the Study of Co-operatives. 相似文献
2.
In light of growing concerns about obesity, Winson (2004, Agriculture and Human Values 21(4): 299–312) calls for more research into the supermarket foodscape as a point of connection between consumers and food
choice. In this study, we systematically examine the marketing of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals to children in Toronto, Ontario
supermarkets. The supermarket cereal aisle is a relatively unstudied visual collage of competing brands, colors, spokes-characters,
and incentives aimed at influencing consumer choice. We found that breakfast cereal products with higher-than-average levels
of sugar, refined grains, and trans-fats are more likely to feature child-oriented marketing in the form of spokes-characters,
themed cereal shapes/colors, and child incentives on cereal boxes. These forms of visual communication are consistent with
a “health exploitive” pattern of targeted marketing to children in the supermarket setting. Only one aspect of visual communication
is consistent with a “health protective” pattern of marketing to children—cereals shelved within reach of children aged 4–8
had less sugar per serving and were less likely to contain trans-fats than less reachable products. We discuss the implications
of our findings for the measurement and regulation of marketing to children in North American supermarkets.
Brent Berry who has a PhD from the University of Michigan, is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada. His most recent research has sought to untangle the casual processes underlying socioeconomic disparities in health over the lifecourse. Brent has also developed innovative visual approaches for systematically studying interracial friendships, homelessness, and marketing in supermarkets. Brent has also published work on race and ethnic relations, residential segregation, social theory, and family intergenerational support. His work has been published in Demography, Health, Evaluation Review, Ethnic and Racial Studies, the Journal of Family Issues, and the American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Taralyn McMullen is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at the University of Toronto. Taralyn is interested in the sociology of health and illness, with emphasis on issues of food insecurity. In addition to her collaborative work with Brent Berry, Taralyn has completed a research project examining the link between food insecurity, obesity, and gender discrimination in Canada. 相似文献
Brent BerryEmail: |
Brent Berry who has a PhD from the University of Michigan, is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada. His most recent research has sought to untangle the casual processes underlying socioeconomic disparities in health over the lifecourse. Brent has also developed innovative visual approaches for systematically studying interracial friendships, homelessness, and marketing in supermarkets. Brent has also published work on race and ethnic relations, residential segregation, social theory, and family intergenerational support. His work has been published in Demography, Health, Evaluation Review, Ethnic and Racial Studies, the Journal of Family Issues, and the American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Taralyn McMullen is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at the University of Toronto. Taralyn is interested in the sociology of health and illness, with emphasis on issues of food insecurity. In addition to her collaborative work with Brent Berry, Taralyn has completed a research project examining the link between food insecurity, obesity, and gender discrimination in Canada. 相似文献
3.
The US food retailing industry continues to concentrate and consolidate. Power in the agriculture, food, and nutrition system
has shifted from producers to processors, and is now shifting to retailers. Currently, only eight food-retailing corporations
control the majority of food sales in the United States. Expanding on previous research by Lyson and Raymer (2000, Agriculture and Human Values 17: 199–208), this paper examines the characteristics of the boards of directors of the leading food retailing corporations
and the indirect interlocks that bind the food retailers into a corporate community.
Rachel
Schwartz
is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Development Sociology at Cornell University. Her research interests are focused on
the relationship between food retailers and food consumers in the United States, especially in regards to the construction
of the concept of “choice.”
Thomas Lyson
was Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor in the Department of Development Sociology at Cornell University. His interests included
the relationship of agriculture and food systems on community economic development and population health. His most recent
book, Civic Agriculture, developed a problem-solving model for food and agriculture issues. Dr. Lyson passed away in December
2006. 相似文献
4.
Is HACCP Nothing? A Disjoint Constitution between Inspectors, Processors, and Consumers and the Cider Industry in Michigan 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
Toby A. Ten Eyck Donna Thede Gerd Bode Leslie Bourquin 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(2):205-214
The transmission of a product or idea from one culture or point of origin to another and the maintenance of control outside
the new locality has been referred to as the distribution and maintenance of “nothing.” This perspective has been used to
describe the global marketplace and the influence of large multinational corporations on the politics and cultures of host
countries. This paper uses this concept, but within a much smaller context. Using the sensitizing concept of a “disjoint constitution,”
we interviewed health inspectors and apple cider producers in Michigan to determine if the implementation of the Hazard Analysis
and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program designed to ensure food safety was characterized by a power differential that
would favor the inspectors. In addition, a larger survey of processors and an internet survey of apple cider consumers was
conducted to supplement this data. It was found that HACCP had characteristics of both “nothing” and “something” and that
better communication is needed between these groups to move it further along toward the something end of the continuum.
Toby A. Ten Eyck is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and affiliated with the National Food Safety and Toxicology Center
at Michigan State University. His work focuses on the development, dissemination, and interpretation of mass media risk messages.
Donna J. Thede completed her Ph.D in Food Science partially through this research project and is now a Senior Scientist in Nutrition & Regulatory
Affairs with the Kellogg Company.
Gerd Bobe conducts research on nutrition and cancer as a fellow in the Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention,
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland). Previously, he evaluated food safety policies
for the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and the National Food Safety and Toxicology Center at Michigan State
University.
Leslie D. Bourquin is an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and is affiliated with the National Food Safety
and Toxicology Center and Food Safety Policy Center at Michigan State University. His research examines factors influencing
the effective implementation of food safety standards and the ultimate impacts of these standards on public health. 相似文献
5.
Michael S. Carolan 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(3):325-339
This paper examines sustainable agriculture’s steady rise as a legitimate farm management system. In doing this, it offers an account of social change that centers on trust and its intersection with networks of knowledge. The argument to follow is informed by the works of Foucault and Latour but moves beyond this literature in important ways. Guided by and building upon earlier conceptual framework first forwarded by Carolan and Bell (2003, Environmental Values 12: 225–245), sustainable agriculture is examined through the lens of a “phenomenological challenge.” In doing this, analytic emphasis centers on the interpretative resources of everyday life and the artful act of practice – in other words, on “the local.” Research data involving Iowa farmers and agriculture professionals are examined to understand how social relations of trust and knowledge are contested and shaped within and between agricultural social networks and organizational configurations. All of this is meant to further our understanding of what “sustainable agriculture” is and is not, who it is, and how these boundaries change over time.
Michael
S. Carolan
is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Colorado State University. His areas of specialization included environmental sociology, sociology of science and knowledge, sociology of food systems and agriculture, and the sociology of risk. Some of his recent writings have focused on the theorizing of nature–society relations, epistemological issues related to agriculture (and sustainable agriculture in particular), and the processes by which knowledge claims are constructed and contested in response to environmental threats. 相似文献
6.
Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: A comparative analysis
of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Certification and labeling initiatives that seek to enhance environmental and social sustainability are growing rapidly. This
article analyzes the expansion of these private regulatory efforts in the coffee sector. We compare the five major third-party
certifications – the Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Utz Kapeh, and Shade/Bird Friendly initiatives – outlining
and contrasting their governance structures, environmental and social standards, and market positions. We argue that certifications
that seek to raise ecological and social expectations are likely to be increasingly challenged by those that seek to simply
uphold current standards. The vulnerability of these initiatives to market pressures highlights the need for private regulation
to work in tandem with public regulation in enhancing social and environmental sustainability.
Laura T. Raynolds is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies (http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/cfats/index.html)
at Colorado State University. She has published extensively on organic and Fair Trade certification and globalization and
has an edited volume forthcoming, Raynolds, L. T., D. Murray, and J. Wilkinson (eds.) (2007) Fair Trade: The Challenges of
Transforming Globalization. London: Routledge Press.
Douglas Murray is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies at Colorado State University.
His research and publications focus on global certification and regulatory initiatives, development, environment, and pesticide
issues particularly in Latin America.
Andrew Heller is PhD Candidate in Sociology and student affiliate of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies at Colorado State University.
He is researching the impacts of certification on Guatemalan small scale coffee producers for his dissertation. 相似文献
7.
We examine crime that emerges from the global restructuring of agriculture and food systems by employing the case of the Australian
“Ship of Death,” whereby nearly 58,000 sheep were stranded at sea for almost 3 months in 2003, violating the Western Australia
Animal Welfare Act of 2002. This case demonstrates that the acceleration of transnational trade networks, in the context of
agri-food globalization, victimizes animals and constitutes a crime. Herein, we examine this case in depth and show how economic
restructuring, driven by a “logic of capital” orientation, can exert pressure on the state causing it to fail to enforce its
own regulations and in this way engage in criminal actions.
Wynne
Wright is an Assistant Professor at Michigan State University specializing in agri-food systems and political sociology. Her current
interests lie in social change in the agri-food system and it's influence farm families and rural community culture.
Stephen Muzzatti is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada specializing in critical theory, crime, and
the mass media. He is Vice-Chair of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology. 相似文献
8.
Michelle R. Worosz Andrew J. Knight Craig K. Harris 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(2):187-191
We use the case of red meat food safety to illustrate the need to problematize policy. Overtime, there have been numerous
red meat scandals and scares. We show that the statutes and regulations that arose out of these events provided the industry
with a means of demonstrating safety, facilitating large-scale trade, legitimizing conventional production, and limiting interference
into its practices. They also created systemic fragility, as evidenced by many recent events, and hindered the development
of an alternative, small-scale sector. Thus, the accumulated rules help to structure the sector, create superficial resilience,
and are used in place of an actual policy governing safety. We call for rigorous attention to not only food safety, but also
the role and effect of agrifood statutes and regulations in general, and engagement in policy more broadly.
Michelle Worosz has a PhD in Sociology from Michigan State University. She is Assistant Professor with the Food Safety Policy Center and affiliated with the Institute for Food Laws and Regulations, both of which are at Michigan State University. Her research focuses on agrifood studies including sustainability, food safety, and governance. Andrew Knight earned his PhD in Rural Sociology from The Pennsylvania State University. He is currently a Visiting Assistant Professor in Sociology at Susquehanna University and affiliated with the Food Safety Policy Center at Michigan State University. His research focuses on agricultural systems, environmental issues, public policy, and risk perception. Craig Harris has a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University, where he is also appointed in the National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, one of the principals in the Food Safety Policy Center, and one of the founding members of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Standards. His research focuses on food safety policy, fisheries management, and the coevolution of agriculture and society. 相似文献
Michelle R. WoroszEmail: |
Michelle Worosz has a PhD in Sociology from Michigan State University. She is Assistant Professor with the Food Safety Policy Center and affiliated with the Institute for Food Laws and Regulations, both of which are at Michigan State University. Her research focuses on agrifood studies including sustainability, food safety, and governance. Andrew Knight earned his PhD in Rural Sociology from The Pennsylvania State University. He is currently a Visiting Assistant Professor in Sociology at Susquehanna University and affiliated with the Food Safety Policy Center at Michigan State University. His research focuses on agricultural systems, environmental issues, public policy, and risk perception. Craig Harris has a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University, where he is also appointed in the National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, one of the principals in the Food Safety Policy Center, and one of the founding members of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Standards. His research focuses on food safety policy, fisheries management, and the coevolution of agriculture and society. 相似文献
9.
Henning Best 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):95-106
The recent growth in organic farming has given rise to the so-called “conventionalization hypothesis,” the idea that organic
farming is becoming a slightly modified model of conventional agriculture. Using survey data collected from 973 organic farmers
in three German regions during the spring of 2004, some implications of the conventionalization hypothesis are tested. Early
and late adopters of organic farming are compared concerning farm structure, environmental concern, attitudes to organic farming,
and membership in organic-movement organizations. The results indicate that organic farming in the study regions indeed exhibits
signs of incipient conventionalization. On average, newer farms are more specialized and slightly larger than established
ones and there is a growing proportion of farmers who do not share pro-environmental attitudes. Additionally, a number, albeit
small, of very large, highly specialized farms have adopted organic agriculture in the last years. However, the vast majority
of organic farmers, new and old ones included, still show a strong pro-environmental orientation.
Henning
Best
holds a MA in Sociology, History, and Ethnology from the University of Cologne, Germany in 2002. He acquired a PhD in Economics
and Social Sciences from the University of Cologne in 2006. From 2002 to 2004 he was research associate at the Research Institute
for Sociology, University of Cologne. Since 2004 he is researcher and lecturer at the Institute for Applied Social Research,
University of Cologne. His research interests include environmental sociology, social inequality, and quantitative methods
of social research. 相似文献
10.
Sustainability and multifunctionality in French farms: Analysis
of the implementation of Territorial Farming Contracts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mohamed Gafsi Geneviève Nguyen Bruno Legagneux Patrice Robin 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(4):463-475
Sustainable agriculture and ways to achieve it are important issues for agricultural policy. However, the concept of sustainability has yet to be made operational in many agricultural situations, and only a few studies so far have addressed the implementation process of sustainable agriculture. This paper provides an assessment of the Territorial Farming Contracts (TFC) – the French model for implementing sustainable agriculture – and aims to give some insights into the ways to facilitate the development of sustainable farming. Using a systems approach, the founding concept of the TFC model, an analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France. The results show that the first aspect of sustainability apparent in farmers’ projects referred to economic objectives. The environmental and social aspects were not foremost in the farming changes undertaken. In addition, the territorial dimension of the TFC was under-addressed. The majority of TFCs reveal a moderate or even low convergence with territorial priorities. These results are explained partly by the dominance of professional farming organizations in the implementation of TFC, and they imply that the organizational social dimensions of sustainability must not be neglected.
Mohamed
Gafsi
is an assistant professor of farm management at the National School of Agronomic Training. He received his PhD in management science at the University of Bourgogne. His research interests include farm management and protection of natural resources, corporate environmental management, sustainable agriculture, and African family farms.
Geneviève Nguyen
is assistant professor in rural economics at the National Polytechnique Institute – National Superior School of Agronomy, in Toulouse. Her research interests include the dynamics of agrarian institutions in uncertain economies, the supply and organization of services in remote rural areas. Her research has been carried out in Europe, Africa, and Asia. She received her MA in Economics and her PhD in Agricultural Economics from the Ohio State University.
Bruno Legagneux
is assistant professor of farm management at the National Polytechnique Institute – National Superior School of Agronomy, in Toulouse. His research interests include farm management and the entry of young farmers into farming.
Patrice Robin
is an engineer agronomist. He received his diploma from the National Superior School of Agronomy, in Montpellier. He is currently a doctoral candidate at the University of Toulouse. His research interests include agriculture and rural development, environmental issues, and food quality. 相似文献
11.
Luxus Consumption: Wasting Food Resources Through Overeating 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper, we redefine the term luxus consumption to mean food waste and overconsumption leading to storage of body fat,
health problems, and excess resource utilization. We develop estimates of the prevalence of luxus consumption and its environmental
consequences using US food supply, agricultural, and environmental data and using procedures modeled after energetics analysis
and ecological footprint analysis. Between 1983 and 2000, US food availability (food consumption including waste) increased
by 18% or 600 kcal (2.51 MJ) per person. This luxus consumption required 0.36 hectares (ha) of land and fishing area per capita,
100.6 million ha for the US population, and 3.1% of total US energy consumption. Luxus consumption increased more for particular
foods, such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 22% of which was used in carbonated beverages. As an example, the luxus consumption
of sweetened soda, 31.8 l per capita, used 0.8% of the US corn crop (230,555 ha of land); 33.6 million kg of nitrogen fertilizer;
175,000 kg of Atrazine herbicide; 34 million kg of nitrogen fertilizer; 2.44 trillion kcal (10.2 PJ) for production inputs
and post-harvest handling; and led to 4.9 million metric tons of soil erosion. Diet soft drink luxus consumption was 43.9 l/capita.
Assuming half of US soft drink luxus consumption was bottled in plastic, the energy cost for plastics would have been 2.49 trillion
kcal (10.4 PJ) in 2000. Total HFCS availability above baseline in 2000 required 4.6 times the resources used for soft drinks
alone. This analysis suggests the utility and applicability of the concept of luxus consumption to environmental analysis
and for estimating the effects of excess food utilization.
Dorothy Blair, PhD, received her master’s and doctoral degrees in Human Nutrition from Cornell University and is currently a faculty member in
the Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Science, Technology, and Society Program at Pennsylvania State University.
Her research and teaching focus on food ecology, food and culture, and the food system both nationally and internationally.
She has published articles on obesity, energy expenditure, agriculture and food system issues, and community food security.
Jeffery Sobal, PhD, earned a doctorate in Sociology from the University of Pennsylvania and a master’s in Public Health from Johns Hopkins University.
He is currently a faculty member in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. His research and teaching
focus on the application of social science theories and methods to food, eating, and nutrition. He has published material
on social patterns and consequences of body weight, the conceptualization of the food and nutrition system, and the process
of making food choices. 相似文献
12.
From burgers to biodiversity? The McDonaldization of on-farm nature conservation in the UK 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper uses George Ritzer’s account of McDonaldization – the socially transformative process of rationalization – to undertake
a critical analysis of agri-environment schemes, the dominant form of on-farm nature conservation in England. Drawing on a
wide range of evidence, including social surveys of the participants and non-participants of agri-environment schemes, government
files, and interviews with government officials, the four key dimensions of McDonaldization – efficiency, calculability, predictability,
and control (through non-human technologies) – are applied to the analysis of agri-environment schemes. The irrationalities
emerging from a McDonaldized approach to nature conservation are discussed together with their implications for farmers, nature,
and society. In conclusion, the paper points to the emergence of alternative models of on-farm nature conservation that may
offer ways of resisting and displacing the McDonaldized version.
Carol
Morris
is Professor of Geography at the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Her research is broadly concerned with the application
of social scientific approaches to the critical analysis of issues and problems affecting the rural environment and agro-food
system in British and European contexts.
Matt Reed
is Research Fellow in the ESRC Centre for the Study of Genomics in Society (EGENIS), University of Exeter, UK and a visiting
Fellow in the Centre for Rural Research at the University of Exeter, UK. The main focus of his research has been the organic
food and farming movement, but he also has conducted research on family farming, rural protest movements, and the local food
economy. 相似文献
13.
The concept of scale is useful in analyzing both the strengths and limitations of community food security programs that attempt
to link issues of ecological sustainability with social justice. One scalar issue that is particularly important but under-theorized
is the scale of social reproduction, which is often neglected in production-focused studies of globalization. FoodShare Toronto's
good food box (GFB) program, engages people in the politics of their everyday lives, empowering them to make connections between
consumption patterns and broader political-economic, cultural, and political-ecological issues. Community food security (CFS)
projects such as the GFB are currently limited in their scope and reach and have been criticized for their inability to deliver
food to a larger segment of marginalized, hungry people. A central dilemma for CFS projects is how to engage the majority
of urban consumers who still eat “inside the box” of the industrial food system. We argue that the concept of scale helps
clarify how CFS projects must “scale out” to other localities, as well as “scale up” to address structural concerns like state capacity, industrial agriculture, and unequal distribution of wealth. This requires
the state and the third sector to recognize the importance of multi-scaled food politics as well as a long-term pedagogical
project promoting ecological sustainability, social responsibility, and the pleasures of eating locally.
Josée Johnston is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Toronto. She is interested in the radical potential
of food politics in the context of neo-liberal globalism.
Lauren Baker is a doctoral candidate in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University in Toronto, Canada. Her research interests
include food politics, alternative food networks, and place-based social movements. Lauren worked with FoodShare Toronto as
a program coordinator for five years and continues to be active in the community food security movement. 相似文献
14.
Analyses of the role of technological development in agriculture are central to an understanding of social change in agri-food systems. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the formation of a broader perspective of how farmers are positioning themselves with respect to controversial agricultural technologies through an empirical analysis of Washington State farmers’ willingness or unwillingness to try Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) technology on their farms. The use of this type of biotechnology in farming has been criticized for its potential harmful effects on natural environments and socio-cultural systems, while proponents highlight the possibilities for increasing production with minimal use of other inputs. An analysis of the extent of farmers’ expressed willingness to use GMOs provides an opportunity to better understand how their diverse thoughts about controversial agricultural technologies are shaped not only by their own experiences but also by social context. The present study does this by analyzing data from a farm survey conducted on a random sample of farmers from across Washington State. The results show that the production practices farmers utilize and the market strategies they employ may be at least as useful as farmers’ socio-economic characteristics in explaining what types of farmers appear to be more or less interested in potentially using this technology. Furthermore, the relationship between level of formal education and willingness to use GMOs is not straightforward. It may hide differences between farmers with respect to where and how they received their formal education as well as the type(s) of knowledge they gained. It is argued that future research should recognize the diversity that exists in farmers’ interests vis-á-vis particular technologies and should also explore how these interests are shaped by farmers’ past and present social networks and life experiences.
Kazumi Kondoh
is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology at Washington State University. Her research interests include environmental policies, science and technology, and sustainable agriculture.
Raymond Jussaume
is an Professor and Chair, Community and Rural Sociology at Washington State University. His primary areas of interest are sociology of agriculture, development sociology, and political sociology. 相似文献
15.
16.
The study was conducted in East Shewa, central Ethiopia, where durum wheat landraces were once popular, but were displaced
and re-introduced. Combinations of survey techniques are employed to document the different home uses of durum wheat landraces
and to assess whether these serve as an incentive to on-farm conservation. The findings reveal that wheat landraces have multiple
dietary and sociocultural uses that contribute to the maintenance of landraces on-farm. Temporal analysis of historical information
showed that (1) richness in food traditions is associated with a high level of landrace diversity on-farm; (2) food traditions
in East Shewa did not change radically as a result of the integration of farmers into the market economy; and (3) farm households
still have an appreciation of, and a preference for, the home-use related qualities of the landraces, this despite their long
term disappearance and the subsequent availability of several improved wheat varieties. The study illustrates the relationship
between the local availability of landrace wheats and their on-farm survival. The home uses of landraces plays an instrumental
role in the promotion of on-farm (in situ) conservation. Augmenting conservation activities with non-breeding approaches (e.g., awareness-creation) would support the
survival of wheat landraces for the foreseeable future.
Bayush
Tsegaye
(PhD) is a graduate from Noragric – the Department of International Environment and Development Studies, of the Norwegian
University of Life Sciences. Prior to joining the University, she was engaged in various development programs in Ethiopia
affiliated with government institutions as well as national and international non-governmental organizations. Her research
interests include community management of plant genetic resources, food security, and gender issues.
Trygve Berg
is an Associate Professor at Noragric – the Department of International Environment and Development Studies, of the Norwegian
University of Life Sciences. His research interests focus on the management of plant genetic resources and participatory plant
breeding. 相似文献
17.
Against the neoliberal steamroller? The Biosafety Protocol and the social regulation of agricultural biotechnologies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Through a discursive and organizational analysis we seek to understand the Biosafety Protocol and the place of socioeconomic
regulation of agricultural biotechnology in it. The literature on the Protocol has been fairly extensive, but little of it
has explored debates over socioeconomic regulation during the negotiation process or the regulatory requirements specified
in the final document. This case is especially important at a time when the spread of neoliberalism is increasingly associated
with deregulation, because it sheds light on the conditions under which circumvention of the market is deemed legitimate and
socio-economic regulation of agricultural technology is possible.
Daniel Lee Kleinman
is a professor in the Department of Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he is also affiliated
with the Holtz Center for Science and Technology Studies and the Integrated Liberal Studies Program. He is the author and
editor of a number of books, including Impure Cultures: University Biology and the World of Commerce (2003).
Abby J. Kinchy
is a PhD candidate in the Departments of Sociology and Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Her current
research examines the controversies surrounding the genetic “contamination” of Mexican maize and Canadian canola. 相似文献
18.
This paper focuses on the environmental and ethical attributes of food products and their production processes. These two aspects have been recently recognized and are becoming increasingly important in terms of signaling and of consumer perception. There are two relevant thematic domains: environmental and social. Within each domain there are two movements. Hence the paper first presents the four movements that have brought to the fore new aspects of food product quality, to wit: (1) aspects of environmental ethics (organic agriculture and integrated agriculture), and (2) social ethics (fair trade and ethical trade). Next, it describes how the actors in the movements (producers, retailers, NGOs, and governments) are organized and how consumers perceive each of the movements. From the perspective of the actors in the movements themselves, the movements are grouped into two “actors’ philosophies.” The first is a “radical” philosophy (the organic production and fair trade movements that arose in radical opposition to conventional agriculture or unfair trade relations), and the second is a “reformist” philosophy (the integrated agriculture and ethical trade movements that arose as efforts to modify but not radically change conventional agriculture). From the point of view of consumers, the classification of the movements is based on perceptions of the “domain” of the movements. That is, consumers tend to perceive the organic production movement and the integrated agricultural movement as a single group because they both deal with the environment. By contrast, consumers tend to group the fair trade movement and the ethical trade movement together because they both deal essentially with social ethics. Recently, key players such as large retailers and agribusinesses have adopted as part of their overall quality assurance programs both environmental and ethical attributes. Their involvement in and adoption of the goals of the movements have, however, generated tensions and conflicts. This is particularly true within the radical movements, because of concerns of cooptation. Finally, the paper identifies challenges faced by those promoting food products with environmental and social/ethical attributes as they attempt to communicate coherent signals to consumers at this crucial moment in the emergence of a mass market for these products.
Jean
-Marie Codron
is a Senior Researcher at INRA and co-director of MOISA, a public joint research laboratory involved in the social sciences. His research interests focus on three main lines of research: economics of contracts, economics of the firm, and economics of market institutions, with applications to “complex” food sectors, where product quality is difficult to measure and/or to signal to the consumer.
Lucie Sirieix
is Professor of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour at SupAgro Montpellier, France, a national higher education establishment under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Within the MOISA research unit, her main research topics are variety seeking, risk and trust, environmental and ethical consumer concerns, and sustainable consumption. Her specific research areas include organic products, fair trade, and regional products.
Thomas Reardon
is Professor of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University. His work focuses on globalization, consolidation in the retail and processing sectors, and their effects on agrifood systems and trade as well as on the economics of private quality and safety standards. 相似文献
19.
Stefano Ponte 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(2):179-193
Contemporary regulation of food safety incorporates principles of quality management and systemic performance objectives that
used to characterize private standards. Conversely, private standards are covering ground that used to be the realm of regulation.
The nature of the two is becoming increasingly indistinguishable. The case study of the Ugandan fish export industry highlights
how management methods borrowed from private standards can be applied to public regulation to achieve seemingly conflicting
objectives. In the late 1990s, the EU imposed repeated bans on fish imported from Uganda on the basis of food safety concerns.
However, the EU did not provide scientific proof that the fish were actually “unsafe.” Rather, the poor performance of Uganda’s
regulatory and monitoring system was used as justification. Only by fixing “the system” (of regulations and inspections) and
performing the ritual of laboratory testing for all consignments for export to the EU did the Ugandan industry regain its
status as a “safe” source of fish. Yet, gaps and inconsistencies abound in the current Ugandan fish safety management system.
Some operations are by necessity carried out as “rituals of verification.” Given the importance of microbiological tests and
laboratories in the compliance system, “alchemic rituals” provide an appropriate metaphor. These rituals are part and parcel
of a model that reassures the EU fish-eating public that all is under control in Uganda from boat to point of export. As a
consequence, actual non-compliance from boat to landing site allows the fishery to survive as an artisanal operation.
Stefano Ponte
is Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. His research focuses on the role of standards,
regulation and quality conventions in the governance of agro-food value chains, with particular focus on Africa. He is co-author
of Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains and the Global Economy and The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the
Elusive Promise of Development. 相似文献
20.
Daniel R. Block Michael Thompson Jill Euken Toni Liquori Frank Fear Sherill Baldwin 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(3):379-388
Engagement happens when academics and non-academics form partnerships to create mutual understanding, and then take action
together. An example is the “value web” work associated with W. K. Kellogg Foundation’s Food Systems Higher Education–Community
Partnership. Partners nationally work on local food systems development by building value webs. “Value chains,” a concept
with considerable currency in the private sector, involves creating non-hierarchical relationships among otherwise disparate
actors and entities to achieve collective common goals. The value web concept is extended herein by separating the values
of the web itself, such as the value of collaboration, from values “in” the web, such as credence values associated with a
product or service. By sharing and discussing case examples of work underway around the United States, the authors make a
case for employing the value webs concept to represent a strategy for local food systems development, specifically, and for
higher education–community partnerships, generally.
Daniel R. Block is an associate professor of geography and coordinator of the Frederick Blum Neighborhood Assistance Center at Chicago State University. His current research focuses on food access issues in urban environments, particularly in Chicago. Michael Thompson is an assistant professor at Oregon State University, and a Seafood and Fisheries specialist for Oregon Sea Grant Extension. Primary areas of research include fisheries management, seafood quality/handling, and seafood product development. Jill Euken is an industrial specialist for biobased products for Iowa State University Extension/CIRAS, and deputy director, ISU Bioeconomy Institute. She was part of the steering team for the Iowa Value Chain Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture and led the Bioeconomy Working Group. Toni Liquori is a nutritionist, teacher and food activist with a long time interest in the design, implementation, and evaluation of school-based intervention programs and coalition building for activism around food related issues, as well as teaching and training in public health. Frank Fear is senior associate dean, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and professor, in the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resources Studies; and Senior Outreach Fellow at Michigan State University. He is lead author of Coming to Critical Engagement (University Press of America, 2006), an analysis of the engagement movement in higher education; and recently completed two terms as president of the Greater Lansing Food Bank. Sherill Baldwin is ecology director at Mercy Center at Madison, Connecticut, a spiritual retreat and conference center. She previously provided consulting services to CitySeed, Inc. in New Haven (CT) and to Frank Fear and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation for a community learning project related to sustainable food systems. She has an MS in Resource Development from Michigan State University and a BA in Solid Waste Management from the University of Massachusetts. 相似文献
Daniel R. BlockEmail: |
Daniel R. Block is an associate professor of geography and coordinator of the Frederick Blum Neighborhood Assistance Center at Chicago State University. His current research focuses on food access issues in urban environments, particularly in Chicago. Michael Thompson is an assistant professor at Oregon State University, and a Seafood and Fisheries specialist for Oregon Sea Grant Extension. Primary areas of research include fisheries management, seafood quality/handling, and seafood product development. Jill Euken is an industrial specialist for biobased products for Iowa State University Extension/CIRAS, and deputy director, ISU Bioeconomy Institute. She was part of the steering team for the Iowa Value Chain Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture and led the Bioeconomy Working Group. Toni Liquori is a nutritionist, teacher and food activist with a long time interest in the design, implementation, and evaluation of school-based intervention programs and coalition building for activism around food related issues, as well as teaching and training in public health. Frank Fear is senior associate dean, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and professor, in the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resources Studies; and Senior Outreach Fellow at Michigan State University. He is lead author of Coming to Critical Engagement (University Press of America, 2006), an analysis of the engagement movement in higher education; and recently completed two terms as president of the Greater Lansing Food Bank. Sherill Baldwin is ecology director at Mercy Center at Madison, Connecticut, a spiritual retreat and conference center. She previously provided consulting services to CitySeed, Inc. in New Haven (CT) and to Frank Fear and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation for a community learning project related to sustainable food systems. She has an MS in Resource Development from Michigan State University and a BA in Solid Waste Management from the University of Massachusetts. 相似文献