施用绿肥条件下减施化肥对土壤养分及持水供水能力的影响

以长期定位试验为基础,设置7个紫云英和化肥施用配比试验处理,以探索施用绿肥情况下减施化肥对土壤养分、持水和供水能力的影响。结果表明:在翻压紫云英条件下,即使不施化肥土壤氮也可基本得到满足,应适量施用化学钾肥,必须合理施用磷肥,以保证土壤全量和速效养分得到平衡和持续供给,化肥施用量减少未显著降低水稻产量;土壤持水、供水能力在处理间的趋势表现为:紫云英+40%化肥紫云英+60%化肥紫云英+80%化肥、紫云英+100%化肥单施100%化肥、单施紫云英CK,与CK相比,其它6个处理田间持水量提高了1.6%~15.4%,有效含水量增幅更大,平均提高1.5%~30.5%,说明紫云英化肥配施能显著提高土壤的持水、供水能力,且化肥施用量越少效果越好,而单施化肥或单施紫云英效果有限。因此,紫云英施用量一定时(22 500 kg/hm~2),化肥施用量应减少至40%甚至更低。     

长期不同施肥模式下砂姜黑土的固碳效应分析

以安徽淮北32 a的定位试验为平台,运用土壤等质量方法对土壤耕层的固碳效应进行了研究。结果表明,较不施肥和单施化肥,施用有机肥显著降低了表层土壤容重。长期施用有机肥和单施化肥均对提高土壤有机质和活性有机质含量有显著作用,但以高量有机肥和化肥配施的效果最明显。土壤碳库管理指数以有机肥和化肥配施的效果显著,而长期单施化肥降低了土壤碳库管理指数,表明化肥长期施用下土壤肥力下降。0~20 cm土层的有机碳储量有机肥化肥配施的最高,其次为单施有机肥、单施化肥,不施肥最低。有机肥有助于提高土壤质量,且有机肥和化学氮肥分别以高于N262.5 kg hm-2 a-1配施的效果最佳。     

长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响

根据18年的长期定位试验，探讨了不同施肥处理对黄土丘陵区栗褐土土壤容重、土壤结构、孔隙性、水分物理性质以及对土壤有机质和土壤氮，磷含量的影响。结果表明，长期施用有机肥有利于保持和改善土壤孔隙状况，促进水稳性团聚体的形成，提高土壤的透水性和持水能力。单施化肥与不施肥相比，土壤物理性质有所改善，但与初始值比较则变劣。有机肥与化肥配合施用，可减轻化肥对土壤物理性质的不良影响。长期不施肥土壤物理性质有恶化趋势。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用可显著提高土壤有机质和氮、磷含量，有机无机肥配合施用效果更明显，单施化肥的效果不显著。     

长期定位施肥对潮土腐植酸含量及其相关因素的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态国家实验站潮土农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究不同施肥处理对春秋两季土壤腐植酸含量、微生物生物量碳及转化酶活性的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照相比,单施NK或单施PK对土壤pH和有机碳含量均没有显著影响;单施有机肥、施NPK化肥、1/2 OM + 1/2 NPK有机无机配施以及施NP等4种处理均显著抑制了土壤pH的升高,提高了土壤有机碳与全氮含量;其中单施有机肥还显著提高了土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸的含量以及微生物生物量碳和转化酶活性,有机肥与化肥配施效果次之。结果表明,长期施用有机肥更有利于提高土壤肥力质量与健康质量。     

长期不同施肥对茶园土壤碳氮磷构成的影响

从浙西茶区采集了34个茶园表层土壤,按施肥模式分为施用有机肥+化肥、单施化肥和不施肥等3组茶园,用化学分析方法研究了长期不同施肥下茶园土壤碳、氮、磷库的变化特点。结果表明,3组施肥模式之间的茶园土壤p H和有机碳含量差异不明显;单施化肥或有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤全磷、全氮和有效磷含量明显高于不施肥茶园;全磷与全碳的比例(P/C)和全氮与全碳的比例(N/C):化肥有机肥+化肥不施肥;施用有机肥+化肥土壤的有机质结合态磷比例明显高于单施化肥和不施肥土壤,单施化肥土壤的钙结合态磷的比例明显高于施有机肥+化肥和不施肥土壤,不施肥土壤的闭蓄态磷的比例高于施有机肥+化肥和单施化肥土壤;单施化肥土壤具有较高的NO3--N/NH4+-N比和无机氮含量;施用有机肥+化肥土壤有较高比例的颗粒态有机碳、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳。基于19项分析指标应用主成分分析方法对研究的34个土壤进行聚类的结果也表明,土壤之间碳、氮、磷库组成的差异主要与施肥模式有关。施用有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤养分较为协调。     

施用富铜锌猪粪对低丘茶园土壤及茶叶重金属积累的影响

为了解施用富铜锌畜禽粪对低丘茶园红壤及茶叶重金属积累的影响,设计施用化肥、化肥+猪粪、单施猪粪和2倍于单施猪粪的猪粪用量4个施肥处理,进行为期4年的观察研究。结果表明,施用猪粪可预防土壤酸化,有利于红壤肥力的提高。适量施用猪粪可提高土壤Cu和Zn含量,改善茶树Cu和Zn营养状况。无论是施用化肥、化肥+猪粪,还是单施猪粪(或2倍猪粪用量),连续施用4年对土壤Pb、Co、Ni、Hg和As含量均无明显的影响,不会引起这些元素的明显积累。但过量或长期施用富含Cu和Zn猪粪,可引起土壤Cu、Zn和Cd显著积累,积累量可超过它们的土壤环境质量标准值。施用化肥、化肥+猪粪、单施猪粪和2倍于单施猪粪的猪粪用量4个施肥处理的土壤Cu的年积累速率分别为0.39,2.05,4.29,9.22mg/(kg·a),土壤Zn的年积累速率分别为0.43,4.78,10.55,22.44mg/(kg·a)。土壤中积累的Cu主要向有机质结合态和交换态转化,Zn主要向交换态、有机质结合态和氧化铁结合态转化。建议在茶园施用富含Cu和Zn畜禽粪时应注意控制施用量,不宜长期连续施用。     

长期施肥砂姜黑土微生物学特征差异及评价

【目的】作为安徽省主要中低产土壤类型之一,砂姜黑土不良属性严重制约旱地粮食作物稳产增产,因此本研究利用长期定位试验研究砂姜黑土微生物特征对不同施肥模式的响应,为改善砂姜黑土生态功能、提高地力可持续性等提供理论依据。【方法】基于安徽省杨柳长期定位试验(始于1981年),研究5种施肥模式不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥与化肥配施(等氮)(MNPK)、有机肥与化肥配施(高氮)(HMNPK)砂姜黑土耕层土壤可培养微生物数量、微生物生物量及酶活性等微生物学性状的变化规律,并通过主成分分析方法对不同施肥模式下的土壤微生态进行综合评价。【结果】与不施肥相比,长期施用有机肥(M、MNPK和HMNPK)可显著增加土壤微生物总数量(15.68~22.80倍),尤其是细菌和放线菌数量二者分别于M、MNPK处理达最高值(30.50×10~5cfu/g和15.50×10~4 cfu/g);长期单施有机肥对土壤真菌有明显抑制作用,单施化肥有利于土壤真菌数量的增加。施用有机肥(M、MNPK和HMNPK)可有效增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量,其中MNPK处理微生物量碳含量增幅最高,达119.74%但与M、HMNPK处理差异不明显,微生物量氮含量增幅达88.46%,显著高于M、HMNPK处理;长期单施化肥仅对微生物量碳含量有提增作用(38.87%)对微生物量氮作用不明显,其对微生物量碳的提增作用显著低于其他施肥处理。长期单施有机肥可显著提高土壤脲酶与转化酶活性,抑制磷酸酶活性,长期单施化肥的作用则相反。用主成分分析方法将9个生物指标降维提取出2个主成分,第一主成分以细菌、放线菌、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、脲酶和转化酶为主要影响因子,第二主成分以为真菌、酸性和中性磷酸酶为主要影响因子分别代表了与碳、氮和磷循环密切相关微生物影响因子。通过综合得分把不同施肥模式下砂姜黑土微生物生态划分为3个等级,一等包括长期有机肥与化肥配施(等氮与高氮),二等包括长期单施有机肥,三等为长期单施化肥与不施肥。【结论】通过综合评价可得砂姜黑土的微生物生态状况在长期有机肥与化肥配施条件下最佳单施有机肥次之而长期单施化肥与不施肥的较差。     

有机–无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响

以24年（1981－2004年）的肥料长期定位试验为基础，分析探讨了有机无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。研究结果表明，除增施秸秆外，增施化肥也能提高土壤有机质的含量，但同时增施化肥和秸秆更有利于土壤有机质的积累。在提高有机质复合量方面，施用化肥的效果好于施用秸秆，而有机无机结合效果较单一施用秸秆或化肥都要高；随秸秆或化肥施用量的增加有机质的复合度逐渐降低，但有机无机结合施用可以提高有机质的复合度。有机无机结合有利于改善土壤的物理性状，降低了土壤容重，提高了土壤田间持水量和饱和含水量，增加了土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙。单施秸秆肥和单施化肥均有显著的增产效应，而化肥的增产幅度远远大于秸秆肥，有机无机结合的增产幅度在同等施肥量下较单独施用秸秆或化肥的产量都要高。结果表明，有机无机结合较单一施用秸秆肥或化肥能更有效的提高潮土的土壤肥力，提高作物产量。     

长期施用化肥和有机肥下潮土干团聚体有机氮组分特征

依托中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期施肥试验,选取不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机无机肥配施(1/2OM)、有机肥(OM)处理,对比研究27a连续施用化肥和有机肥对土壤机械稳定性团聚体及其有机氮组分的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥显著提高了耕层土壤中大于2 mm团聚体的比例,较CK提高了33%,较NPK增加了17%。施肥显著提高耕层团聚体中有机氮含量,以OM处理效果最明显,大于2 mm、2～0.25 mm、小于0.25 mm团聚体中酸解有机氮含量分别为776.4、837.7、625.3 mg·kg~(-1)。各团聚体中有机氮以酸解铵态氮为主,氨基糖态氮最少。长期单施化肥主要提高了大于2 mm团聚体中酸解铵态氮比例,施用有机肥提高了氨基酸态氮和酸解未知态氮含量及分配比例。长期施用有机肥使潮土结构明显改善,有利于耕层团聚体中全氮及有机氮各组分的积累,氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮、非酸解有机氮主要赋存于2～0.25 mm团聚体中,而酸解铵态氮和酸解未知态氮在大于2 mm团聚体中分布较多,有效地提高了土壤供氮能力。     

长期施肥与覆膜对半干旱区马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率和有机碳的影响

以国家土壤质量安定观测试验站黄绵土区的农田长期定位试验为研究对象,研究长期施肥与覆膜对半干旱区马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率和有机碳的影响。结果表明,在欠水年和正常平水年份,地膜覆盖可显著提高马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率,而丰水年份效果不明显。施肥显著影响马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率,且以有机肥与化肥配施（NPKM）效果最好;在定位施肥初期（前2年）,单施化肥（NPK）的效果优于单施有机肥（OM）,在第3年两者无差异,而第4年之后则相反。长期施用有机肥（NPKM和OM）较NPK处理0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量显著提高了77.35%和69.65%,有机碳储量分别显著增加了70.68%～76.55%和62.09%～63.31%。不同施肥处理对土壤微生物量碳的影响表现为NPKM>OM>NPK>CK,且差异显著,NPKM和OM较NPK处理土壤微生物量碳含量分别显著增加了43.99%和31.82%,单施有机肥较单施化肥效果显著。长期覆膜与NPK处理可显著提高土壤微生物量碳含量,而对有机碳含量及其储量影响不明显。综上所述,长期有机肥与化肥配施（NPKM）或施用有机肥（OM）可显著提高旱地...     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。     

不同施肥处理对棕壤腐殖酸组成和性质的影响

23年定位试验结果表明:施用有机肥可提高土壤腐殖酸含量, HA/FA升高,土壤胡敏酸的羧基/酚羟基比升高,E4 /E6 值较高。施化肥处理HA/FA下降,羧基/酚羟基比下降,E4 /E6 值下降。有机无机配施HA/FA下降较明显,其它指标介于有机肥和化肥之间。有机无机配施处理土壤活性胡敏酸平均含量高于有机肥和化肥。松结态腐殖酸占总腐殖酸的10% ~20%。胡敏酸占3% ~8%,富里酸占6% ~11%。施肥可显著降低松结态腐殖酸、胡敏酸和富里酸的比例。化肥的施用可促进紧结态的腐殖酸向松结态的转化,加速地力的消耗。有机无机配施处理可较大幅度地提高松结态胡敏酸的比例,而减低松结态富里酸的比例。     

不同施肥及秸秆还田对潮土有机质及其组分的影响

基于长期田间定位试验样地,研究了裸地(CK1)、不施肥秸秆移除(CK2)、不施肥秸秆还田(CK3)、施无机肥秸秆移除(NPK)、有机无机肥混施秸秆移除(1/2NPK+1/2OM)、有机肥秸秆移除(OM)、无机肥秸秆还田(NPK+S)、有机肥秸秆还田(OM+S)8种处理对土壤有机质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,CK1土壤有机质及有机质各组分含量最低,但有机质稳定性较CK2、CK3高。与CK2相比,施肥处理(NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM)、秸秆还田处理(CK3)以及秸秆与肥料混施处理(NPK+S、OM+S)均能不同程度地增加土壤有机质及其各组分的含量,提高土壤有机质稳定性。其中OM处理效果最为显著,有机质含量比CK2高155.1%;有机质各组分中可溶性有机质DOM、富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA、胡敏素HM比CK2分别高39.1%、133.7%、540.0%、152.5%;HA/FA值为0.43,比CK2高173.9%。在CK3的基础上施用肥料(NPK+S、OM+S),土壤有机质含量以及有机质稳定性均有所增加,并且有机肥(OM+S)效果好于无机肥(NPK+S)。可见秸秆还田及有机肥施用对潮土有机质及其各组分含量均有提升作用,促进有机质积累并提高其稳定性。     

不同磺化腐殖酸磷肥提高冬小麦产量和磷素吸收利用的效应研究

【目的】腐殖酸对磷肥增效的调控效应与其结构性密切相关。本文比较了不同磺化反应方法制备的腐殖酸磷肥对冬小麦磷素利用的影响,为制备调控磷肥专用的腐殖酸增效载体提供依据。【方法】采用磷酸与氢氧化钾反应法制备普通磷肥 (P)、普通腐殖酸磷肥 (HAP),并采用加双氧水、硝酸等方法制备了四种磺化腐殖酸磷肥 (HA1P、HA2P、HA3P和HA4P)。用田间土柱栽培试验方法,在等磷量基础上,设置普通磷肥 (P)、普通腐殖酸磷肥 (HAP)、磺甲基化腐殖酸磷肥 (HA1P)、双氧水+磺甲基化腐殖酸磷肥 (HA2P)、硝酸+磺甲基化腐殖酸磷肥 (HA3P)、双氧水+硝酸+磺甲基化腐殖酸磷肥 (HA4P) 6个处理,同时设置不施磷肥对照 (CK) 处理和施用等量腐殖酸处理 (C-HA、C-HA1、C-HA2、C-HA3、C-HA4)。调查了小麦产量和产量构成及经济效益,分析了0—80 cm土壤有效磷含量。【结果】1) 与CK相比,普通腐殖酸 (C-HA) 和磺化处理腐殖酸 (C-HA1、C-HA2、C-HA3、C-HA4) 对小麦籽粒产量无显著影响。与P处理比较,HAP、HA1P、HA2P、HA3P、HA4P处理的小麦籽粒产量分别提高了6.3%、17.8%、10.1%、17.5%、11.1%,4个腐殖酸磺化磷肥 (HA1P、HA2P、HA3P、HA4P) 处理均高于普通腐殖酸磷肥 (HAP) 处理。2)与HAP比较,磺化腐殖酸磷肥处理HA1P、HA2P、HA3P、HA4P分别提高小麦地上部磷吸收量12.3%、12.3%、9.2%、10.8%,其中HA1P和HA2P处理最高。3）与HAP比较,磺化腐殖酸磷肥处理HA1P、HA3P分别提高小麦磷肥农学效率23.6%和7.1%。4）与HAP比较,磺化腐殖酸磷肥处理HA1P、HA2P、HA4P可分别提高0—20 cm土层土壤速效磷含量17.5%、16.2%、17.2%。【结论】磺化腐殖酸磷肥比普通腐殖酸磷肥可以更有效地提高土壤中磷肥的有效性,提高冬小麦对磷素的吸收利用,进而提高冬小麦籽粒产量。四种磺化工艺中,以磺甲基化处理的腐殖酸磷肥 (HA1P) 效果最优。     

Effect of cover crop management on soil organic matter

Characterization of soil organic matter (SOM) is important for determining the overall quality of soils, and cover crop system may change SOM characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cover crops on the chemical and structural composition of SOM. We isolated humic substances (HS) from soils with the following cover crop treatments: (a) vetch (Vicia Villosa Roth.)/rye (Sesale cereale L.), (b) rye alone, and (c) check (no cover crops) that were treated with various nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. CPMAS-TOSS (cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning and total sideband suppression) ¹³C NMR results indicated that humic acids (HA) from soils under rye only were more aromatic and less aliphatic in character than the other two cover crop systems without fertilizer N treatment. Based on the DRIFT (diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared) spectra peak O/R ratios, the intensities of oxygen-containing functional groups to aliphatic and aromatic (referred to as recalcitrant) groups, the highest ratio was found in the HA from the vetch/rye system with fertilizer N. The lowest ratio occurred at the vetch/rye system without fertilizer N treatment. The O/R ratio of fulvic acids (FA) can be ranked as: vetch/rye without fertilizer>vetch/rye with fertilizer>no cover crop without fertilizer>rye alone (with or without fertilizer) soils. Both organic carbon (OC) and light fraction (LF) contents were higher in soils under cover crop treatments with and without fertilizer N than soils with no cover crop. These chemical and spectroscopic data show that cover crops had a profound influence on the SOM and LF characteristics.     

Carbon and nitrogen in operationally defined soil organic matter pools

Humic substances [humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and insoluble humin], particulate organic matter (POM), and glomalin comprise the majority (ca 75%) of operationally defined extractable soil organic matter (SOM). The purpose of this work was to compare amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in HA, FA, POM, and glomalin pools in six undisturbed soils. POM, glomalin, HA, and FA in POM, and glomalin, HA, and FA in POM-free soil were extracted in the following sequence: (1) POM fraction separation from the soil, (2) glomalin extraction from the POM fraction and POM-free soil, and (3) co-extraction of HA and FA from the POM fraction and POM-free soil. Only trace amounts of HA and FA were present in the POM fraction, while POM-associated glomalin (POM-glomalin) and POM alone contributed 2 and 12%, respectively, of the total C in the soil. Mean combined weights for chemically extracted pools from POM and from POM-free soil were 9.92 g glomalin, 1.12 g HA, and 0.88 g FA kg⁻¹ soil. Total protein and C, N, and H concentrations showed that glomalin and HA were, for the most part, separate pools, although protein was detected in HA extracts. Even though percentage carbon was higher in HA than in glomalin, glomalin was a larger (almost nine times) operationally defined pool of soil organic C. Glomalin was also the largest pool of soil N of all the pools isolated, but all pools combined only contained 31% of the total N in the soil.     

有机物料对不同作物根系土壤腐殖质组成和结构的影响

为探讨施用有机物料后不同作物根系土壤腐殖质各组分含量和胡敏酸元素组成的变化情况,以吉林农业大学试验田培肥2a的黑土为研究对象,试验选取3种作物(玉米、大豆、白菜),每种作物设4种施肥处理,包括化肥(CK)、玉米秸秆配施化肥、树叶配施化肥和鸡粪配施化肥。采用腐殖质修改法提取水溶性物质(WSS)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏素(HM),利用重铬酸钾外加热法测定腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,采用分光光度计法测定HA和FA的光学性质,通过光密度E_4/E_6值和元素组成分析HA的结构变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量均表现为白菜玉米大豆。相比CK,配施有机物料后作物根系土壤TOC、WSS、HA含量分别显著增加5%~8%,34%~55%,8%~20%,FA含量变化不明显。相比树叶和鸡粪,秸秆可显著提高TOC含量;WSS在各物料之间差异不明显;HM含量表现为秸秆树叶鸡粪CK。有机物料对PQ值的影响因作物而异,秸秆和鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤PQ值(HA占腐殖酸的比率)的影响相似,而鸡粪对白菜根系土壤PQ值的影响显著高于玉米秸秆。施用有机物料后HA的E_4/E_6未发生明显改变,FA的E_4/E_6显著提高。有机物料使根系土壤HA缩合度升高,分子结构更加复杂,且有利于HA含氮基团的形成,以秸秆处理作用最好。由此可见,有机物料具有良好的培肥效果,其中鸡粪对白菜根系土壤培肥效果最显著,秸秆与鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤培肥效果相似,均显著高于化肥。     

长期不同施肥对黑土团聚体及有机碳组分的影响

本文研究了32年不同施肥对黑土团聚体组成、土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)、腐殖酸、微生物量碳(microbialbiomass carbon,MBC)及颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)的影响。结果表明:化肥区与CK团聚体以10~50μm粒级为主,有机肥化肥混施与休闲以50~250μm粒级为主,表明有机肥化肥混施促进大团聚体的生成,有利于良好土壤结构的形成。在不同施肥条件下,"特征微团聚体比例"也存在差异,表明有机肥化肥混施使黑土保供水肥性能提高。化肥,尤其N肥单施使MBC、POC含量降低。有机肥化肥混施区SOC、MBC、POC含量显著高于其他处理区。与化肥单施相比,有机肥化肥混施明显提高了黑土腐殖酸、HA、FA、HS含量,也提高了腐殖质活性。不同类型化肥处理HA/FA差异较大,N肥的施加降低了腐殖酸含量,却能提高腐殖质活性。     

Long-Term Effect of Fertilizers and Amendments on Different Fractions of Organic Matter in an Acid Alfisol

The effect of fertilizers and amendments on organic matter dynamics in an acid Alfisol was studied in a long-term field experiment initiated during 1972 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur (India). Continuous application of chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with farmyard manure (FYM) or lime for 42 years significantly influenced water-soluble organic carbon (WS-OC), water-soluble carbohydrate (WS-CHO), soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, soil microbial biomass phosphorus, soil microbial biomass sulfur, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA). Continuous cropping without fertilization resulted in depletion to the order of 17, 21, 24, 23, 22, 26, 12, and 18% in WS-OC, WS-CHO, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass phosphorus, microbial biomass sulfur, HA, and FA, respectively. Different fractions of soil organic matter were found to be positively and significantly correlated with grain and straw/stover yield of wheat and maize crops.     

Fulvic acid displaces manure to improve soil in vegetable greenhouse

Acid soil has led to a significant decrease in vegetable yield in high-yield greenhouse vegetable production system. Chicken manure and fulvic acid (FA) application experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects on chemical properties of soil in vegetable greenhouse so as to confirm whether FA could replace chicken manure in acid soil amelioration under the same addition levels of nutrient, when compared to the effect of chemical fertilizers application alone on acid soil improvement. The results showed that the pH of soil added with chicken manure and FA, respectively, increased from the original value of 5.4 to 5.99 and 6.32 at the end of the experiment, while soil pH applied only with chemical fertilizers decreased to 5.43. Correlation analysis indicated that cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil was positively correlated with soil pH buffering capacity. The peak values of soil CEC and pH buffering capacity occurred in April each year and subsequently tended to decrease in August and December throughout the experiment. Data demonstrated that chicken manure and FA in combination with soil contributed to soil base saturation that increased from 26.5%, 33.8% to 36.7%, 45.9% in chicken manure and FA treated soil during December 2011 to December 2012, respectively; however, chemical fertilizers displayed an adverse effect on soil base saturation that decreased from 17.1% to 5.6% on the same time period. Exchangeable aluminum (Al) concentration showed a weak but significant increase by 5.2% on August 2012 in comparison to April 2012, as chemical fertilizers were added into soil alone. Unlike to chemical fertilizer, chicken manure and FA significantly decreased soil exchangeable Al concentration from the original value of 5.37 cmol kg^?1 to 4.56 and 4.22 cmol kg^?1 at the end of experiment respectively. Compared to total yield treated solely with chemical fertilizers, chemical fertilizers combination with chicken manure or FA resulted in an increase in total yield in 2011 and 2012. Although chicken manure and FA possessed the same trend of improving acidic soil in vegetable greenhouse, a greater contribution was attributed to FA due to its lower mineralization rate of organic matter. Therefore, it was suggested that FA could completely displace chicken manure in improvement in acidic soil in vegetable greenhouse.