典型旱作农田土壤氧化亚氮排放的氨氧化微生物相对贡献

氨氧化过程对氧化亚氮（N2O）排放具有重要贡献。在不同土壤类型和农田管理下,氨氧化微生物类群对N2O排放的相对贡献组成规律还缺乏系统的研究。本研究选取典型农田耕层土壤（潮土、黑土、砖红壤）,以及有机肥改良的砖红壤剖面土壤,采用选择性抑制法（乙炔和辛炔）研究氨氧化细菌（AOB）、氨氧化古菌和全程硝化菌（AOA+comammox）以及异养硝化菌对土壤硝化潜势、净硝化速率及N2O排放的相对贡献。结果表明,在耕层土壤中,潮土、黑土和砖红壤的pH分别是8.0、6.7和5.7,硝化潜势分别是N 32.5、6.6和4.8 mg?kg-1?d-1,净硝化速率分别是N 7.1、3.0和0.5 mg?kg-1?d-1,7天N2O累积排放量分别是N 38.0、35.4和8.7 μg?kg-1。AOB主导耕层土壤的硝化潜势,对硝化潜势的贡献分别是82%、58%和100%。对于净硝化速率,在潮土和砖红壤中,AOB和AOA+comammox贡献相当（均在30%~40%）,而黑土中由AOB主导（72%）。AOB主导耕层土壤的N2O排放,对N2O排放的贡献分别是72%、92%和58%。在改良的砖红壤剖面土壤中,在0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm,pH分别是7.0、5.5和4.9,硝化潜势分别是N 6.6、2.0和1.1 mg?kg-1?d-1,净硝化速率分别是N 4.1、0.9和0.2 mg?kg-1?d-1,N2O排放分别是N 16.3、6.5和2.8 mg?kg-1?d-1。随土壤由深层至表层,硝化潜势、净硝化速率及N2O排放显著提高。AOA+comammox主导表层硝化潜势及净硝化速率的提高（分别贡献63%和54%）,AOB主导N2O排放的增加（贡献54%）。本研究为制定与土壤氨氧化特性及土壤性质相匹配的N2O减排措施提供了新的科学依据。     

不同生物炭对安徽宣城旱地红壤氮矿化的影响

采用连续间隙淋洗培养法,研究了竹炭、烟草秸秆炭及棉花秸秆炭对安徽宣城旱地红壤氮素矿化作用的影响。结果表明:3种生物炭均可提高土壤p H,但p H增长幅度与生物炭用量相关,最高可增加2个单位;不同用量的生物炭添加都会导致土壤氮素硝化速率及矿化速率的降低,竹炭、烟草秸秆炭及棉花秸秆炭分别使硝化速率最大降幅达49.2%、72.3%与69.2%,矿化速率最大降幅达33.7%、61.9%与61.1%。因此,生物炭实际施用需作谨慎的评估,优化其使用方法。     

Nitrification Inhibitor Reduces Nitrous Oxide Production from Different Soil Profiles of an Andosol Soil

A laboratory incubation was conducted to evaluate nitrous oxide (N₂O) production during nitrification and the effect of a nitrification inhibitor on N₂O production from different profiles in a Japanese orchard Andosol. Soils were collected from five profiles: A1, A2, Bw1, Bw2, and BC. The soils were treated with ammonium sulfate at the rate of 200 mg N kg^?1 with or without dicyandiamide (DCD) and incubated under aerobic conditions for 32 days. The net nitrification rate without DCD during the first 8 days was greater in the surface soils than in the subsurface soils. Accordingly, the surface soils showed a greater cumulative N₂O production than the subsurface soils. Application of DCD significantly reduced the nitrification rate and thus N₂O production from any depths of soils by 33.8 to 62.9%. Our study showed that substantial N₂O was produced from the subsurface soil, although the amount was less than from the surface soils.     

北方设施菜地土壤N2O排放通量日变化及最佳观测时间确定*2

选择不同季节的4个N2O高排放通量日（2012年8月28日和12月27日、2013年3月14日和6月14日）,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对设施菜地土壤N2O排放通量进行连续24h原位观测,以探讨其日变化特征,并确定1d内的最佳观测时间。结果表明,设施菜地施肥后(2012年12月27日除外)N2O排放通量呈明显的单峰型日变化规律,排放峰值一般出现在14：00左右,比气温峰值时间滞后约2h。同茬作物基肥后第13天与追肥后第2天相比,前者N2O日排放通量峰值和日均排放通量分别较后者高3.4～12.9倍和6.8～7.0倍。相关分析表明,4个典型日内,仅2012年12月27日的N2O排放通量与气温、3cm地温和10cm地温无显著相关,其它日均呈显著正相关。说明观测日土壤温度处于N2O形成适宜范围内,且气温日较差较大时,温度才是影响N2O排放通量日变化的主要因素。对24h内N2O排放通量的矫正分析结果表明,2012年8月28日和12月27日、2013年3月14日和6月14日分别在18：00-21：00、10：00-次日6：00、21：00、16：00-18：00的观测值,可以代表当天的 N2O 排放通量。若在其它时段采样,应进行有效的矫正处理,否则会导致对典型日N2O排放的估计偏高13.4%～240%或偏低13.1%～64.5%。     

Nitrification Inhibitor,Fertilizer Rate,and Temperature Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission and Nitrogen Transformation in Loamy Sand Soil

An incubation study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs), dicyandiamide (DCD), and neem oil on the nitrification process in loamy sand soil under different temperatures and fertilizer rates. Results showed that NIs decreased soil nitrification by slowing the conversion of soil ammonium (NH₄⁺)-nitrogen (N) and maintaining soil NH₄⁺-N and nitrate (NO₃^?)-N throughout the incubation time. DCD and neem oil decreased soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission by up to 30.9 and 18.8%, respectively. The effectiveness of DCD on reducing cumulative soil N₂O emission and retaining soil NH₄⁺-N was inconsistently greater than that of neem oil, but the NI rate was less obvious than temperature. Fertilizer rate had a stronger positive effect on soil nitrification than temperature, indicating that adding N into low-fertility soil had a greater influence on soil nitrification. DCD and neem oil would be a potential tool for slowing N fertilizer loss in a low-fertility soil under warm to hot climatic conditions.     

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Yields,Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission,and Soil Nitrogen Transformation Affected by Nitrification Inhibitors in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission, soil ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃^?), and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yields were investigated in a loamy sand soil in eastern Thailand. Treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF plus dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem (Azadirachta indica) oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. DCD had a greater reduction of soil N₂O flux than the neem oil (P<0.10). DCD and neem oil retained NH₄⁺-N in the soil by 79% and 63% (P ≤ 0.10), respectively. The NI effect on soil NO₃^?-N was small due to a low N fertilizer rate. The cassava root yield and N uptake were increased 4–11% and 2–18%, respectively, by use of NIs, but they were only significant for DCD (P ≤ 0.10). These findings suggest that NIs application may be a promising method for minimizing nitrogen loss and enhancing crop yields in a tropical cassava field.     

秸秆还田对农田棕壤氧化亚氮排放动态的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法对不同量秸秆还田(单施氮肥、半量秸秆还田、全量秸秆还田)下不同时期土壤氧化亚氮排放动态进行了研究。结果表明,和单施氮肥相比,秸秆覆盖还田提高了土壤氮素积累,也同时影响土壤N_2O排放动态。在玉米生长期间,半收获量秸秆还田增加了7.8%的N_2O排放,全量秸秆还田降低了2.2%的N_2O排放,与土壤铵态氮变化一致;玉米收获后,秸秆还田显著增加了N_2O排放,增幅分别为6.7%(半量秸秆还田)和22.6%(秸秆全量还田)。试验期间单施氮肥、半量秸秆还田和全量秸秆还田三个处理N_2O排放的年累计量分别为1183 g hm~(-2)、1269 g hm~(-2)和1294 g hm~(-2)。尽管秸秆还田增加了总的N_2O排放,但是,由于秸秆增加了土壤氮素的投入,当以N_2O损失的氮素占总氮素投入的比例进行估算时,全量秸秆还田损失率最低为0.52%、半量秸秆还田为0.57%、单施氮肥为0.59%。由此可见,秸秆还田在增加土壤肥力的同时,降低了单位氮素的氧化亚氮损失,有利于氮素在土壤中的保留。     

不同施氮水平对稻麦轮作农田氧化亚氮排放的影响

利用江苏常熟田间随机区组试验,以密闭箱法采集气样,气相色谱分析N2O浓度,对稻麦轮作制下不同施氮水平的土壤N2O排放进行了观测,探讨了不同施氮水平对稻麦轮作农田氧化亚氮排放的影响。结果表明,土壤N2O排放量受施氮量的影响,稻季和麦季N2O排放量都随旌氮量的增加而增加;稻季N2O排放量最大峰值出现在烤田复水期间,其排放量大小主要受基肥和分蘖肥施用量的影响,并随施氮量的增加而增大;麦季最大峰值出现在气温回暖的第二次追肥后,排放量的最大峰值也随施氮量的增加而增大;稻麦轮作土壤N2O排放以麦季的排放为主,麦季N2O累积排放量在轮作周期中占三分之二。     

添加水铁矿对水稻土N_2O释放及反硝化微生物的影响

水稻土氧化还原状态的变化与N_2O的释放有密切关系。为揭示水稻土中Fe对N_2O释放及反硝化功能微生物的影响,本研究选取第四纪红壤发育的水稻土,设置3个水铁矿添加水平(Fe 0,10,40μmol g~(-1)土)和两个土壤质量含水量(50%,80%)进行土壤培养试验,利用实时荧光定量PCR(real time flourescent quantification polymerase chain reaction,q PCR)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal-restricted fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)分析技术开展研究。结果表明,N_2O排放速率升至高峰期的过程中,外源铁处理尤其是添加高量铁(40μmol g~(-1))处理导致硝态氮含量显著高于对照,而N_2O排放速率却明显低于对照;然而,高峰期后添加高量铁处理却维持了较对照显著高的N_2O排放速率;与此同时,添加水铁矿对硝酸还原酶基因(narG)和氧化亚氮还原酶基因(nosZ)丰度的影响表现出与N_2O排放相同的趋势,即N_2O排放速率升至高峰期的过程中,外源铁处理明显抑制了反硝化微生物的生长与繁殖,而高峰期后外源铁对反硝化微生物的抑制作用不明显。因此,水稻土中添加Fe(Ⅲ)对N_2O释放影响的主要原因可能是前期抑制了反硝化功能微生物的种群数量,从而减少了硝酸根的还原和N_2O的产生,而后期由于反硝化微生物数量的恢复和NO_3~-等含氮化合物的残留,使得外源铁处理的N_2O释放量明显高于对照。     

长白山区沟谷沼泽乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）湿地土壤酶活性与氮素、土壤微生物相关性研究

通过现场采样及室内分析,研究了长白山区沟谷沼泽乌拉苔草湿地土壤酶活性及其与氮素、土壤微生物的相关性。结果表明,土壤脲酶活性在时空变化中,表层最高,且最大值出现在6月份,为2.57;C层最小,最小值出现在7月份,为0.3;土壤纤维素酶活性表层最高出现在6月份,为1.35;B层最小,最低点出现在6月份,为0.18,土壤蛋白酶活性在时空变化中变化规律基本一致,最高值是6月份B层,为8.5;最低点是C层的5月,为0.9;与氮素的相关性分析结果为：土壤脲酶在8月份最大,为0.91,B层最大为0.76;土壤纤维素酶在5月份最大,为0.41;C层最大,为0.52;土壤蛋白酶在4月份最大,为0.83;A层最大,为0.67,均不呈显著相关。与微生物相关结果为：土壤脲酶与8月份微生物呈极显著的正相关;蛋白酶与B层的细菌呈显著的正相关;脲酶与7、8月份的放线菌呈极显著的正相关。本文揭示了土壤不同酶活性受制于不同的微生物影响。     

Nitrification Inhibitor Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission,Nitrogen Transformation,and Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The nitrification inhibitors (NIs) effects on soil nitrogen (N) fates and maize yields were investigated in a loamy-sand soil in Thailand. The treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF with dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. Compared to the CF plot, DCD and neem oil reduced the cumulative nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission by the equivalent of 26% and 10%, respectively (P < 0.05). DCD and neem oil had a positive effect in slowing ammonium (NH₄⁺)-conversion and prolonging NH₄⁺-N in the soil with a maximum efficiency of 45% and 30%, respectively. NO₃^–N was higher in the NI plots (P < 0.05), but the effect was less pronounced later in the growing season. Adding the NIs increased maize yields and N uptake, but was only significant (P < 0.10) for neem oil. Results indicate that applying NIs is an effective method to mitigate soil N losses and enhancing N use efficiency in a tropical, agricultural field.     

Potential of Chemically Labile Fractions to Measure Mineralizable Soil Nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) in the soil is largely organic and is available to crops only after it is mineralized to inorganic N by microbial or enzyme action. To develop a soil test for guiding N applications, a method to predict the relative amount of organic N that will mineralize in a growing season is necessary. Several chemical analysis methods proposed in the literature to measure mineralizable N were examined for chemical interference, measurement precision, response to procedure modifications, and ability to distinguish differences among soils. The chemical analyses examined involved various acid or alkaline hydrolysis, with the resulting inorganic ammonium N measured by steam distillation and manual or automated diffusion. A gelatinous precipitate in the filtered and neutralized 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrolysis solution interfered with magnesium oxide (MgO) diffusion traditionally used to measure inorganic ammonium N. Removing the precipitate appeared to circumvent the interference. The precipitate did not appear to interfere with the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) diffusion. The 6 M HCl hydrolysis extracted 34 to 103% of clay‐fixed ammonium in the soils. Steam distillation was shown to be an acceptable alternative to diffusion for measuring NaOH‐labile N. The vigor of NaOH measurement conditions caused differences in results, showing that precise and reproducible conditions are necessary. Several methods were closely correlated (r² > 0.62) with N mineralized during aerobic incubations and could be considered for further evaluation for soil N testing. This study showed that modifications are required to several proposed analytical methods to improve their potential to estimate mineralizable N for fetilizer or other amendment recommendations for crop production     

施用生物质炭对旱地红壤有机碳矿化及碳库的影响

为探究生物质炭施入旱地红壤后对该地区土壤有机碳矿化以及有机碳库的影响,采用田间定位试验,设置7种生物质炭施用量处理,分别为0(C0),2.5(C1),5(C2),10(C3),20(C4),30(C5),40t/hm2(C6),以三库一级动力学理论为基础,对这7种处理的土样进行了室内呼吸培养试验。结果表明:(1)与C0相比,C4、C5和C6处理的土壤有机碳含量呈上升趋势,C5处理土壤有机碳含量上升幅度最大为14.66%;C2、C3、C4、C5和C6处理土壤活性碳均显著增加,C6处理增幅最大为25.00%;土壤惰性碳在C3、C4、C5和C6处理中显著增加,增幅分别为18.92%,40.09%,53.60%和49.55%;除C5处理外,其他生物质炭施用量下土壤缓性碳相对于C0处理,分别降低了1.96%,6.54%,8.82%,9.31%和12.91%。(2)与C0处理相比,施加生物质炭后土壤有机碳累积矿化量均显著降低,C6处理降低幅度达25.93%。随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤有机碳累积矿化量逐渐降低。(3)土壤有机碳、活性碳和惰性碳与生物质炭施用量存在极显著(p0.01)的正相关,土壤缓性碳与其存在显著(p0.05)的负相关。研究结果可为提升典型旱地红壤肥力,减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

不同种植年限旱田N2O排放研究

以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限（1987年、1993年开垦）的旱田（种植方式为大豆-冬闲）为研究对象,探讨了种植年限,降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而δ^15N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。     

不同种植年限旱田N2O排放研究

以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限(1987年、1993年开垦)的旱田(种植方式为大豆-冬闲)为研究对象,探讨了种植年限、降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而1δ5N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。     

农田土壤N_2O排放研究进展

农田土壤的N2O排放主要是在微生物的作用下通过硝化和反硝化作用产生的。土壤中多变的理化性质影响各种微生物的生长,因而硝化和反硝化过程中产生N2O的途径也不同,尤其以硝化过程的研究进展最快。影响N2O的生成和排放有:土壤含水量、温度、O2以及土壤结构和质地等物理因素,pH和氮肥等其它因素。本文详细地阐述旱地和水田土壤中这些影响因子与N2O的作用机理的差异,及农田土壤中的N2O排放估计的方法。区分硝化和反硝化作用中生成N2O的贡献可用15N标记法和不同浓度的乙炔抑制法。     

子午岭土壤可培养微生物对植被演替的响应

利用"空间序列代替时间序列"的方法,研究了黄土高原子午岭土壤可培养微生物对植被演替的响应。结果表明:(1)土壤细菌、真菌及微生物总数量按退耕地→草地→灌草地→白桦(Betula platyphylla)林→辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林→辽桦混交林方向递增(p<0.01);放线菌数量呈波动性变化,较高值出现在灌草地和辽东栎林。(2)演替的过程中,土壤微生物综合性指标Shannon—Wiener指数呈波动性变化;真菌数量变化对土壤微生物Shannon—Wiener指数影响较大。(3)随着演替的进行,氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量显著增加(p<0.01);固氮菌数量略有增加,但差异不显著(p>0.05),最大值出现在辽桦混交林;纤维素分解菌数量在辽东栎林和辽桦混交林最高。研究表明,植被演替对土壤微生物3大类群及主要功能群数量影响显著,促进了土壤微生物数量的增加;土壤微生物多样性变化趋势并非总是与植被进展演替方向一致,其大小与植被类型有关,并依植被组成的变化而变化。     

Soil biochemical and chemical changes in relation to mature spruce (Picea abies) forest conversion and regeneration

To investigate soil changes from forest conversion and regeneration, soil net N mineralization, potential nitrification, microbial biomass N, L‐asparaginase, L‐glutaminase, and other chemical and biological properties were examined in three adjacent stands: mature pure and dense Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) (110 yr) (stand I), mature Norway spruce mixed with young beech (Fagus sylvatica) (5 yr) (stand II), and young Norway spruce (16 yr) (stand III). The latter two stands were converted or regenerated from the mature Norway spruce stand as former. The studied soils were characterized as having a very low pH value (2.9 – 3.5 in 0.01 M CaCl₂), a high total N content (1.06 – 1.94 %), a high metabolic quotient (qCO₂) (6.7 – 16.9 g CO₂ kg^–1 h^–1), a low microbial biomass N (1.1 – 3.3 % of total N, except LOf₁ at stand III), and a relatively high net N mineralization (175 – 1213 mg N kg^–1 in LOf₁ and Of₂, 4 weeks incubation). In the converted forest (stand II), C : N ratio and qCO₂ values in the LOf₁ layer decreased significantly, and base saturation and exchangeable Ca showed a somewhat increment in mineral soil. In the regenerated forest (stand III), the total N storage in the surface layers decreased by 30 %. The surface organic layers (LOf₁, Of₂) possessed a very high net N mineralization (1.5 – 3 times higher than those in other two stands), high microbial biomass (C, N), and high basal respiration and qCO₂ values. Meanwhile, in the Oh layer, the base saturation and the exchangeable Ca decreased. All studied substrates showed little net nitrification after the first period of incubation (2 weeks). In the later period of incubation (7 – 11 weeks), a considerable amount of NO₃‐N accumulated (20 – 100 % of total cumulative mineral N) in the soils from the two pure spruce stands (I, III). In contrast, there was almost no net NO₃‐N accumulation in the soils from the converted mixed stand (II) indicating that there was a difference in microorganisms in the two types of forest ecosystems. Soil microbial biomass N, mineral N, net N mineralization, L‐asparaginase, and L‐glutaminase were correlated and associated with forest management.     

外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。