华优系列组合高产制种技术初探

根据不育系Y华农A的特征特性及其所配组合华优桂99、华优8830和华优86等在怀化不同生态条件下的制种实践,提出了其系列组合高产、优质制种技术.     

高产中熟杂交稻新组合五丰优316

五丰优316系汕头市农科所用广东省农科院水稻所育成的不育系五丰A与自育恢复系汕恢316配组育成。该组合在丰产性、适应性、稻米品质等方面优于对照组合华优8830和中九优207,2006年1月通过广东省农作物品种审定,适宜在广东省各稻作区早、晚造种植。     

华优系列组合高产制种技术

根据华优系列组合父母本的特征特性及在桂林市全州县、灌阳县不同生态区春、秋季制种实践,总结了华优系列组合的高产制种技术.     

水稻Y型细胞质雄性不育系Y华农A的选育

以华南晚籼迟熟品种夜公为细胞质源育成的雄性不育系Y华农A，花粉败育长度，不育性稳定，开花习性良好，株型适中，米质优良，抗病性强，配合力好，于1997年6月通过广东省科委组织的成果鉴定。其杂种一代是高产、优质、抗病三者结合得较好的组合，所配组合华优86、华优桂99于2000年12月至2001年5月先后通过广西、广东和全国品种审定。     

高产优质三系杂交稻新组合华优107的选育与应用

华优107是由夜公细胞质型不育系Y华农A与新育成的恢复系R107配组而成的三系杂交稻新组合。该组合熟期适中,长势旺盛,分蘖力强,株型适中,穗大粒多,丰产性好,稻米品质达国标优质稻谷3级标准,抗稻瘟病,成熟时青枝腊秆。2003年2月和2005年3月分别通过广西区和广东省农作物品种审定。介绍了华优107的选育过程、主要特性、栽培管理和制种技术要点。     

优质抗稻瘟杂交早籼中熟组合华优8830的特性和栽培技术

华优８８３０是华南农业大学农学院用不育系Ｙ华农Ａ与恢复系８８３０配组育成的三系杂交早籼中熟组合 ,丰产性较好 ,米质较优 ,高抗稻瘟病 ,于２００１年１２月和２００２年３月先后通过广西壮族自治区和广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。一、产量表现１９９６年早季参加广东省杂交水稻新组合中熟组区试 ,１２个试点平均产量为４６６．９ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２ ,分别比对照组合华优４４８０和汕优９６增产０．７%和２．１% ,均不显著 ;２００１年早季参加广西桂南稻区早稻中熟组区试 ,７个试点平均产量５００．７ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２ ,比对照品种粤…     

优质、抗病丝苗型恢复系R238在杂交水稻育种中的利用

R238是利用R229株系的一个单株和七山占的杂交一代与长丝占杂交选育出的新型丝苗型恢复系.与不育系中A和Y华农A分别选配出中优238和华优238,分别于2004年和2006年通过广东省农作物品种审定.利用恢复系R238与不同不育系所配的系列组合综合性能好,很大程度上解决优质和抗性之间的矛盾,解决目前主栽杂交水稻组合长期存在的米质优质化和高抗病相结合的难题.     

优质籼稻恢复系佛恢008的选育与利用

佛恢008是佛山市农业科学研究所用佛山油占作母本与丰八占杂交选育的籼稻恢复系,稻米品质达国标1级优质稻谷标准,对“夜公”细胞质型不育系Y华农A具有强恢复力.所配组合华优008(Y华农A/佛恢008)表现丰产性突出、高抗稻瘟病,于2010年1月通过广东省农作物品种审定.     

杂交中稻新组合湘华优7号高产制种技术

湘华优7号是湖南亚华种业科学院用华37A与华恢7号配组育成的杂交中稻新组合,具有熟期适中、高产稳产、抗稻瘟病、米质较好等优点,2006年通过湖南省品种审定。介绍了该组合的亲本特征特性及高产制种技术。     

高产优质杂交籼稻华优86的选育与应用

用不育系Y华农A与恢复系明恢86配组而成的华优86，是一个高产稳产、米质优良、高抗稻瘟病、适应性广、制种产量高的杂交籼稻新组合，2000年12月至2001年5月分别通过广西、广东及全国农作物品种审定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).