热风干燥丸粒化玉米种子的试验研究

采用二次回归旋转设计方法,对丸粒化玉米种子进行了2指标3因素的热风干燥试验。通过对试验结果的分析,分别建立了在整个干燥过程中总耗能和干燥所需时间这2个试验指标与风温、风速、介质加热时间这3个试验因素之间的数学关系。通过对单因子效应的分析,确定了影响干燥过程总耗能和干燥所需时间的因素主次顺序和显著水平。应用模型优化和非线性规划法,得到了各因素的最佳参数组合。     

沉水植物干燥工艺参数的试验

采用均匀试验设计方法对沉水植物进行了干燥试验.根据试验结果建立了试验指标与影响因素之间的回归数学模型;通过对回归模型的降维处理得出了介质温度、介质风速、载料量对试验指标的影响趋势;用内点惩罚函数法对回归方程进行多目标综合优化,找出了沉水植物干燥的最佳工艺参数组合.试验研究和分析结果为水草干燥技术的进一步研究奠定了基础,同时为实际生产和干燥机的设计提供了理论依据;对推动水草饲料资源的开发、使湖泊富营养化综合治理滚动向前发展走生态经济之路,具有重大的现实意义.     

鸡腿菇热风干燥工艺参数优化

为了提高鸡腿菇热风干燥速率及热风干燥后产品品质,对新鲜鸡腿菇进行了热风干燥实验,研究干燥过程中热风温度X1、热风风速X2和切片厚度X3对鸡腿菇干燥速率Y1、复水比Y2和干燥产品色差Y3的影响。采用综合评分法,结合响应面分析,对多指标进行综合优化,建立指标综合值与各因子之间的回归模型,求出最佳工艺参数组合。实验结果表明:鸡腿菇热风干燥过程中各因素对鸡腿菇干燥速率及干燥后产品质量都有显著影响(P <0. 05);在热风温度55℃、热风风速1. 35m/s、切片厚度4mm的最佳工艺参数组合下进行热风干燥,鸡腿菇热风干燥速率Y1=0. 301 g/min,干燥后产品复水比Y2=3. 61,色差Y3=21. 95,综合干燥效果达到最佳,与指标综合值模型预测值相对误差低于5%。本研究可为鸡腿菇热风干燥工业化生产提供参考。     

牡丹籽微波干燥特性研究

为了探索一种能将牡丹籽快速干燥且干燥后品质较好的方法,以延长贮存时间、保证榨油品质,对牡丹籽进行了微波干燥试验。试验选取微波干燥的加热时间、间歇时间和物料层厚度为试验因素,研究了牡丹籽微波干燥特性,并以牡丹籽的干燥速率、爆壳率和熟化率作为评价指标,对牡丹籽进行了正交试验,利用综合平衡法得到了牡丹籽微波干燥的最优工艺参数。试验结果表明:牡丹籽的失水过程主要处于恒速阶段,不同微波干燥参数对牡丹籽微波干燥特性有着不同的影响,当干燥时间为20s歇时间为60s,物料层厚度为2层时,可以在保证牡丹籽品质的前提下得到较快的干燥速率。     

不同干燥方法对木瓜干燥特性的影响

为提高木瓜饮片的品质,采用热风干燥,微波干燥,热风、微波组合干燥法对木瓜的干燥特性进行了研究.结果表明,木瓜热风干燥过程主要为降速过程,有短暂的加速期,没有恒速期,其干燥数学模型符合Page方程.热风干燥所需时间长,组合干燥居中,微波干燥所需时间短;70℃热风、210 W微波组合干燥和60℃热风干燥所得到的木瓜片总黄酮含量最高,分别达到1.98%和1.94%;70℃热风干燥的木瓜片总色差与新鲜木瓜较接近,热风干燥的木瓜片色泽比组合干燥更接近于新鲜木瓜.     

多孔介质常压冷冻干燥质热耦合传递数值模拟

以苹果片为研究对象,研究了基于涡流管制冷效应的常压冷冻干燥技术处理含湿冷冻多孔物料的干燥机制。利用ANSYS ICEM CFD软件对常压冷冻干燥工况建立二维几何模型并对其进行网格划分,采用多孔介质模型,通过有限体积法对控制方程进行离散,迭代求解不同风速和温度下冷冻物料内部水分比及中心温度随时间的变化。通过分析不同干燥工况下物料质热传递变化得出最佳组合参数,研究该干燥条件下不同干燥时刻的速度场、温度场、压力场以及多孔介质干区迁移界面变化规律,并采用入口风速2.5 m/s、辐射温度283.15 K,对模型进行验证。借助SPSS-21软件对物料内部含水率与中心温度的试验值和模拟值进行相关性分析,其R2分别为0.564和0.982,表明试验值与模拟值有较好的一致性,所建模型适用于多孔介质的冷冻干燥。     

苜蓿薄层干燥单位热耗回归数学模型的建立

以紫花苜蓿为研究对象,在东北农业大学干燥试验室薄层干燥试验台上进行了紫花苜蓿薄层干燥工艺参数的试验研究;选择热风温度、热风速度、干燥时间、初始水分为试验因素,采用四因素五水平正交旋转组合设计的试验方法.通过对试验结果的分析建立了单位热耗的回归方程,确定了以单位热耗为评价指标的紫花苜蓿薄层干燥的最优工艺参数.     

汽蒸荞麦干燥参数对单位耗热量影响的试验

通过单因素试验以及二次正交旋转组合试验,研究了温度、风速、厚度对单位耗热量的影响。建立了各因素与单位耗热量的回归数学模型。利用非线性优化理论与方法得到了汽蒸荞麦干燥的最优工艺参数为温度105℃、风速3．3m／s、厚度52mm。     

三七土壤水蒸气消毒针结构设计与试验

针对连作障碍严重制约三七种植可持续发展的问题,设计一种针式水蒸气输出装置,对消毒针的结构参数进行优化,并通过土槽试验进行验证。通过Fluent软件对消毒针内部进行仿真,结果表明,消毒针出口流速、压力增大,出口温度无明显变化。土壤热传导试验表明,在5 min内即可将土壤加热到90℃,土壤加热基本规律为下层土壤加热效率较低、上层土壤加热效率高。为了探究消毒针不同结构参数对土壤升温效果的影响,选取单侧孔口数量、孔口直径和水蒸气出射角作为试验因素,选取土壤升温到90℃所需时间作为试验指标,进行了正交试验,确定消毒针最优结构参数组合为:消毒针单侧孔口数量为4个、孔口直径为2 mm、水蒸气出射角为45°,此时土壤升温到90℃时间最短,为116 s。通过Fluent多孔介质传热仿真得出,消毒针的最佳排布方式为6×6,最佳数量为36根,间距为250 mm。对消毒后的土壤有机质含量及pH值进行检测,表明消毒后土壤环境符合三七生长的环境要求。     

基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温热风干燥工艺研究

为保证稻谷干燥后品质、提高干燥效率,基于不同含水率稻谷的玻璃化转变温度,提出变温热风干燥工艺。采用三因素五水平中心组合试验方法,以稻谷温度、初始含水率和热风风速为影响因素,以稻谷爆腰指数、整精米率和干燥时间为评价指标,研究稻谷玻璃化转变温度、恒温和变温干燥特性,模拟解析稻谷干燥过程中传热传质规律,以5、10、15℃的变温幅度进行变温干燥试验。结果表明,稻谷玻璃化转变温度与其含水率呈负相关,恒温干燥最佳工艺参数为稻谷温度47℃、初始含水率22.0%、热风风速0.50 m/s,干燥后稻谷爆腰指数70、整精米率57.67%、干燥时间195 min;与恒温干燥相比,以5℃和10℃为变温幅度的变温干燥工艺,干燥后稻谷爆腰指数分别降低了20和10,整精米率提高12.6、7.7个百分点,干燥时间缩短30 min和60 min。研究表明,基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温热风干燥工艺明显改善了稻谷干燥后品质,提高了干燥效率。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。