棉花6个小分子质量热激蛋白基因的序列、表达与定位

利用棉花纤维cDNA文库, 分离到6个小分子质量的热激蛋白基因。序列结构分析发现, 它们分别属于3种不同类型的小热激蛋白。RT-PCR分析表明, 它们在棉花体内具有不同的转录表达特征, 可能行使不同的功能, 它们的转录与棉花特定的发育阶段相关, 线粒体小热激蛋白和细胞质I类小热激蛋白基因受纤维启始和分化的调控, 而细胞质II类小热激蛋白与棉花叶片的生长发育相关。利用本实验室的四倍体棉花遗传图谱, 对这6个小热激蛋白基因进行定位, 其中3个被定位在A4、D8和A6染色体上。     

玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因鉴定及表达分析

转录因子是植物响应逆境胁迫的重要调节因子,在其整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。HD-ZIP家族蛋白是植物中特有的一大类转录因子,包含4个亚家族(HD-ZIP I^IV),其中HD-ZIP I亚家族成员主要参与干旱、渗透压等极端环境和ABA及乙烯等激素处理的响应过程。本文采用隐马可夫模型(HMM)在玉米参考基因组中鉴定到17个HD-ZIP I亚家族成员,这些基因不均匀分布于玉米6条染色体上,与水稻的亲缘关系要近于拟南芥。玉米HDZIP I亚家族基因在玉米7种组织中表现出多种表达模式,具有明显的组织表达特异性。另外, HD-ZIP I亚家族基因对高盐、淹水及冷害等不同的逆境胁迫处理呈现出不同的响应模式及响应程度差异。5种不同激素处理后,玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因也表现出复杂的响应模式。这些结果为进一步解析玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因的生物学功能和作用机理提供了一定的参考价值。     

Maize mesocotyl: Role in response to stress and deep-sowing tolerance

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide and is a model organism among cereal crops. Abiotic and biotic stresses are often present simultaneously and severely influence maize production, causing great yield losses worldwide. Therefore, the selection and cultivation of stress-tolerant maize lines that adapt to various stresses is instrumental in addressing the problem of yield losses caused by stress. The maize mesocotyl is the crucial organ that pushes shoots out of deep water or soil after seed germination. It has a simple anatomy and exhibits rapid growth in the dark. In this article, we reviewed the studies on the elongation of the maize mesocotyl and the actions of phytohormones, especially under deep-sowing conditions, and emphasized the role of the maize mesocotyl in response to environmental stress and deep-sowing tolerance. We propose that the maize mesocotyl can serve as a selection organ for evaluating stress tolerance at the early seedling stage. We also identify future research fields that need further investigation in studies of the maize mesocotyl.     

植物类萌发素蛋白研究进展

在植物整个生长发育过程中时刻受到外界环境信号调控,遭遇各种逆境胁迫。在研究植物对逆境胁迫响应中,很多胁迫响应蛋白被发现。植物类萌发素蛋白(Germin-like proteins,GLPs)是其中一类重要的胁迫响应蛋白。它是一类与小麦萌发素(Germin)序列高度同源的、位于胞外基质的可溶性糖蛋白,几乎在所有生物中均发现有该类蛋白的存在。它具有多种生物学功能,在植物的生长发育阶段、生物和非生物逆境胁迫应答中起重要的作用。从植物GLPs 的分类、结构等方面全面介绍了植物GLP蛋白的主要特点,同时归纳它在抵御生物胁迫及非生物胁迫等方面的研究进展,为今后的进一步研究提供参考。     

Impact of soil water content on maize responses to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1

Members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum are root-associated bacteria that increase yield in cereals by promoting growth and alleviating drought stress. How plants integrate the many bacterium-derived growth-promoting stimuli with other environmental factors to generate a coordinated response remains unresolved. Using a commercial Azospirillum strain, A. lipoferum CRT1 and two host maize cultivars, it was observed that bacterization reduced the drought-induced increase in lateral root growth and enhanced the flood-induced increase in lateral root growth in the more drought- and flood-sensitive cultivar. In the other one, A. lipoferum CRT1 only elicited a moderate root growth response under low soil water potential. The photosynthetic potential and activity were increased in the earlier cultivar and decreased in the later one, irrespective of the soil water content. No impact of the bacterium was seen on the growth of the leaves of both cultivars under both stresses until the third leaf stage, therefore suggesting that it is a consequence of multiple primary adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that host–bacteria recognition leads to a stress-specific modulation of the root response and a differential stress-independent effect on photosynthesis. This is the first report of the impact of Azospirillum under flood conditions.     

海岛棉5个CBF/DREB基因的克隆与表达分析

低温、干旱和盐渍是影响作物生长、产量和全球地理分布的重要非生物胁迫。CBF/DREB转录因子是参与植物非生物胁迫应答反应的重要调控蛋白。为了更好地了解棉花CBF家族基因,通过生物信息学的方法,从海岛棉中克隆了5个具有完整开放阅读框的CBF基因,命名为Gb CBF1―Gb CBF5。这5个基因编码的蛋白与其他植物冷胁迫相关的CBF蛋白具有高度的保守性,含有1个AP2功能结构域和2个特征基序。系统进化树分析表明,这5个基因与拟南芥的3个参与冷胁迫的CBF基因一起聚类在DREB亚家族中的A-1亚组。通过RT-PCR的方法分析了海岛棉基因Gb CBF1―5在高盐(200 mmol·L-1 Na Cl)、干旱、4℃低温等非生物胁迫处理下的表达模式。结果表明其中2个基因在冷胁迫下上调表达,5个基因在干旱和盐处理下均下调表达。这些为进一步探索CBF基因在棉花逆境胁迫应激反应中的作用提供了有价值的信息。     

不同生态环境对玉米杂交后代选择效果的分析

本文分析了外来X系新种质一优良单交种F2和F3世代的分离群体在不同生态环境下的选择效果。结果表明,在东华北、西北春玉米区优良果穗入选率较高,单穗平均粒重较高;在黄淮海玉米区优良果穗入选率较低,单穗平均粒重较低。认为在东华北、西北生态环境下,有利于对玉米杂交分离后代的产量潜力选择;在黄淮海地区则有利于对多种抗性和病虫害的选择。不同生态环境间的变换地穿梭育种选择,有利于对玉米杂交分离后代的单株的产量潜力和耐多种抗性和病虫害的有效选择。     

Origin of maize: The tripartite hypothesis

Summary The oldest known archaeological race of maize is a pod-popcorn. The closest living wild relative of cultivated maize is teosinte. Although the morphological differences between maize and teosinte are spectacular in appearance they are conspecific genetically. The tripartite hypotheses proposes that the ancestor of domesticated maize was a now extinct wild pod-popcorn; that teosinte originated from maize-Tripsacum hybridization; and that introgression with either teosinte or Tripsacum gave rise to the tripsacoid syndrome characteristic of many modern races of maize. Maize and teosinte cross readily, and exchange genes wherever they are sympatric. Hybrids between maize and Tripsacum are not always easy to produce, but natural introgression between these taxa is possible. However, artificially induced introgression from Tripsacum into maize failed to produce either teosinte-like offspring or the combination of tripsacoid characteristics assumed to indicate such introgression during the evolution of several South American races of maize. The available archaeological data seem to exclude teosinte as a possible ancestor of domesticated maize. This will make maize the only cereal without a living direct ancestor. Biosystematic studies suggest that teosinte is so closely related to domesticated maize that it could be accepted as the progenitor of maize.Supported in part financially by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, and Grant GB-28495 from the National Science Foundation.     

玉米生长素响应因子家族基因的表达模式分析

生长素响应因子(auxin response factor,ARF)是一类重要的转录因子,通过特异性地结合生长素响应元件调节下游靶基因的转录,参与诸多植物生长发育过程的调控。玉米中有许多ARF家族基因,但其表达模式有待深入研究。本研究分析了玉米ARF家族基因在不同组织器官中的表达,发现除ARF10、ARF16和ARF34组成型表达外,其余32个ARF基因的表达水平在生殖器官中要明显高于营养器官。对ARF基因启动子区的顺式作用元件分析显示,28个ARF基因的启动子区含有逆境胁迫相关顺式元件,实时定量PCR分析结果显示,多个ARF基因分别响应冷、热、盐和渗透胁迫。研究结果不仅暗示了ARF家族基因在玉米生殖生长和非生物逆境胁迫响应中的重要性,也为全面解析ARF基因在玉米中的生物学功能提供有用信息。     

Waiting for fine times: genetics of flowering time in wheat

To maximise yield potential in any environment, wheat cultivars musthave an appropriate flowering time and life cycle duration which`fine-tunes' the life cycle to the target environment. This in turn, requiresa detailed knowledge of the genetical control of the key components of thelife cycle. This paper discusses our current knowledge of the geneticalcontrol of the three key groups of genes controlling life-cycle duration inwheat, namely those controlling vernalization response, photoperiodresponse and developmental rate (`earliness per se', Eps genes).It also discusses how our ability to carry out comparative mapping of thesegenes across Triticeae species, and particularly with barley, is indicatingnew target genes for discovery in wheat. Major genes controllingvernalization response, the Vrn-1 series, have now been located bothgenetically and physically on the long arms of the homoeologous group fivechromosomes. These genes are homoeologous to each other and to thevernalization genes on chromosomes 5H of barley and 5R of rye.Comparative analysis with barley also indicates that other series ofvernalization response genes may exit on chromosomes of homoeologousgroups 4 (4B, 4D, 5A) and 1. The major genes controlling photoperiodresponse in wheat, the Ppd-1 genes, are located on the homoeologousgroup 2 chromosomes, and are homoeologous to a gene on barleychromosome 2H. Mapping in barley also indicates a photoperiod responselocus on barley 1H and 6H, indicating that a homoeologous series shouldexist on wheat group 1 and 6 chromosomes. In wheat, only a few`earliness per se loci have been located, such as on chromosomes ofhomoeologous group 2. However, in barley, all chromosomes appear tocarry such loci, indicating that several series of loci that affectdevelopmental rate independent of environment remain to be discovered.Overall, comparative studies indicate that there are probably twenty-fiveloci controlling the duration of the life-cycle, Vrn, Ppd and Eps genes, that remain to be mapped in wheat. There are major gaps inour knowledge of the detailed physiological effects of genes discovered todate on the timing of the life cycle from different sowing dates. This isbeing addressed by studying the phenology of isogenic and deletion lines inboth field and controlled environmental conditions. This has indicated thatthe vernalization genes have major effects on the rate of primodiaproduction, whilst the photoperiod genes affect the timing of terminalspikelet production and stem elongation, and these effects interact withsowing date.     

甘蓝型油菜脯氨酸合成相关同源基因的进化和差异表达分析

以异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)及其二倍体祖先白菜(B.rapa)和甘蓝(B.oleracea)为对象,研究了脯氨酸合成途径关键酶基因P5CS和OAT的进化命运以及各自不同祖先来源的同源基因的差异表达情况。序列比对和进化分析表明,甘蓝型油菜中P5CS基因和OAT基因和其二倍体祖先的相对应基因高度同源;进化上,和二倍体亲本相比甘蓝型油菜P5CS2基因发生了1个拷贝的丢失,而OAT基因没有基因丢失现象;半定量RT-PCR结果表明,甘蓝型油菜中来自二倍体亲本白菜和甘蓝的P5CS2和OAT同源基因在所有检测器官中均表达,没有发生基因沉默;但是它们可能发生了亚功能化,不同祖先来源的2个P5CS2同源基因存在较弱的偏向性表达,不同器官的同源基因表达模式稍有不同;而OAT基因明显偏向于表达来自于甘蓝祖先的同源基因,OAT的2个同源基因的不同器官表达模式基本一致;盐胁迫处理后,来自于甘蓝的BnaC.P5CS1.d表达量显著高于来自于白菜的Bna A.P5CS1.a,表明盐处理条件下甘蓝型油菜偏向性表达BnaC.P5CS1.d。甘蓝型油菜的脯氨酸合成基因Bna A.P5CS1.a、BnaC.P5CS1.d及Bna A.P5CS2.a、BnaC.P5CS2.c的盐诱导表达模式均基本保持了亲本来源基因的特征。以上结果表明,与二倍体祖先相比,甘蓝型油菜中脯氨酸合成基因序列和表达模式均存在高度保守性,这可能说明了脯氨酸积累在进化上对植物的有利性。     

Genetic diversity of tropical maize inbred lines combining resistance to Striga hermonthica with drought tolerance using SNP markers

Striga hermonthica and drought are the major stresses limiting maize yields in sub‐Saharan Africa. The search for diverse maize lines’ tolerance to drought and resistance to S. hermonthica (DTSTHR) is very crucial for yield improvement in areas affected by the two stresses. Understanding the genetic diversity among the lines is important to develop cultivars resistant to S. hermonthica and tolerant to drought. The lines were developed from biparental crosses of drought‐tolerant and Striga‐resistant lines. A total of 128 DTSTHR maize lines were characterized using single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results of the cluster analysis based on 3297 SNP markers showed four distinct groups consistent with the pedigrees of the lines. Furthermore, model‐based analysis also formed the same groups of the DTSTHR lines. Integrating the pedigree information with combining ability and the SNP analyses may provide defined heterotic groups for maize improvement work in West and Central Africa. These results also help breeders to utilize DTSTHR lines present at IITA for developing biparental crosses without disrupting the heterotic groups they have established in their breeding programmes.     

Comparative genetics and disease resistance in wheat

The hexaploid wheat genome is too complex for direct map-basedcloning and model genomes have to be used to isolate genes from wheat.Comparative genomic analysis at the genetic map level has shown extensiveconservation of the gene order between the different grass genomes inmany chromosomal regions. However, little is known about the geneorganization in grass genomes at the microlevel. We have investigated themicrocollinearity at Lrk gene loci in the genomes of four grass species:wheat, barley, maize and rice. The Lrk genes, which encodereceptor-like kinases, were found to be consistently associated with anothertype of receptor-like kinase (Tak) on chromosome groups 1 and 3 inTriticeae and on chromosomes homoeologous to Triticeae group 3 in theother grass genomes. On Triticeae chromosome group 1, Tak and Lrk together with genes putatively encoding NBS/LRR proteins form acluster of genes. Comparison of the gene composition at orthologous Lrk loci in wheat, barley and rice revealed a maximal gene density of onegene per 5 kb. We conclude that small and large grass genomes containregions which are highly enriched in genes. Microrearrangements betweendifferent grass genomes have been found and therefore, the choice of agood model genome is critical. We have recently started to work on theT. monococcum model genome and confirmed its usefulness foranalysis of the Lr10 leaf rust disease resistance locus in wheat.     

ERF转录因子对生物胁迫的反应及对棉花抗性改良的意义

大量研究表明植物中ERF(ethylene responsive factor)类转录因子广泛参与外界环境胁迫应答基因表达的调控.它编码的蛋白能够特异结合GCC-box元件,从而调控启动子含有GCC-box的病程相关蛋白基因的表达,在植物抗病反应中发挥重要的调控作用.棉花中ERF基因表达受生物和非生物胁迫诱导,并在乙烯、茉莉酸和水杨酸信号传导途径中发挥一定的作用.一些ERF基因在转基因植物中的超表达表现出了一定的广谱抗性,因而在棉花分子育种中具有较为广阔的应用前景.本文主要论述了棉花等植物中ERF的结构与功能特征,当前相关研究进展,及其对棉花抗病性分子遗传改良的意义.