Three year performance of international provenance trials of Acacia auriculiformis

The performance of 25 provenances in international trials on seven sites in four countries was assessed for survival and growth at 3 years. Of these provenances, seven were from Queensland, 12 from Northern Territory, Australia, and six from Papua New Guinea. Significant growth differences were found: (a) among provenances at four sites, (b) among the sites, and (c) between provenance regions. The interaction between sites and provenances as well as between sites and provenance regions was also significant. The poorest growth was recorded in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, while the best growth was in Banjarbaru, Indonesia. Stability analyses of the provenance x site interaction revealed eight provenances with high vigour and good tree form that were relatively stable across sites. These included Archer River, South Coen, Coen River and Wenlock River provenances from Queensland; Noogoo Swamp and Mann River provenances from Northern Territory; and North Bensbach and Old Tonda Village provenances from Papua New Guinea.     

Provenance and family variation in growth performance of Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) in a provenance cum progeny trial in Midnapore, India

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. is an important species for agroforestry and commercial plantations in India. Results of a combined provenance–progeny trial of E. tereticornis laid out in 2002 at Midnapore (West Bengal) located in eastern tropical region of India are reported and discussed. Twelve provenances representing 70 families from Australia and Papua New Guinea were evaluated up to the age of 3 years. As a local seed source open-pollinated seed collected from a land race, i.e., Mysore gum (commonly known as Eucalyptus hybrid) was used to serve as check material (control). Significant variation in plant height, clean stem height, girth at breast height (GBH) and field survival was observed due to provenances, as well as families within provenances. This offers an ample scope to a breeder for increasing the growth and productivity in E. tereticornis through selection of provenances and families having potential for higher productivity. Heritability (narrow sense) values were appreciable for growth traits. Within provenance individual tree heritability estimates for height, clean stem length, GBH and number of branches at age 3 years were 0.318, 0.215, 0.269 and 0.231, respectively (assuming a coefficient of relationship of 0.4 for open-pollinated families of E. tereticornis). Provenance of Walsh River, Queensland Australia performed best for plant height, clean stem height, GBH, number of branches and field survival. Apart from this, the provenance from Oro bay to Emo, Papua New Guinea and Burdekin river, Queensland also showed good performance. Provenance from Yurammie, SF from New South Wales performed poorest for growth and survival. Correlations on growth traits were high and statistically significant, indicating that substantial gains could be achieved through indirect selection for one trait based on the direct selection for another. Age–age genetic correlations between age 1 and 3 years for the growth traits were highly significant and positive. Geographic clinal variation pattern was observed as latitude was negatively correlated with height and GBH (P < 0.05); longitude with number of branches (negative, P < 0.05). Fair differences were observed between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability.     

细叶桉种源试验*

从澳大利亚引进的细叶桉１５个种源在海南省东部进行种源试验。５年生结果表明，种源间的树高、胸径、材积、保存率、干形和抗风性能等指标存在极显著差异，其中树高生长以来自昆士兰州的Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ河种源（１３４４３）和ＭＴ．Ｇａｒｎｅｔ种源（１３５４４）最好，分别为１２．６８ｍ和１２．６６ｍ。胸径生长以来自巴布亚新几内亚的种源（１３４１８）为最好（９．０５）。高纬度维多利亚州种源（１３３０３）生长最差，树高     

6个南方红豆杉种源苗期和幼龄生长差异

红豆杉是提纯抗癌药物紫杉醇的重要药用植物，因受制于红豆杉有限的野生资源，世界各国都在寻求多种方法生产紫杉醇，而通过红豆杉的人工栽培则是当今实行紫杉醇产业化的主要途径。南方红豆杉（Taxus chinensis var．mairei（Lemee et leve1．）Chang et L．K．Fu）为我国一级保护树种，材质优良、观赏价值高，相对于同属其它植物其紫杉醇含量虽然较低，但因其早期速生、宜短周期经营而开发价值较高。当前存在的技术瓶颈主要是药用优良新品种及配套高产栽培技术的缺乏。南方红豆杉广泛分布于长江流域、南岭山脉及河南、陕西、甘肃、台湾等省的山地或溪谷，种内变异丰富，但缺乏相关研究。     

Performance and genetic diversity of 23 provenances of northern red oak( Quercus rubra L.) after 25 years of growth in South Korea

Growth traits and genetic diversity of 23 provenances of Quercus rubra introduced from North America were analyzed in a provenance trial established with a randomized block design in Hwaseong,Gyeonggi,South Korea in 1993.Growth variables and survival at age 25 were compared with results from early stages.Height,DBH,volume and stem straightness of Q.rubra was better than those of the domestic oak(Quercus accutissima).Growth of the Dunham Island provenance from New York was the best among the 23 provenances that of the Eagle River provenance from Wisconsin was poorest.Survival rate at age25 was on average 52%.The longitude of seed origin and growth of provenance were consistently significantly negatively correlated at all ages.Growth of coastal provenances was superior to that of the inland provenances,which were separated by the Appalachian Mountains.Genetic diversity and genetic distance among the provenances were evaluated using micro satellite markers.The allelic frequencies showed high polymorphism in 10 microsatellite loci,and 292 alleles were found.Of 10 loci,two were commonly found in the 23 provenances.The mean allelic diversity and heterozygosity observed among the provenances were similar to those from the native populations of Q.rubra in North America.Nei's genetic distance among the 23 was estimated and showed that a clear trend between geographic and genetic distances,indicating that some provenances have high genetic diversity with superior growth performance.     

细叶桉种源—家系选择*

对细叶桉３个种源５０个自由授粉家系的生长性状和形质性状进行种源间和家系间差异分析和家系遗传变异及相关分析，结果表明细叶桉主要性状种源间和家系间差异都极显著，种源间的差异大于家系间的差异，来自澳大利亚昆士兰州的Ｌａｕｒａ种源优于其它种源。细叶桉家系生长性状和形质性状呈中度至强度遗传；枝下高、干形和冠幅与生长性状遗传相关极显著。运用指数选择法对５０个家系进行多性状综合选择，初步选出５个优良家系，可望获得２２．２３％的综合遗传增益。     

加勒比松变种及种源选择的研究*

两次多点试验表明，加勒比松种内变种间非着极为显著的生长差异，变种与环境之间呈明显的交互作用，在雷州半岛，巴哈马变种和古巴变种生长快，抗逆性强，而洪都拉期变种易受松梢螟及叶枯病危害，表现出很大的不稳定性，在海南岛，巴哈马变种和洪都拉期变种生长较快，古巴变种的生长速度则明显降低。在变种内，巴马变种以巴哈马Abaco岛的天然种源和澳大利亚昆士兰Byfield的次生种源生长最好，我国湛江的次生种源和巴哈马Andros岛的天然种源生长最差。洪都拉斯变种除了LosLimones和SantaClara的种源外，其它均生和好。古巴变种内种源间未表现出明显的生长差异。     

海南岛东部地区桉树树种/种源试验*

在海南岛东部进行的桉树１１个树种７９个种源试验，５年的结果表明，不同树种种源间生长差异极显著，来自印度尼西亚Ｍｔ．ｍａｎｄｉｒｉ的尾叶桉１２８９５种源是所有参试树种／种源中表现最好的，树高、胸径和每公顷材积分别为１３．８２ｍ、１２．５４ｃｍ和１２８．３４ｍ３。同一树种种源间生长差异也极显著，最佳种源的每公顷材积与最差种源相比，尾叶桉为８．４６：１，细叶桉５．８６：１，赤桉５．３２：１和巨桉３．０４：１。细叶桉、赤桉和巨桉种源树高、胸径和材积生长与原产地纬度显著负相关，尾叶桉种源与原产地海拔高极显著负相关。本文提出了适合海南岛东部地区生长的树种和种源。     

尾叶桉实生种子园遗传分析与育种值的估算Ⅰ.逆向选择方式建立种子园

对3年生尾叶桉实生种子园建园家系的生长性状、干形和枝冠形质性状及开花结实率的遗传分析表明:随林龄的递增,生长性状、干形和枝冠形质性状的遗传力在种源、家系和单株三层次逐渐变小并有稳定的趋势,且种源遗传力>家系遗传力>单株遗传力。利用BLUP方法估算家系和家系内个体育种值,并对建园家系、个体进行筛选,为种子园的遗传间伐提供依据。经遗传分析表明:尾叶桉SSObs种子园的遗传遵循加性 显性基因型遗传模式。从2个对照良种与建园家系的比较结果看,在SSObs种子园中,材积生长量大于CK1、CK2的优系有38个和39个,分别占建园家系总数的84.4%和86.7%;干形指标大于CK1、CK2的优系有30个和35个,占建园家系总数的66.7%和77.8%,表明建园的绝大多数家系其遗传品质是理想的。     

A projected increase in stand volume of introduced provenances of Acacia mangium in seedling seed orchards in South Sumatra, Indonesia

 Increases in stand volume with some currently introduced provenances of Acacia mangium: Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Far North Queensland (FNQ), were projected based on their superiorities in 3-year height growth in seedling seed orchards using the growth model developed for unthinned plantation for pulp and paper production in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The height growth of these provenances was better than that of the local selections from Subanjeriji by 10%–15% at 3 years old and these percentage superiorities would be expected to remain at around 9%–14% until the 8-year rotation. This amount of increase would result in a 7%–10% increase in basal area and hence it would produce a 17%–26% increase in stand volume at rotation age when compared with the Subanjeriji seed source that was being widely used for the plantation establishment of A. mangium in Indonesia. Received: July 24, 2002 / Accepted: December 3, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Mr. Hardjono, the director of plantation establishment at PT Musi Hutan Persada for his permission to use data of permanent plots for the growth modeling of A. mangium. The authors are grateful to the staff at PT Musi Hutan Persada, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology and Forest Tree Improvement, Japan International Cooperation Agency for their implementations of the study. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Yoshida, associate professor at Kyushu University, for his advice on developing the growth modeling work. Correspondence to:S. Kurinobu     

不同种源南方红豆杉幼林生长和紫杉醇含量的研究

利用在福建明溪和浙江龙泉农田庇荫设施栽培的24个种源的2年生南方红豆杉种源试验林,研究幼林收获期生长、分枝、生物收获量和枝叶紫杉醇含量的种源差异和地理变异模式,并综合选育出一批药用优良种源。结果表明:南方红豆杉幼树树高、当年抽梢长、地径、冠幅、最长侧枝长、当年侧枝数、侧枝总数和鲜枝叶紫杉醇含量等在种源间差异显著,不存在明显的地理变异模式。来自气候温暖但年降水量较少地区的种源生长快、分枝多、树冠浓密。与生长和分枝性状不同,产地年均温低、≥10 ℃积温小的种源其鲜枝叶紫杉醇含量较高,产地年降水量对种源鲜枝叶紫杉醇含量影响较小。南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状不仅存在显著的种源效应,而且存在明显的地点效应和种源×地点互作,栽植地水热资源丰富及适宜栽植密度可显著促进植株的树高和分枝生长及生物收获量的提高。种源生长和分枝性状间呈显著的正相关,而种源鲜枝叶紫杉醇含量与生长、分枝性状和生物收获量则不显著负相关或不显著正相关,有利于生物收获量大、紫杉醇含量高的优良种源选择。依据鲜枝叶紫杉醇含量和产量筛选出安徽黄山、福建柘荣、湖南桑植、贵州黎平、云南石屏5个药用优良种源,其单株鲜枝叶紫杉醇产量大于种源总体平均值的17.65%-25.77%,鲜枝叶紫杉醇含量皆在97 mg·kg^-1以上。     

麻疯树不同种源生长性状及优良单株选择

在广东省湛江市对麻疯树30个种源进行生长观测和优树初选试验,结果表明:各种源间树高、冠幅生长、结果数量都存在极显著差异。经方差分析和Duncan法多重比较表明,219号、222号各个指标相对高,可作优良种源进行早期选择;以结果数100颗.株-1、树高200 cm、冠幅200 cm为标准,在麻疯树30个种源中选出优良单株234A-2、234B-4、219A-5、220A-1、212B-3、225A-1、225A-4、240B-5,可作优良种源进行早期选择和进一步试验材料。     

桉属树种与种源、家系比较试验

以９个桉属树种，其中８个种泊来自原产地，７个家系和７个杂种后代来自国内次生资源进行混合比较，５年生评价结果表明：树种、种源、家系呈极显著差异；尾叶桉及其两个种源、尾巨桉杂交种细叶桉的１３５４４种源适合本试验区戒严和格短轮伐期经营，可获得适应性和生长指标平均值超过平均水平３５％的选择效应。其中最优为１４５３４号尾叶桉种源，５年生单株材积０．０５０．６１ｍ＾３／株（８９．０３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２）。种子采     

福建滨海风沙地带几种按树种源适应性选择试验初报

来自澳洲和巴布亚新几内亚的３种桉树（赤桉、细叶桉和粗皮桉）的２２个地理种源在平潭岛风沙地带进行抗风沙适应住选择试验，幼林阶段（４年生）试验表明：秋冬季持续的大风严重危害按树生长，适生的种源只有７个，即粗皮桉种源号１６１２２、１４９１５，１３９９９和赤桉１３８１４、１３９４１、１４１０６和１３９３９；引种的６个细叶桉种源全被淘汰。     

短枝木麻黄种源试验与生长变异规律研究

对11年生短枝木麻黄41个种源的生长性状进行方差分析和相关分析,结果表明:各性状生长在种源间的差异极显著;这种变异与种源所在的地理位置关系不十分密切;仅分布在南半球的种源,其树高生长与纬度呈显著负相关;种源高生长在苗期与11年生的生长关系不紧密,而树高、胸径在其他各生长期间的相关性达极显著水平。性状间的相关分析表明,树高、胸径、单株材积之间呈高度正相关。采用综合权重分析法,初步筛选出8个优良种源:广东湛江、18154(菲律宾)、18014(印度)、18157(马来西亚)、18153(巴布亚新几内亚)、18158(马来西亚)、18298(泰国)、18118(越南),这些种源均好于本地种源,可在闽南地区推广应用,为生产提供良种。     

不同柳叶栎种源生长性状的测定与分析

对从美国引进的6 a生柳叶栎9个种源的生长性状进行测定分析,结果表明不同种源的树高、胸径、分枝数、分枝角和枝下高均存在显著差异,而冠幅并未达到显著差异水平.生长最好的19号种源的平均树高、胸径和冠幅分剐为2.4 m、6 cm、1.64 m,是最差的22号种源的1.14倍、1.3倍和1.12倍.依据多性状选择指数,初步筛选出19号、18号和23号等3个生长表现优良的种源.     

赣南耐寒桉树引种试验

选取种源来自于澳大利亚新南威尔士州、昆士兰州和维多利亚州的巨桉、邓恩桉、柳桉、亮果桉、史密斯桉、多利桉和巴吉桉共7个树种22个种源为试验材料,进行引种试验,34个月后对其生长指标与冻害等适应性指标进行调查。结果表明:参试材料中邓恩桉0612、邓恩桉99/01和多利桉97/06等3个种源的适应性较强,冻伤轻微,冻害等级为Ⅰ;邓恩桉0612、邓恩桉99/01适合赣南引种种植;但多利桉97/06生长量相对较低,应先进行引种驯化,再根据驯化情况及实际需要决定是否推广种植。     

金沙江干热河谷适生树种的引种和早期适应性研究

相思(Acacia spp.)类树种类型多,分布广,除欧洲及南极外各大洲均有分布,尤以澳大利亚最多,其次为非洲;该类树种主要生长在干旱半干旱地区,垂直分布在海平面附近至1 500 m以上;该树种生长快,用途广泛,有根瘤,具有强力固氮作用[1,2];生物量大,枯枝落叶多,对土壤有很好的改良作用[3～5];此外,网脉相思(Acacia aneura F.Muell.ex Benth.)、维多利亚相思(A.victoriae Beath.)还能用作饲料,如网脉相思被认为是澳大利亚干旱季节牲口最充足和营养丰富的饲料.20世纪60年代以来,我国已引种了大叶相思(A.auriculaeformis A.Cunn.)、马占相思(A. mangium Willd.)、厚荚相思(A. crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth.)、纹荚相思(A.aulacocarpa A.Cunn ex Benth.)等,这些相思树种在荒山绿化、薪炭林经营、水土保持及公路建设中发挥了重要作用.