中子仪测量农田土壤水分精度的比较研究

采用国产IAG-Ⅱ型和美国产503DR型2种中子仪进行农田土壤水分精度测量对比试验研究结果表明,与土钻法比较,IAG-Ⅱ型中子仪的平均精度略高于503DR型中子仪;14℃和25℃温度下IAG-Ⅱ型中子仪稳定性优于503DR型中子仪,而52℃温度下则反之,且503DR型中子仪性能受温度的影响小于IAG-Ⅱ型中子仪,表明2种仪器均可用于科研和业务。对503DR型中子仪1991年和2002年建立的标定方程进行统计检验分析比较表明,2条标定方程的剩余标准离差(s)无显著差异,截距(a)和斜率(b)差异显著,表明这2条标定方程不能合并。     

中子水分仪在黄土丘陵区的标定研究

通过在黄土丘陵地区进行中子水分仪的标定研究,运用分段标定方法、线型标定及非线型标定相结合、数据平滑处理得到了土壤不同深度的3条标定直线:0-30cm土层标定曲线采用一元二次回归方程,r值为0.93;其余两层采用直线回归方程标定,r值均大于0.93。结果表明:以上方法结合标定可提高中子水分仪标定方程的准确性,证实了中子水分仪在黄土丘陵地区野外长期水分动态变化监测中的可行性及可靠性。同时证明了与容积权重平滑法相比,三点平滑法更具有实际的应用意义。     

中子仪测定砂性土壤水分的标定与测试参数的界定分析

以科尔沁沙地6个砂性土壤试验点为研究对象,实施中子水分仪测试土壤水分的标定试验,采用点聚图筛选和三点平滑处理土壤体积含水率数据,选用线性标定和非线性标定2种形式,系统分析中子仪计数时间、中子管安装稳定时间以及降雨、灌水等提高土壤含水率的方法对标定结果的影响,以界定中子仪的测试参数,经模拟与验证,确定砂性土壤的中子仪标定方程。结果表明：砂性土壤0-30cm表土采用二项式标定效果相对较好;砂土土质对中子仪读数影响较小,两种不同含水率的土壤可以统一标定;中子管安装稳定时间至少需7d,尤以经历一、两场较大降雨后进行标定其试验误差较小;标定和测量实施过程中,中子仪计数时间宜选用64s,再适当加大计数时间也能得到较好结果;在较大降雨和干旱两种状态下,选用64s中子仪计数时间进行测量,可得到砂性土壤测量水分范围为1.01%～29.92%且精度较高的标定方程。验证结果表明,中子仪测量结果能反映实际土壤含水量的分布状况,标定方程精度可满足实际测试要求。     

三江平原草甸白浆土土壤水分定标问题的探讨

采用田间标定方法,研究了三江平原草甸白浆土土壤水分的定标问题,并对影响定标准确性的因素进行了分析与探讨。结果表明, 25~100cm土层定标直线的相关程度较好,相关系数可达0 85;影响土壤定标准确性的因素包括土壤剖面质地的均匀性、植物根系密度、土壤有机质含量、冻层及土壤剖面含水量差异等。对20cm以上的土壤表层,因中子外溢造成的误差,应以烘干法为主进行土壤水分动态观测。     

晋西黄土区土壤水分时空异质性分析

选择山西吉县蔡家川流域典型坡面,应用同一尺度(20 m×20 m)取样方法机械布设土壤水分监测点(313个),用TDR水分测定仪测定土壤水分(测定时间:2005年,分两个季节:4月和8月;土壤剖面分两个层次:0~30cm和30~60 cm),基于kriging插值的方法生成了研究区土壤水分空间分布图,并结合观测季土壤水分的时空分布状况,研究土壤水分在空间和时间上分布的随机性和结构性特征。研究结果表明:4月份0~30 cm土层土壤平均含水量低于30~60 cm土层,土壤水分变异系数高于30~60 cm土层,而8月份0~30 cm土层土壤平均含水量明显高于30~60 cm土层,土壤水分变异系数高于30~60 cm土层;4月、8月表层土壤水分含量基本相当,而底层土壤水分含量8月明显低于4月;8月土壤水分的空间异质性程度小于4月;4月份0~30 cm3、0~60 cm土壤水分含量多集中于10~15%之间,而8月份0~30 cm土多集中于10~15%之间,而30~60 cm土壤水分均低于10%,生长初期土壤水分能支持植物生长的需要,而生长旺季植被的耗水明显增强,从土壤中吸收的水分明显增加。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘固定沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征

土壤水分是维系古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠植被发育最主要的制约因子。为了研究古尔班通古特沙漠南缘固定沙丘土壤水分特征,于2012年12月4日至2013年11月4日,采用中子仪法对0~400cm沙层土壤含水率进行了原位观测,分析了沙丘不同部位土壤含水率的时空变化及不同发育阶段梭梭对其根区土壤含水率的影响。结果表明:(1)0~40 cm土层为土壤水分活跃层,40~200 cm土层为土壤水分次活跃层,200 cm以下土层为土壤水分相对稳定层;(2)西坡、坡顶和东坡的土壤含水率差异不显著,丘间地土壤含水率与西坡、坡顶和东坡均存在极显著性差异,且丘间地土壤含水率相对较高;(3)3—5月是土壤水分补给期,6—10月是土壤水分耗损期,11月—翌年2月是土壤水分稳定期;(4)不同发育阶段梭梭根区土壤含水率秋季均显著低于春、夏两季,壮年阶段梭梭根区土壤含水率各季都较低,青年阶段梭梭根区土壤含水率各季相差较大,壮年阶段梭梭和青年阶段梭梭根区土壤含水率春、夏季均存在显著性差异。     

东北黑土区农田土壤水分剖面分布与大气降水关系的研究

东北黑土区属于雨养农业,大气降水是土壤水分的主要来源,大气降水的强度和频率是影响水分在剖面分布的重要因素。以中国科学院海伦农田生态系统野外科学观测研究站内水分平衡观测场的自然降水条件下的0~170 cm土体为研究对象(三次重复),2011~2016年的每年5月25日~9月10日利用中子仪测定0~170 cm土层土壤含水量,其中0~10 cm、10~20 cm和160~170 cm土层深度间隔10 cm,40~160 cm间隔为20 cm。研究结果表明:观测期内64.35%以上的降水发生在7月5日~8月20日,0~170 cm不同土层的平均含水量在24.71%~37.23%之间(体积含水量),随着剖面深度的增加不同深度土层间土壤含水量差异逐渐减弱;受降水、地面蒸发和作物耗水的影响,土壤含水量变化最大的层次为0~10 cm土层。当单次降水量达到178.20 mm时,0~170 cm各层土壤含水量均增加,但49.30%的降水储存在0~40 cm土层;而在作物生长季节持续15 d无降水时,0~170 cm各层次土壤水分均呈亏缺状态,其中消耗水量的47.38%~58.80%来自0~40 cm土层。因此,东北黑土区农田0~40 cm土层对于容纳大气降水、满足作物需水具有重要作用,应通过耕作和有机物料还田等措施进一步改善这一土层土壤物理性质以增强其蓄水、保水和供水的能力。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区人工植被土壤水分状况

采用烘干法及WP4水势仪对黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区人工林下土壤重量含水量及水势进行测定,从土壤水分数量和能量两方面分析该区土壤水分时空分布和动态变化特征,并且通过实测数据对不同树种土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,旨在为该区今后植被建设及生态用水提供理论参考。结果表明,各树种在0-300 cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而逐渐降低,并趋于稳定。0-30 cm土层土壤含水量变化剧烈,30 cm以下土层土壤含水量逐渐降低,并趋于稳定在3.00%~5.00%。土壤水分受降雨量及其分配影响显著,观测期内土壤储水量盈余26.7 mm。土壤水势与土壤含水量变化规律一致,土壤水分特征曲线拟合结果较好。在丰水年,降雨只对浅层土壤水分起到补给作用,深层土壤水分亏缺严重,存在土壤干层。在特殊降水年份对该区土壤水分进行研究具有重要意义。     

黄丘区野外坡面土壤水分变化对次降雨过程的响应

土壤水分的垂直变化与空间变异特征对坡面降雨入渗和产流过程有重要影响。为了研究黄丘区降雨-土壤水分响应关系,在天水罗玉沟流域建立野外坡面小区,利用野外水分动态观测和人工模拟降雨试验,研究天然状态和90 mm/h降雨强度下的土壤水分变化规律。结果表明:天然状态下,土壤剖面土壤水分的垂直变化可以划分为速变层(0~20 cm)、活跃层(20~30 cm)、次活跃层(30~40 cm)和相对稳定层(40~100 cm),土壤水分的垂向分布存在分层现象,坡向分布存在显著的坡位差异(P0.05)。降雨过程中,降雨能明显增强土壤水分的活跃性,主要表现在0~30 cm土层范围内,随土层深度的增加,降雨对土壤水分活跃程度的影响逐渐减弱。0~30 cm土层土壤水分随降雨时间变化表现为3段式,即快速上升期、稳定期、略微下降期,深层次土壤水分在垂向的变化中表现为不均匀性,存在梯度性差异;除0~30 cm土层外,降雨仅增加各土层中的土壤水分,对各层间土壤水分在整体土层范围中土壤水分的占比影响较小,雨中坡位间土壤水分的分布差异更为显著(P0.01)。随着0~30 cm土层的土壤水分含水率的增加,产流速率呈增加并趋于稳定的趋势,产沙速率的变化趋势为产沙量达到高峰后逐渐减小并趋于稳定。     

黄土丘陵区撂荒坡地土壤水分特征曲线及水分常数的垂直变异

为探索黄土丘陵区不同深度土壤的持水和供水特性,选择典型多年撂荒坡地,分层取0-400cm纵深剖面原状土样测其主要土壤理化指标和土壤水分特征曲线,分析其土壤水分特征曲线及主要水分常数的垂直变化规律。结果表明:研究区各土层土壤水分特征曲线可用Gardner幂函数方程进行很好地拟合。方程中的参数a、b均表现出先减少后增加的垂直变化规律,极小值分别出现在160cm和120cm土深处;由方程推得的各水分常数的垂直变化规律与之相似,极小值也位于160cm土深处。土壤的持水和供水能力以0-40cm和240-400cm土层较强,中间土层较弱。土壤物理性粘粒含量、有机质含量、粘粒含量以及容重是影响上述垂直变异性的主要因子。本区土壤水资源利用限度等于0-290cm范围内各土层土壤含水量降至凋萎系数时的土壤水资源残留量,为222.84mm。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.