微波消解-流动注射化学发光法快速测定小麦中的稀土元素

为建立一种快速测定小麦中稀土元素的新方法,小麦全粉经微波消解后,利用稀土元素对Luminol-K2S2O8流动注射化学发光体系的线性抑制作用进行测定。结果表明：样品中的稀土元素含量为7.65μg/g~10.12μg/g,线性相关系数r=0.9991,RSD为4.0%~7.4%,检出限为3.82×10-9g/g,硬质紫麦加标回收率为96.30%~103.90%。该法快速简便、灵敏准确,用于小麦中微痕量稀土元素的测定,结果令人满意。     

微波消解-恒pH滴定法快速测定粮食中的粗蛋白

为建立一种快速测定食品中粗蛋白质的新型分析方法,选择小麦为样品,用硫酸一过氧化氢混合溶液为消解剂,利用微波压力程序加热技术快速消解样品,用甲醛法将NH4 转化为H ,以KOH为标准溶液,用恒pH滴定法进行测定.结果表明:小麦干基粗蛋白的含量在14%～17%之间,RSD1.2%～2.1%(n=6或12).与经典方法对照测定,经F检验和t检验表明两者之间无显著性差异(置信度95%).该法操作简单、快速,试剂用量少,空白值低,工作效率大大提高,结果令人满意.     

气相色谱测定小麦中8种有机氯农药残留量

建立了气相色谱检测小麦中有机氯农药残留量的方法。样品中的目标物采用乙腈提取,经凝胶渗透色谱净化后,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测。结果表明,小麦样品基质三水平添加条件下,8种农药的回收率(n=6)为61.45%~105.21%,相对标准偏差0.59%~9.33%,最低检出限为0.003~0.006 mg/kg。该方法简便快速、灵敏度高,适合于小麦中有机氯农药残留的检测。     

小麦和土壤中辛硫磷残留量的液相色谱分析方法研究

研究了小麦茎叶、籽粒和土壤中辛硫磷残留物的液相色谱分析方法。该方法仪器最小检出量为0.5 ng;当小麦籽粒和土壤中辛硫磷的添加浓度为0.02,0.2,2 mg/kg时,样品的平均回收率为89.8%~98.9%,变异系数为0.8%~5.7%,最低检测浓度为0.02 mg/kg;当茎叶中辛硫磷的添加浓度为0.04,0.4,2 mg/kg时,样品的平均回收率为89.7%~95.8%,变异系数为0.5%~5.9%,最低检测浓度为0.04 mg/kg。方法的灵敏度、精密度和检测限都符合农药残留分析的要求。     

果蔬中单宁测定技术研究

为研究、建立快速、简便测定蔬菜、水果中单宁含量的方法,选用当前测定单宁应用最为广泛的可见分光光度法为基础进行可行性研究。采用配对t检验,用同一样品对不同单宁提取溶剂、温度和时间及测定的显色时间分别进行比较测定,从而选出最佳单宁提取和测定条件,并对建立的方法进行线性、精密度、准确度等的验证试验。确定了最佳的提取和检测条件为500W超声波提取,超声时间20min,提取溶剂水,温度60℃,显色时间1h。单宁测定线性范围为0~30mg/L,方法检出限0.2mg/g,加标回收率为95.8%~101.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)1.07%~4.29%。该法具有操作简便、快速、精密度高、重现性好、加标回收率较高、分析成本低等特点。适合于果蔬中单宁酸的快速检测。     

椿叶花椒组织培养及植株再生

选用椿叶花椒带腋芽的茎段为外植体,进行组织培养与快速繁殖技术研究.结果表明椿叶花椒初代愈伤组织诱导以WPM 6-BA2.5mg·L-1 NAA2mg·L-1 IBA1mg·L-1效果最好;继代培养采用WPM 6-BA0.2mg·L-1 IBA0.1mg·L-1 NAA0.1mg·L-1,培养30d,增殖在5.6倍以上;生根培养1/4MS I-BA0.5mg·L-1,20d左右生根,平均根量4.6条,生根率95%.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方食品中胆碱L-肉碱含量方法研究

建立了婴幼儿配方食品中胆碱和左旋肉碱含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品通过水提取后,用冰乙酸沉淀蛋白质,再用液相色谱-串联质谱法分离测定。胆碱和左旋肉碱在相应含量范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.995。当胆碱加标200~800mg/kg时,回收率为80.3%~107.9%,相对标准偏差3.6%~7.5%;左旋肉碱加标20~80mg/kg时,回收率为75.4%~95.7%,相对标准偏差6.0%~8.2%,方法检测限为1.0mg/kg。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于婴幼儿配方食品中胆碱和左旋肉碱的定性、定量分析。     

柱前衍生-气相色谱法测定柑橘中2,4－D残留量研究初报

为了解决柑橘出口中2,4-Ｄ残留监测问题,研究了快速测定柑橘中2,4－D残留方法。样品经酸性乙腈提取,用酸性硅藻土净化,经三甲基氢氧化硫(TMSH)衍生后,用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪进行测定。试验结果表明：2,4－D的最低检出量为5×10-13g,最低检出浓度为4×10-4mg/kg,在0.001、0.01、0.1mg/kg三种添加水平下,添加回收率范围为77.16%~97.72%,变异系数范围为3.30%~8.65%。该分析方法快速、准确、灵敏,重现性好,适用于柑橘中2,4-D残留量的检测。     

双波长反射法快速测定植株中的硝酸盐

为了找到一种新的快速检测植株中硝酸盐的方法,自主研制了YN-FS反射仪进行试验,通过标准溶液试验、多个植株样品的回收率实验、以及其与硝酸试粉法的对比试验,研究双波长反射法快速检测植株中硝酸盐含量的可行性。结果表明：硝酸盐含量为1.0~50.0 μg/mL时,双波长反射法快速测定植株中硝酸盐的回收率为92.8%~107.9%,测试的相对标准偏差为2.4%~4.6%,测值与标准值的绝对误差在10%以内,且其与硝酸试粉法测值呈极显著相关关系（r=0.999）。这说明双波长反射法快速检测植株中硝酸盐含量的方法是稳定可靠的,可推广使用。     

酶联免疫快速检测奶酪中AFM_1检测方法的建立

建立奶酪中AFM1的酶联免疫快速检测方法。3种奶酪样品用80%的甲醇水于90℃加热回流15 min后用三氯甲烷萃取净化,挥干三氯甲烷后用10%甲醇水复溶凝结物,最后用酶联免疫试剂盒检测AFM1的含量。结果表明,3种不同样品重复测定值相对标准偏差均少于5%,对样品分别添加AFM1标准溶液0.25,0.50,1.0μg/kg,回收率为85.1%~88.5%。所建立的酶联免疫快速检测奶酪中的AFM1的检测方法,具有重复性良好、结果相对偏差小和加标回收率高等特点。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.