单粒活体稻谷种子直链淀粉含量的近红外透射光谱分析

利用FOSS Tecator公司的Infratec 1255型带单粒定标器的近红外谷物分析仪,对222粒单粒稻谷进行扫描并测定了直链淀粉含量的参比数据。借助于功能强大的近红外定标器软件(WinISI),采用多种计量数学处理方法和不同的回归统计方法进行定标曲线的开发和比较,优化得到了单粒水稻种子直链淀粉含量测定的近红外定标方程。其定标标准偏差（SEC）、交叉检验标准误差（SECV）、检验工作标准误差（SEP）和定标相关系数（RSQ）分别为2.828、3.088、2.792、0.848。     

马铃薯块茎钾含量近红外模型的建立

为了快速测定马铃薯块茎中的钾含量这一品质性状,从而缩短育种时间,本研究使用InfraXact Lab型近红外分析仪测定马铃薯样品的近红外光谱值,并用常规化学分析方法测定马铃薯样品的含钾量,将这二者拟合建立定标模型。结果表明:钾含量定标方程的SECV值为0.072,而1-VR值为0.881,较接近1,钾含量的验证参数SEP(C)值为0.080,RSQ值为0.866,证明定标的预测能力较好,可以用其进行马铃薯育种材料钾含量的粗略测定。     

用近红外反射光谱技术测定精米粉样品表观直链淀粉含量的研究

 以约3 g精米粉为测试样品,研究了用近红外反射光谱（NIRS）技术测定稻米表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的效果及影响校正的一些因素。对3种不同回归统计分析方法校正效果的差异比较表明,用修正的部分最小平方法（MPLS）、部分最小平方法（PLS）和主成分回归法（PCR）进行AAC校正时,校正标准误（SEC）、交叉检验标准误（SECV）和检验工作标准误［SEP（C）］均呈上升趋势,分别为0.83、1.75和1.09 (MPLS);1.73、1.98和1.74 (PLS)以及2.29、2.56和1.72 (PCR);相反,校正决定系数[WTBX]R[WTBZ]2和检验决定系数RSQ呈下降趋势,分别为0.983和0.91 (MLPS);0.927和0.84 (PLS)以及0.870和0.84 (PCR)。由此可见,用MPLS技术建立AAC回归方程效果最佳。而从两种校正群体选定方法对校正效果的结果看,用软件程序SELECT根据样品光谱特征选定的校正群体和用AAC测定值按比例选定的校正群体,在建立AAC回归方程时,前者的SEC、SECV和SEP（C）均比后者要小,而[WTBX]R[WTBZ]2和RSQ相仿,表明根据光谱特征选定校正群体效果略好。     

利用近红外无损检测技术测定水稻土全氮含量的研究

探讨了利用近红外光谱法测定水稻土全氮含量的可行性,利用Nicolet公司生产的傅里叶变换近红外透射光谱仪测定129个水稻土样品的近红外光谱值,通过几种不同的光谱前处理,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)法把测得的水稻土光谱值与实验室法测得的全氮数值拟合建立定标模型,经分析得出利用标准化处理的光谱数据与全氮含量之间建立的模型稳定性最好,模型相关参数为:预测标准差SEP=0.010 9,校正相关系数RCAL=0.98,内部交叉验证相关系数RVAL=0.86,校正标准差SEE=0.031 6。结果表明:近红外法测定结果与常规方法具有很好的相关性,可以快速、无损、准确地测定水稻土全氮含量。     

近红外透射光谱法(NITS)分析大豆品质的研究

为了研究大豆品质性状的快速测定方法,以我国东北部四省区572份大豆样品为材料,采用近红外透射(NITS)技术非破坏性测定大豆的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量.调选出的校正集样品经实验室常规分析测定,建立其吸收光谱与化学成分间的关系模型,校正并优化原有测定方程.校正方程经预测获得了较高的预测集决定系数0.9757(蛋白质)、0.9549(脂肪)和较低的标准误差2.18(蛋白质)、0.88(脂肪).结果表明近红外透射光谱技术可广泛应用于大豆品种品质普查、大豆品质育种材料筛选和商品大豆质量分类分级.本研究试验用样品数量多、来源分布均匀、品种信息丰富,因此,所建立的近红外透射预测模型适用范围广.     

利用近红外技术预测向日葵籽仁品质性状

为实现向日葵育种材料的品质性状快速预测，选取154份向日葵籽仁样品，结合化学测定值和近红外光谱，利用化学计量学手段建立向日葵籽仁品质指标的近红外模型，评估其在向日葵籽仁粗蛋白、粗脂肪、油酸、亚油酸等重要品质性状测定中的可行性。结果表明，改进偏最小二乘法建模效果最佳，其粗脂肪、粗蛋白、油酸、亚油酸、饱和脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸的定标相关系数分别为0.975、0.950、0.973、0.951和0.913，交叉验证相关系数分别 为0.969、0.939、0.915、0.927和0.711。用检验集对模型进行验证，粗脂肪、蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸、饱和及不饱和脂肪酸的外部检验相关系数（R2）分别为0.959、0.950、0.937、0.906和0.930。本研究建立的模型质量较高，能够满足向日葵籽仁品质成分的快速测定，可为向日葵品质育种前期大量、快速的筛选提供技术支持。     

利用近红外透射光谱技术测定小麦品质性状的研究

为了研究小麦品质性状的快速测试方法，本试验以2002年来自全国各地的426个小麦品种为材料，利用近红外光谱透射仪(NITS)分析了小麦籽粒水分、蛋白质含量、硬度和面粉的干、湿面筋含量、灰分含量、SDS及Zeleny沉淀值等8项指标，根据定标集样品化学分析数据和吸收光谱建立了定标模型，并获得了较高的预测集决定系数(O．70～O．97)和较低的标准误差(O.05～11．18)。同时，选用了一批有代表性的预测集样品对模型进行了预测，结果表明，近红外光谱技术用于测试小麦品质是可行的，能够用于育种的早代选择。     

傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术测定完整油菜籽中芥酸和硫甙含量

利用傅里叶变换漫反射近红外光谱技术和大量代表性油菜籽标准样品建立完整油菜籽中芥酸、硫甙测定模型,内部交叉法和外部检验集样品对模型验证结果表明:芥酸、硫甙模型复相关系数分别为0.9618和0.9785,内部验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为1.97和5.16.用所建模型对油菜籽样品芥酸、硫甙测定结果与国家和国际标准方法测定结果基本一致,建立的近红外分析模型能够满足油菜育种中对初级世代材料芥酸、硫甙含量的快速测定筛选要求.     

近红外光谱结合人工神经网络分析蔗汁的锤度和转光度

应用近红外光谱结合误差反传人工神经网络（BP-ANN）方法，建立蔗汁锤度、转光度的定量分析模型。使用近红外光谱仪，采用程透射方式获得蔗汁光谱。首先通过相关系数法结合样品特征吸收优化建模，然后采用PLS降维并输入BP-ANN建立校正模型。结果显示，建立的锤度和转光度的预测集相关系数分别为0．982、0．979，预测标准偏差分别为0．159、0．137，可较好地用于蔗汁锤度、转光度的快速测定。     

NITS测定稻米表观直链淀粉含量的研究

分别利用化学法和近红外透射分析法（NTTS）测定了54个水稻品种的表观直链淀粉含量,对其结果进行了比较。两种方法的决定系数R^2=0．6892,讨论了近红外分析法用于稻米品质分析的优缺点。     

Prediction of grain weight,brown rice weight and amylose content in single rice grains using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for simultaneous analysis of grain weight (mg), brown rice weight (mg) and milled rice amylose content (AC, %) in single rice grains was studied. Calibration equations were developed using 474 single grain samples, scanned as both rice grain and brown rice. An independent set containing 90 F₂ generation grains was used to validate the equations. In general, equations developed using the first derivative resulted in superior calibration and validation statistics compared with the second derivative and those developed using brown rice were superior to those developed from the rice grain. Fitting equations were developed and monitored with an external validation set. The standard error of prediction (corrected for bias) SEP(C) for AC, brown rice weight and rice grain weight for equations developed using brown rice were 2.82, 1.09 and 1.30, with corresponding coefficient of determinations (r²) of 0.85, 0.71 and 0.67, and SEP(C)/S.D. of 0.39, 0.57 and 0.59, respectively. It was demonstrated that NIRS provides a convenient way to screen single intact grains. This will be advantageous in early generation selection in rice breeding programs.     

Prediction of maize seed attributes using a rapid single kernel near infrared instrument

Non-destructive measurements of seed attributes would significantly enhance breeder selection of seeds with specific traits, and could potentially improve hybrid development. A single kernel near infrared reflectance (NIR) instrument was developed for rapidly predicting maize grain attributes, which would enable plant breeders to quickly select promising individual seeds. With the overall goal being to develop spectrometric calibrations, absorbance spectra from 904 to 1685 nm were collected from 87 maize samples, with 30 kernels of each sample (2610 kernels total), representing a wide variability in the essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine, crude protein, oil and soluble sugar contents. Average sample spectra were matched to bulk reference values. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) calibration models with cross-validation were developed for both relative (% dry matter) and absolute (mg kernel⁻¹) constituent contents. Similarly, models using bagging PLSR were developed. The best model obtained was for relative crude protein content, with an R²p of 0.75 and a SEP of 0.47%. Kernel mass was also highly predictable (R²p=0.76, SEP=0.03 g). Tryptophan, lysine and oil were less predictable, but showed good potential for segregating individual seeds using NIR. Soluble sugar contents produced poor model statistics. Bagging PLSR yielded models with similar levels of prediction.     

粳稻品种的粒厚特征及其对食味品质的影响

 以2006年收获的71份北方粳稻主栽品种为试材,研究了糙米粒厚的分布及粒厚与食味品质的相关性。结果表明,品种间糙米粒厚差异较大,变异系数为6.57%,粒厚在1.81~2.10 mm的品种占参试品种总数的78.88％。糙米粒厚与米饭食味评分呈极显著正相关。用粒厚分级机对其中5个粳稻品种进行粒厚分级,测定同一品种不同粒厚样品的米饭食味评分值、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征值。结果表明,粒厚对稻米蛋白质含量、RVA特征值、米饭食味评分等指标有显著影响,同一品种随着粒厚的增加,食味品质得到改善。讨论了粒厚作为品种选育指标的必要性。     

水稻亚种间优质米组合的选育初报

对籼粳交组合及其亲本的稻米品质进行了分析，结果表明：在选育水稻亚种间优质米组合时，亲本中必须有１个优质米亲本，另一个为高产中等米质亲本；配制偏粳组合时，最好选用粳型不育系作母本；反之，配制偏籼组合时，应选用籼型不育系作母本；双亲垩白度都高的亲本不宜选用；另外，在选配偏粳组合时，不宜选用直链淀粉含量高（２４％以上）的籼稻作父本，最好直链淀粉含量在２０％以下。     

Difference in Grain Yield and Quality among Tillers in Rice Genotypes Differing in Tillering Capacity

A japonica variety and its iso-allelic mutant with high tillering ability were used to investigate the differences in grain yield and quality among different tillers. There was a distinct difference in panicle weight among tillers during grain filling for both genotypes, with Xiushui 11 having a greater increase rate in panicle weight, and being earlier in reaching the maximum panicle weight than the mutant. There was a great significant difference between the two genotypes in grain yield and its components, with Xiushui 11 having higher grain yield, more grains per panicle, higher filled grain percentage and grain weight than the mutant for each type of tiller. Moreover, a significant difference was found in grain yield and yield components among different tillers for both genotypes, with grain number per panicle showing the greatest variation over tillers among all yield components. Compared with Xiushui 11, the mutant had higher brown rice rate and greater ratio of length to width of brown rice, and lower chalky rice rate, amylose content, and protein content of rice. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in grain quality among tillers within a plant for both genotypes, with later initiated tillers being lower in chalky rice rate, amylose and protein contents than early initiated ones. The variation of most quality parameters among tillers within a plant was markedly larger for the mutant than for Xiushui 11.     

不同类型水稻品质性状变异特性及差异性分析

对来自全国各地的8 390份稻米样品按籼型常规稻、籼型杂交稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻进行分类,并对其品质性状做了比较分析。结果表明：（1）常规稻品质性状的变异系数略高于杂交稻。糙米率、精米率、粒长和长宽比的变异系数较小,垩白米率、透明度和垩白度的变异系数较大。（2）粳稻的品质优于籼稻。垩白、整精米率和直链淀粉含量是籼稻品质改良的重点,垩白和整精米率是粳稻品质改良的重点。（3）籼型杂交稻的稻米品质得到明显改善,除垩白外,其他品质性状达到优质米一、二级标准的比率均较高。（4）籼型常规稻的垩白和直链淀粉含量呈两极分布,籼型常规稻中米质较优和较差的样品比例均较高。     

籼型三系杂交水稻米质现状研究

以具广泛代表性的６ 个不育系和９ 个恢复系及其配制的５４ 个组合为材料研究了现有籼型三系杂交水稻米质状况。结果表明,参试组合的大多数米质性状均表现良好：在分析的１１ 个性状中有５ 个（糙米率、精米率、精米长、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量）全部达到部颁二级优质米标准,２ 个性状（精米长宽比和蛋白质含量）二级达标率在７７．８％ 以上。但在垩白粒率、垩白大小、整精米率、胶稠度等４ 个性状上达标率低,存在明显的不足。提出了在杂交稻优质育种中不育系应注重降低垩白、提高胶稠度,恢复系应把降低垩白粒率、提高整精米率作为主攻目标,兼顾蛋白质含量的改善。