新疆鸟类研究中的动物地理学问题浅论

新疆的边界有相当一部分与苏联、蒙古和巴基斯坦等国家衔接,国界上往往分布有众多的高山大川作为地理屏障。这样,在研究靠近国界分布的动物种类时,不得不考虑两个问题,一是该种动物是否跨国界而分布;二是该种动物的分布是否受到了国界上某些地理屏障的影响。笔者在研究新疆的鸟类区系时,经常遇到这个问题,尤其是涉及到种下的分类,更为棘手。现据笔者自己的一些体会浅谈几例。灰(脊鸟)鴒(Motacilla cinerea)是新疆平原、低山区的常见种。六十年代郑宝赉、钱燕文等均将分布于新疆南部和北部的灰(脊鸟)鴒鉴定为M.c. melanope,而郑作新将其鉴定为M.c. robusta,并在伊犁地区划出一块孤立的繁殖区,以后研究新疆鸟类的文献均同意郑的观点。据文献,M.c. robusta主要分布在苏联库页岛和沿海一带,与我国东北、华北该亚种分布相连续,最西限可达河西走廊张掖和酒泉等地。而M.c.melanope在苏联境内的分布比前述亚种广,西起乌拉尔,北至叶尼塞,南以苏联和伊朗交界的科彼特山为界,分布的东限恰恰是天山和中苏边境的塔尔巴哈台、阿尔泰山脉。众所周知,地理阻隔是亚种形成的一个重要因素,很难想象M.c. robusta能远离亚种的连续     

新疆鸟类环志简报

环志是研究鸟类季节性迁徙的重要手段之一 ,同时也是研究鸟类区系、生态学、形态分类学等的有效方法。2 0 0 3年 6月 1 1日～ 7月 1 0日和 8月 1 9～ 2 0日 ,笔者在新疆阿勒泰、吐鲁番、塔里木河流域、昆仑山、帕米尔高原、天山、古尔班通古特沙漠等地 1 7个环志点进行了夏季鸟类环志工作 ,这是新疆境内规模较大的一次环志活动。目的是寻找最佳环志地点 ,并进行鸟类迁徙研究。此次环志鸟类 340只 ,约 5 3种。非雀形目 6种 (占 1 1 .3% ) ,雀形目4 7种 (占 88.7% )。所使用的铝镁合金鸟环均由全国鸟类环志中心 (NBBC)提供。     

新疆鸟类种类与分布及其微机信息系统

通过近年考察,在新疆境内共收录鸟类425种另134亚种,占全国种数的35.8%。其中,国内及新疆新记录10和43种,首次载入41种和35种;一半以上的种增补了区域分布与生态资料。377种繁殖鸟中,广布种、古北(及全北)种为64和53种;中亚、青藏和蒙新特有的分别为27,20和20种。在18个自然地理区中,种数分布北部多于南部,西部多于东部,山地多于平原;纬度靠北,留鸟有减少趋势,繁殖鸟(及夏候鸟)所占比例增加。说明鸟类种类分布,除取决于区系渗透影响,还受景观多样性与水源分布的制约。所获资料的覆盖度较广,生物学资料丰富的标本,为本区鸟类标本生物学资料信息系统的建立奠定了基础。     

新疆鸟类新纪录--翻石鹬

作者于1999年5月18日和8月29日分别在新疆和静县、塔什库尔干县记录和拍摄到新疆鸟类一新纪录,隶属于鸟纲Aves、行鸟形目Charadriiformes、鹬科Scolopacidae、翻石鹬属Arenaria.现报道如下.     

新疆低碳与环境友好型土地利用模式探讨

研究目的:探究"低碳经济"背景下新疆低碳与环境友好型土地利用模式,为正在进行的新疆新一轮土地利用规划修编和"十二五"时期新疆低碳经济发展提供新视角.研究方法:文献资料法、理论分析法、聚类分析法、GIS空间分析方法.研究结果:从减少碳源和增加碳汇两个角度划分主要碳源区、重要碳汇区、碳中和区等三个碳综合功能区,并构建出相应...     

新疆公路建设路域的环境敏感性分段研究

针对新疆生态与环境的基本特点和公路建设的实际,建立了一套包括影响和决定土壤侵蚀敏感性、沙漠化敏感性、土壤盐渍化敏感性和生物多样性与生境敏感性,能够全面反映新疆环境综合敏感性的评价指标体系。应用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评估因子的权值。根据各评估因子在土壤侵蚀敏感性、沙漠化敏感性、土壤盐渍化敏感性和生物多样性与生境敏感性4个专题中的量化级别累积模型和4个专题中的敏感性指数权重累积模型,计算出区域生态敏感性指数,采用聚类分析法完成生态敏感性分区。在此基础上,叠加新疆公路线位,以公路穿越的生态敏感区的类型表示路段的生态敏感性,完成新疆公路路域生态敏感性的分段研究。将新疆公路建设路域环境保护对策划分为8种类型:重点保护区、重点监控区、重要生态功能区、重点维护区、重点治理区、自然恢复区、人工恢复区和自然人工恢复区,从区域环境特征、环境质量、环境保护的重点目标和基本要求等方面,提出路域环境保护的对策。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原鸟类区系组成及其特征

2005年和2008-2009年,以样带法和固定半径样点法,对内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原鸟类区系进行了调查。调查期间共记录到鸟类168种,隶属于14目39科。其中,留鸟31种,夏候鸟73种,旅鸟60种,冬候鸟4种。繁殖鸟104种,构成鸟类区系的主体。繁殖鸟中北方型种类有92种,占繁殖鸟总数的88.5%,北方型种类占绝对优势,具有典型的古北界特征。在所记录鸟类中,有国家I级重点保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类21种。调查区域主要由林地、灌丛草地、湿地、农田和居民区5种生境类型组成,调查结果表明：人类活动对鸟类区系组成有较大影响。     

新疆与内蒙古煤炭工业发展比较研究

新疆与内蒙古都是西部少数民族自治区,煤炭资源量分别位居中国的前两名。文中重点从煤炭资源的储量与分布、煤种煤质、安全生产状况、煤炭开发形势、煤炭产量、产值贡献、煤炭产业结构、外运能力以及煤炭工业存在的问题等方面比较得出:(1)新疆的煤炭开发正处于提速阶段,而内蒙古则处于稳步降速阶段。新疆查明资源量与煤炭预测资源量仍不相称;(2)两区煤炭资源的产量、产值呈现逐年增加趋势,煤炭资源的开发利用程度也在不断加大;(3)煤炭工业运行带来的环境问题是两区实现煤炭资源可持续发展所共同面临的重要问题;(4)总体上看,新疆与内蒙古煤炭工业发展存在较大的差距,新疆落后于内蒙古。在结论基础上提出加强两区的交流与合作、合理确定煤炭开发规模和开发强度、克服区位劣势,破解发展难题以及加快推动资源优势向经济优势转化的建议。     

新疆沙漠空间分布格局与类型结构

在对新疆沙漠区域环境特点分析的基础上,基于新疆1[JP18]∶[JP]1 000 000数字地貌图和TM影像数据及Google Earth等资料,利用GIS技术,编制了新疆沙漠分片图与沙漠类型分布图,对新疆沙漠空间分布与类型结构进行了分析。结果表明：① 新疆共有577块沙漠,可以划分为35片区。按照区域可分为塔里木盆地沙漠区、准噶尔盆地沙漠区、阿尔泰山沙漠区、准噶尔西部山沙漠区、昆仑山-阿尔金山沙漠区、天山沙漠区6个区;② 新疆沙漠面积达428 977.14 km²,占新疆总面积的26.12%;沙漠分布广泛,平原、丘陵和山地均有分布,但各区域的沙漠面积相差悬殊;沙漠在空间上呈聚集分布,主要分布在塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地;沙漠景观破碎化程度具有很大空间差异性,在塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地中面积较大沙漠的破碎化程度低,而在山地与两大盆地的过渡地带面积较小的沙漠破碎化程度较高。③ 新疆沙漠具有独特的地貌类型、稳定性和类型丰富度等类型结构,地貌类型以沙丘和沙垄为主,沙漠植被覆盖度差,以流动性沙丘和流动性沙垄为主,多数沙漠的类型丰富度贫乏,只有少数沙漠类型数量可以达到中等乃至极丰富。     

中国帕米尔高原珍稀濒危植物及特有种的生态地理分布

野外调查表明:中国帕米尔高原分布有珍稀濒危植物18科20属38种。其中,中国植物红色名录收录12种,国家重点保护野生植物15种,新疆重点保护野生植物28种;区内分布新疆特有植物15科37属51种,占新疆特有种总数的19.03%,是新疆特有种的重要分布中心;研究区珍稀濒危及特有种水平分布以塔什库尔干县为中心,自南向北渐少。垂直分布集中于山前带与亚高山草甸草原带,生活型以多年生草本为主,兼具灌木和乔木类型。     

农药对人体健康影响的风险评估

介绍了有关农药对人体健康风险评估的基本原则及程序。农药对人体健康的风险评估被许多国家政府机构和国际组织用作农药登记评审和农药安全性评价的重要依据,其风险评估程序包括危害性鉴定、剂量-反应评定、接触评定和风险描述四个步骤。危害性鉴定主要是研究农药可能对人体健康产生的影响;剂量-反应关系主要是研究对农药的不同接触水平可能导致的相应的影响健康的程度;接触评定是研究人们从食物、饮用水和其他各种可能途径中接触到的农药量,其中包括:饮食接触评定、职业接触评定和居住环境接触评定;风险描述是将危险鉴定、剂量-反应评定和接触评定的结果进行综合分析,来描述农药对公众健康总的影响。     

Toxicity and feeding deterrence of crude toxin extracts of Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii (Hyphomycetes) against sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Crude toxins [toxin(V3450) and toxin(Vp28,) extracted from Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii (Zimmermann) Gams & Zare strain V3450 and Vp28 respectively] were tested for contact toxicity, feeding deterrence and repellent activity against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Both toxins showed ovicidal activity to eggs, with LC(50) values of 447 and 629 mg L(-1) respectively. Nymphs of B. tabaci were the most susceptible stages (LC(50) values were calculated at 111 mg L(-1) for toxin(V3450) and 216 mg L(-1) for toxin(Vp28)), and adults were the second most susceptible stages (48 h LC(50) values were calculated at 178 mg L(-1) for toxin(V3450) and 438 mg L(-1) for toxin(Vp28)). Applied to seedlings at a concentration of 400 mg L(-1), the toxins significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the hatching of whitefly eggs and the subsequent survival rate of the nymphs, and the emergence and fecundity of the progeny adults. Both toxins exhibited repellent activity at low concentration (100 mg L(-1)), with repellency index (RI) values of 0.645 for toxin(V3450) and 0.642 for toxin(Vp28), and antifeedant activity at high concentration (1000 mg L(-1)) to adults, with antifeedant index (AFI) values of 0.713 for toxin(V3450) and 0.749 for toxin(Vp28). The results of the present study demonstrate the toxicity, repellence and antifeedant properties of the fungi metabolite toxins on B. tabaci, which might develop as environmentally friendly plant protectant(s).     

溴氰菊酯酶联免疫吸附分析方法研究

建立了定量测定溴氰菊酯间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析方法(ic-ELISA)。合成了半抗原1-羧基-(3'-苯氧基苯基)甲基-3-(2',2'-二溴乙烯基)-2,2-二甲基环丙基羧酸酯(Med)和N-2-(羧基丙基)氨基甲酰基-(3'-苯氧基苯基)甲基-3-(2',2'-二溴乙烯基)-2,2-二甲基环丙基羧酸酯(Di)。分别采用碳二亚胺法和混合酸酐法将半抗原与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备了免疫原Di-BSA和包被原Di-OVA、Med-OVA。将制得的溴氰菊酯免疫原免疫动物获得多克隆抗体,经间接非竞争ELISA法测得其效价为2.5×105。通过对甲醇含量、离子强度、pH值等影响因素进行异源分析条件的优化,确立了溴氰菊酯间接竞争酶联免疫分析方法的最佳检测条件(30%甲醇、氯化钠0.4 mol/L、pH 7.5),并建立了标准竞争曲线。该方法的IC50值为0.55±0.05 mg/L,检测限(IC10)为3.76±0.35 μg/L,对大多数拟除虫菊酯无交叉反应。分别在自来水、河水和土壤样品中添加0.05 ~5.0 mg/L(或mg/kg)的溴氰菊酯,回收率分别为89.7% ~106.8%、82.4% ~101.7%、75.6% ~97.8%。     

Acaricidal activities of paeonol and benzoic acid from Paeonia suffruticosa root bark and monoterpenoids against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)

The acaricidal activities of paeonol (2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone) and benzoic acid identified in the root bark of tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, against copra mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), adults were examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with those of cinnamyl acetate, cinnamyl alcohol and 37 monoterpenoids as well as the acaricides benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Based on LD(50) values in fabric piece contact toxicity bioassays, the acaricidal activities of benzoic acid (4.80 microg cm(-2)) and paeonol (5.29 microg cm(-2)) were comparable to that of benzyl benzoate (4.46 microg cm(-2)) but more pronounced than those of DEET (30.03 microg cm(-2)) and dibutyl phthalate (25.23 microg cm(-2)). In vapour phase toxicity bioassays, paeonol and benzoic acid were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effects of these compounds were largely due to action in the vapour phase. As judged by 24 h LD(50) values, (1S)-(-)-verbenone (7.42 mg per disc) was the most toxic fumigant, followed by (1S)-(-)-camphor, (S)-(+)-carvone, (R)-(-)-linalool and (+/-)-camphor (10.45-18.18 mg). Potent fumigant toxicity was also observed with paeonol, (2S,5R)-(-)-menthone, (+/-)-citronellal, benzoic acid, (1S,4R)-(-)-alpha-thujone and (R)-(+)-pulegone (25.10-34.63 mg). Neither benzyl benzoate, DEET nor dibutyl phthalate caused fumigant toxicity. Paeonia root bark-derived materials, particularly paeonol and benzoic acid, as well as the monoterpenoids described, merit further study as potential acaricides or as leads for the control of T. putrescentiae.     

Responses of water productivity to irrigation and N supply for hybrid maize seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Water and nitrogen(N) are generally two of the most important factors in determining the crop productivity. Proper water and N managements are prerequisites for agriculture sustainable development in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted to study the responses of water productivity for crop yield(WP_(Y-ET)) and final biomass(WP_(B-ET)) of film-mulched hybrid maize seed production to different irrigation and N treatments in the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China during April to September in 2013 and also during April to September in 2014. Three irrigation levels(70%–65%, 60%–55%, and 50%–45% of the field capacity) combined with three N rates(500, 400, and 300 kg N/hm~2) were tested in 2013. The N treatments were adjusted to 500, 300, and 100 kg N/hm~2 in 2014. Results showed that the responses of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) to different irrigation amounts were different. WP_(Y-ET) was significantly reduced by lowering irrigation amounts while WP_(B-ET) stayed relatively insensitive to irrigation amounts. However, WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) behaved consistently when subjected to different N treatments. There was a slight effect of reducing N input from 500 to 300 kg/hm~2 on the WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET), however, when reducing N input to 100 kg/hm~2, the values of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) were significantly reduced. Water is the primary factor and N is the secondary factor in determining both yield(Y) and final biomass(B). Partial factor productivity from applied N(PFP_N) was the maximum under the higher irrigation level and in lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm~2) in both years(2013 and 2014). Lowering the irrigation amount significantly reduced evapotranspiration(ET), but ET did not vary with different N rates(100–500 kg N/hm~2). Both Y and B had robust linear relationships with ET, but the correlation between B and ET(R~2=0.8588) was much better than that between Y and ET(R~2=0.6062). When ET increased, WP_(Y-ET) linearly increased and WP_(B-ET) decreased. Taking the indices of Y, B, WP_(Y-ET), WP_(B-ET) and PFP_N into account, a higher irrigation level(70%–65% of the field capacity) and a lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm~2) are recommended to be a proper irrigation and N application strategy for plastic film-mulched hybrid maize seed production in arid Northwest China.     

用AMMI双标图分析西瓜品种的产量稳定性及试点分辨力

借助AMMI模型分析了2009年国家西瓜品种区域试验中的产量数据,结果表明：基因型与环境的互作效应小于基因效应和环境效应,但是也达到了极显著的水平,而且基因型的效应占比例较大,其次为环境效应。不同西瓜品种在各试点的品种稳定性和不同试点对品种的分辨力差异较大：品种G4（09-N2）的稳定性参数最大（D_g=15.53360）,G7（09-N9）的稳定性参数最小（D_g=2.56881）;8个西瓜品种中高产稳产的品种是G2（09-N1）和G1（09-N7）,产量低且不稳定的品种是G4（09-N2）和G6（09-N12）,产量高而稳定性一般的品种是G8(CK,09-N15),产量低而稳定的品种是G7（09-N9）,产量一般且稳定性一般的品种是G3（09-N5）,产量一般稳定性差的品种是G5（09-N8）;在4个参试点中,甘肃兰州试点对品种的分辨力强,宁夏中卫试点和宁夏中宁试点对西瓜品种的分辨力一般,宁夏海原试点对品种的分辨力较差。     

杀菌剂对辣椒疫霉菌的毒力及其所致番茄猝倒病的控制效果研究

实验室接种条件下比较了6种杀菌剂对辣椒疫霉菌Phytophthora capsici Leonian引起的番茄猝倒病的控制作用,室内测定了其对致病菌菌丝生长、孢子囊形成、释放游动孢子3种不同菌态的毒力。结果表明:在对番茄安全的剂量下进行土壤处理时, FDA3 霉灵、稻瘟灵对番茄猝倒病的防效为80%~90％,霜霉威和代森锰锌的防效为60%~70％,甲霜灵和异菌脲的防效在50％左右;供试杀菌剂浸种处理对番茄猝倒病的防效都较低,均在60％以下。甲霜灵对致病菌菌丝生长、孢子囊形成、释放游动孢子的毒力最高,EC50值分别为0.304、0.742和2.725 mg/L; FDA3 霉灵、稻瘟灵对致病菌孢子囊形成的毒力较高,EC50值分别为0.875和2.888 mg/L,但对菌丝生长和释放游动孢子的EC50 值均在20 mg/L以上;代森锰锌的毒力中等,对3种菌态的EC50值分别为3.402、10.243和23.561 mg/L;霜霉威和异菌脲对病原菌3种不同菌体形态的毒力都较低,EC50＞100 mg/L。     

干旱区杨树用材林土壤特性和林木生长对供水的响应

经过4年试验,结果表明,(1)供水对土壤水分调控作用明显,土壤各项含水指标均随供水量的增加而增加;(2)通过灌溉可改善土壤的三相比结构和土壤容重;灌溉对总孔隙度影响不明显;(3)灌溉对地下水位的影响显著,灌水前林地地下水埋深为3.46m,而灌水期内地下水埋深在2.36~2.87m之间,在7500m3/hm2.a灌溉定额以下时,不会造成土地次生盐渍化;(4)不同供水量对林木生长的效应是不同的,随灌溉量增加而造成不同程度的正增长;(5)人工林的蒸腾耗水量随供水量的增加而增加;(6)河套灌区杨树速生丰产林的合理灌溉量为7500m3/hm2.a。     

Tank-mix adjuvants and pesticide residues: some regulatory and quantitative aspects

Although it is well known that judicious use of adjuvants can increase the performance of foliage-applied sprays of many agrochemicals, little information is available in the public domain about their ultimate effects on pesticide residues in treated crops. In the present work, the influence of Agral (polyoxyethylene nonylphenols), Toil (methyl esters of rapeseed fatty acids) and Bond (styrene-butadiene copolymers) on surface and crop residues of diclofop-methyl/diclofop and propiconazole in wheat and field beans was investigated using a model system simulating field practice. Pesticides were applied as commercial formulations, diclofop-methyl 378 g litre(-1) EC (Hoegrass) and propiconazole 250 g litre(-1) EC (Tilt), at their maximum approved rates, 1135 g AI ha(-1) and 125 g AI ha(-1), respectively, both in the presence or absence of the maximum rate recommended for each candidate adjuvant. No detectable residues of diclofop-methyl or propiconazole were found in wheat 35 days after any of the four applications. However, residues of diclofop were present in this crop, and those from applications containing Agral (0.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight (FW)) or Bond (0.08 mg kg(-1) FW) were significantly lower than those with no adjuvant (0.14 mg kg(-1) FW) or Toil (0.16 mg kg(-1) FW). Unlike wheat, residues of both diclofop and propiconazole were detected in field beans after harvest. Significantly higher residues of the former were recorded from the applications with Agral or Bond (ca 0.32 mg kg(-1) FW) than with those with no adjuvant or Toil (ca 0.15mg kg(-1) FW). All the propiconazole applications containing adjuvants showed a similar significant increase in residues (0.10-0.16 mg AI kg(-1) FW) over the no-adjuvant treatment (0.05 mg kg(-1) FW) in this crop. There appeared to be little agreement between the apparent amounts of uptake, as indicated by the rates of decline of surface residues up to 5 days after application, and final residues in either target species. On wheat, surface residues of diclofop-methyl decreased from initially ca 20 to as little as 0.02 mg kg(-1) FW using adjuvants; the corresponding values for propiconazole were ca 2 to ca 0.03 mg kg(-1) FW. Recoveries of diclofop-methyl from the surfaces of field beans were much higher than those from wheat, declining from ca 30 to only ca 6 mg kg(-1) FW during the course of 5 days; the corresponding residues for propiconazole were ca 2 mg to 0.15 mg kg(-1) FW. These findings are discussed in relation to uptake results obtained with radiolabelled pesticides and adjuvants in the laboratory, and to the mandatory requirements for pesticide residue data for the authorised use of adjuvants in the UK.     

不同药剂配方种子包衣对玉米出苗安全性及玉米丝黑穗病和蚜虫的防治效果

应用600g/L吡虫啉FSC、44%吡虫·氟虫腈FSC、300g/L氯氰菊酯FSC、60%戊唑醇FSC、4.23%甲霜·种菌唑ME 5种药剂不同配方包衣‘先玉335’和‘金庆’2个玉米品种种子,验证各药剂对当地玉米出苗的安全性、对玉米苗期生长的影响及对玉米丝黑穗病和玉米蚜虫的防治效果。结果表明,玉米种子包衣后对出苗安全,且有很好的保苗、壮苗、增产作用,增产率最高可达19.6%。吡虫啉400、500、600、800mL+戊唑醇150mL+甲霜·种菌唑100mL组合以及吡虫·氟虫腈240、480mL+戊唑醇150mL+甲霜·种菌唑100mL组合对丝黑穗病防效均可达84%以上。吡虫啉800mL+戊唑醇150mL+甲霜·种菌唑100mL组合以及吡虫·氟虫腈240、480mL+戊唑醇150mL+甲霜·种菌唑100mL组合对‘先玉335’玉米上的蚜虫具有很好的防治效果,防效可达81.6%以上。吡虫啉500、600mL+戊唑醇150mL+甲霜·种菌唑100mL组合以及吡虫·氟虫腈480mL+戊唑醇150mL+甲霜·种菌唑100mL组合对‘金庆’玉米上的蚜虫防治效果较为突出,防效可达81.1%以上。