Overview of development of an anti-attractant based technology for spruce protection against Ips typographus: From past failures to future success

We describe a series of experiments on the protection of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) logs and standing trees against Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The tested protective materials were applied 1) at point sources and 2) area-covering using zeolite-based dispensers. We performed 11 terrestrial and one aerial application (using a helicopter) between 1992 and 2001. We gradually replaced polyethylene-bag verbenone dispensers by composite dispensers releasing verbenone and non-host volatiles (NHV: green leaf volatiles, trans-conophthorin, and C8-alcohols). Many experiments did not give statistically significant results, due to the low number of true replicates and the spatial heterogeneity of beetle attacks. The protection of horizontal objects like logs or lying trees with anti-attractants was not always successful. In the future, positive results can be expected with an area covering spray applied by zeolite dispensers containing mixtures of verbenone and NHV. A similar approach could probably be used in aerial spraying of anti-attractants.We have succeeded in our attempt to protect zones of standing spruce trees from I. typographus attacks. We used dispensers with a combination of verbenone and a full blend of NHV compounds. The protection is not complete, but in both 2000 and 2001, the treatment significantly decreased the probability of the insect attack on trees by 60–80%.     

利用性信息素诱捕器监测木槿曼粉虱

木槿曼粉蚧(Maconellicoccus hirsutus)是一种多食性刺吸害虫,其寄主范围很广,包括林木、果树、蔬菜及粮食等农作物;该虫现分布于亚洲热带地区、中东、非洲、澳大利亚中美州和美国南部.我们从美国农业部引进了木槿曼粉蚧性信息素及其诱捕器,对上海、广州、广西和海口的港区进行了诱捕试验,结果没有诱到木槿曼粉蚧.说明这些设置诱捕器的具体地点尚没有被入侵.根据资料,本文还介绍了该虫的生活史.     

Non-target beetles (Coleoptera) in Trypodendron pheromone traps in Finland

Non-target beetles were surveyed in Trypodendron pheromone traps in 3 localities in Finland. Two window traps baited with Trypolure, containing lineatin dissolved in ethanol, and one control trap without attractant were used in each locality. A total of 1648 specimens belonging to 223 non-target species were recorded. The species were divided into five ecological groups to be treated separately. Hylurgops palliatus and Hylastes cunicularius were abundant in baited traps, whereas other scolytids as a group did not show clear attraction. Other species living in recently dead trees, including bark- and wood-boring species and associated species (predators, scavengers, fungivores, etc.), were clearly attracted by Trypolure. The most abundant ones were Hylecoetes flabellicornis, Thanasimus formicarius, Rhizophagus dispar, and Rhizophagus nitidulus. Although numerous in the samples, saproxylic species inhabiting more decayed wood and non-saproxylic species did not seem to be attracted. Grouping of species into ecological groups was helpful in the search for attraction patterns among species that usually are scarce in pheromone traps.     

Patterns of bark beetle occurrence in Norway spruce stands of national parks in Tatra Mts. in Poland and Slovakia

This paper presents the results of a research project concerning bark beetle populations in Norway spruce stands managed under a nature protection regime in national parks in Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia. The preliminary data on bark beetle occurrence and related selected stand characteristics are presented. The dynamics of a bark beetle outbreak that occurred from 1994–97 in the stands localized on both sides of the state border and in various nature protection regimes is analyzed retrospectively. The data concerning the tree/stand characteristics, i.e. DBH and increment of trees are discussed in relation to its potential role in the mechanism for the spread of bark beetle populations. The patterns of the spatial distribution of trees attacked during the research period (1999–2001) are described.     

Monitoring of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis by pheromone traps in Italy

The pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) gained importance as a pest in Europe after the introduction in Portugal of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the agent of pine wilt disease. As the nematode is transmitted by the adult beetles during both maturation feeding and oviposition, effective methods of monitoring of the longhorn beetle populations are needed for the surveillance of the disease spread in Europe. Although in the last years many studies focused on the efficacy of different trapping methods, the general results are still controversial. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two trap types, cross-vane and multi-funnel, and two attractive blends, a kairomonal lure (??-pinene, ipsenol and methyl-butenol) and a commercial kit specific for M. galloprovincialis (pheromone plus kairomonal lure), in order to identify the trap/blend combination more appropriate for the surveillance of the M. galloprovincialis populations. Moreover, the trap efficiency was tested also in a pine stand colonized by M. galloprovincialis after a hailstorm and in a control stand. The results showed that the multi-funnel traps baited with the specific commercial kit was the most effective combination. Interestingly, trap catch was similar in the two pine stands, despite a different density of the target species. As the trapping method was effective also at low population density of M. galloprovincialis, it may be adopted as a general tool for beetle surveillance in the forest and at ports of entry.     

Types of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infestation in spruce forest stands affected by air pollution, bark beetle outbreak and honey fungus (Armillaria mellea)

583 spruce stands in an area affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak in Eastern Slovakia were studied in 1996. According to bark beetle infestation of dominant and codominant trees, stands were classified into following types of spruce stand decline:Ips typographus-A,Ips typographus-B,Polygraphus poligraphus, I. typographus/P. poligraphus—A,I. typographus/P. poligraphus—B. The presence of attacked trees in forest edges, bark beetle spots and forest interior was the key important factor for the classification. Data from forest inventory and forest management evidence together with data on types of spruce stands decline were used in further analyses. Results shows that the distribution of forest stands classified into different types or uninfested stands is related mainly to host size and site quality. The percentage of spruce, exposition of stands and stand density showed significant effects. The mechanisms of spreading of studied bark beetle outbreak could be explained by direct effects of stress of trees caused by an abrupt increase of level of solar irradiation and by weakening of trees by the honey fungus.     

Use of pheromone traps for the proper timing of fumigation in the storage environment1

We have broadly divided the methods of storage insect manipulation into curative and preventive measures. Sex and aggregation pheromoncs combined with additional sensory stimuli in adhesive bait traps can be utilized as a preventive measure which may lead to insectistasis (a state wherein the insect population density is diminished to the extent of allowing storage without significant impairment). Insectistasis can be readily achieved by continual supervision of store rooms, use of adhesive bait traps in combination with a limited number of curative measures (e.g. gaseous or contact insecticides) timed according to the extent of trap catches. The sensory stimuli causing male storage moths (Phycitinae) to fly towards these bait traps involve, in sequence, a circadian rhythm, increasing or decreasing light (intensity approximately 1–10 Lux), an air current, a vertical rectangular figure and the main pheromone component. The antennae of male Anagasta kuehniella, Ephestia elutella and Plodia interpunctella comprise two types of receptor cells, of which one is selectively responsive to (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (TDA) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (TA), while the other responds to (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-l-ol (TDO).     

基于性诱剂监测的梨小食心虫防治指标

为明确梨小食心虫性诱剂水盆诱捕器诱蛾量与梨果着卵量的关系,建立一种简单实用,基于梨小食心虫成虫发生量的防治指标,于2010和2011年在陕西蒲城梨园调查了梨小食心虫在早酥梨上的着卵情况及其与性诱剂水盆诱捕器诱蛾量之间的关系.结果显示,梨小食心虫在梨果胴部的着卵量显著高于其它部位,占总卵量的92.00％;百果卵数、卵果率随果实的增大而增加,直径70mm以上果实的百果卵数和卵果率均显著高于直径65 mm以下的果实.据此建立了诱蛾量与卵果率、百果卵量的回归方程,分析得出当以卵果率1％和百果卵量1粒为防治指标时,基于性诱剂监测的梨小食心虫的防治指标分别为每天每诱捕器2.27和2.32头;以卵果率2％和百果卵量2粒为防治指标时,则分别为每天每诱捕器2.61和2.58头.     

二化螟诱捕器在有机稻生产上的应用效果

水稻二化螟是灌阳县水稻的主要害虫,一年发生4代,在水稻分蘖期为害,造成枯鞘、枯心,在大胎、破口抽穗期为害,造成"白穗"或"虫伤株".历年来都是采取化学防治方法,于二化螟孵化至低龄幼虫发生期施用农药进行防治.     

果园实蝇诱捕器不同悬挂方位的诱捕效果研究初报

对3个不同果园的柑桔小实蝇进行诱杀,结果发现,果园中密蔽荫凉处诱杀效果最好,年诱虫量是同园其他位置的1～4倍.     

二化螟性诱剂和诱盆设置技术的研究

通过对二化螟性诱剂水盆诱捕器及其设置高度比较研究,结果表明：诱捕器的口径大小以２４ｃｍ为佳,绿色水盆的诱蛾量比其他颜色的要大;在越冬代诱捕中,诱盆的高度在２０ｃｍ左右效果较好;性诱剂离水面的高度对二化螟雄蛾的诱捕有一定影响,其高度在０.５～１.０ｃｍ的诱蛾量最高。     

Winter mortality in sub-corticolous populations of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and its parasitoids in the south-eastern Alps

A study concerning the winter mortality of a sub-corticolous population of Ips typographus and its parasitoids has been carried out in the south-eastern Alps (Italy) during the winter 1997/98. Three attacked spruce trees were sampled three times (November, February and April) by collecting infested bark disks (1dm² each). All insects that emerged from the bark or died in the samples before emergence were counted. The mean number of living Ips typographus occurring under the bark decreases by 49% from November to April. Winter mortality mainly affects larval stages and young adults. The same trend was observed for the parasitoids Coeloides bostrychorum (48.5%) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum (47.5%).     

Employing pheromone traps to establish the distribution and seasonal activity of Theresimima ampellophaga in Turkey

The vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle 1808) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae; Procridinae), is a pest on grape vine, Vitis vinifera (L.), and on the ornamental vine Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) and other Parthenocissus species. Its recent distribution in Europe is relatively well known, but there is a paucity of locality data for Turkey. As a consequence, we began a large-scale investigation into its distribution and seasonal activity in this country in 2008. The main tools for these investigations were pheromone traps that were baited with the synthetic pheromone of the species, viz. (2R)-butyl (Z7)-tetradecenoate. As a result of field work carried out in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2008 and 2009, Th. ampellophaga was recorded in five provinces, viz. Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Kahramanmara? and Kilis. The only province where the pest was not found was Gaziantep. Theresimima ampellophaga produces one or two generations per year, depending on the local conditions and other unknown factors. The moths of the first generation fly in June, while those of the second generation occur in August. To the best of our knowledge the present paper provides the first well-documented evidence of the occurrence of a second generation of the vine bud moth in Turkey.     

The use of attracticide method to controlEphestia kuehniella Zeller in flour mills

Attracticide method (lure and kill) was used to controlEphestia kuebniella Zeller males by using laminar dispensers (2 cm × 2 cm), baited with 2 mg of Z9E12-14Ac (TDA), and treated with 5 mg of cypermethrin. These applications combining the pheromone with the insecticide proved particularly effective.Encouraging results were obtained by using attracticide applications in flour mills at 220–280 cubic metre intervals. Attracticide formulations were found to have more intense sublethal and lethal effects if combined with triangular-shaped silhouettes as a sign stimulus.     

烟草甲性信息素及其异构体的简易合成法

从2,4-二甲基戊二酸出发,经酯化、还原、格氏反应、选择性保护分子中的一个羟基后,再经氧化及脱保护反应,以61%的总收率合成了烟草甲性信息素及其异构体——4,6-二甲基-7-羟基-3-壬酮(7);7经脱水环化反应,得到另一种烟草甲性信息素及其异构体——2,6-二乙基-3,5-二甲基-3,4-二氢呋喃(8)。各产物结构均经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱及质谱分析确证。