不同低温胁迫时间对大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响

研究了岱衢族大黄鱼在8.5 ℃低温胁迫下不同持续时间(0、12、24、36 h)血清生化指标的变化.试验结果表明,随着低温胁迫持续时间的延长,大黄鱼血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性升高,而碱性磷酸酶和Ca2+相比于对照组呈下降趋势;血清总蛋白、白蛋白、胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度先降低后升高,而铁蛋白、肌酐、Na+和Cl-浓度先升高后降低,肌酸激酶同工酶和K+呈波动状变化.当低温胁迫持续24 h后,试验鱼开始进入低温适应阶段.     

低温胁迫对罗非鱼生理生化指标的影响

为研究低温胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼血液生理生化指标的影响,进行了不同温度下尼罗罗非鱼血液生化指标的影响试验。研究发现:⑴在外界环境温度从28℃降至16℃时,罗非鱼血液中的谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量均有下降或显著下降;但当温度继续降至10℃时,这些指标均显著上升,恢复或超过常温下的水平。⑵血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、平均红细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)3个指标均明显升高。相对于16℃组,12℃组的红细胞分布宽度变异系数(RDW-CV)显著下降;但相对于28℃组,10℃组RDW-CV的变化不显著。相对于16℃或12℃组,10℃组的平均血小板体积(MPV)和血小板比率(P-LCR)均显著升高,但是10℃组与28℃组间差异均不显著。⑶相关分析结果表明,HGB、MCH、MCHC与胁迫温度显著相关,平均红细胞压积(MCV)与水温呈正相关,其中MCV和MCHC两个指标呈极显著负相关。HGB、MCH、MCHC和MCV可作为低温胁迫的生理指标。     

低温胁迫对马来西亚红罗非鱼血清生化指标的影响

在室内自然降温条件下,研究了马来西亚红罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus×0．niloticus）致死低温,检测了在温室越冬温度（17．8℃）和低温胁迫下开始死亡时红罗非鱼血清的生化指标。结果表明,当水温降到8．6℃时,马来西亚红罗非鱼开始死亡,死亡低温范围为8．6—6．4℃,半致死低温为7．6℃;8．6℃时,红罗非鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）FAJ）]~L酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）5种酶的活性显著高于17．8℃时Op〈0．05）,肌酐（CREA）含量、I（＋浓度显著上升Ok0．05）,总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLO）,及Ca2‘含量小幅增加,而Na＋和cr含量均显著下降（P〈0．05）,胆固醇（CHOL）和甘油211（TG）含量略有降低。     

低温胁迫对七带石斑鱼幼鱼血清生化指标的影响

研究了体质量为(300±20)g的七带石斑鱼幼鱼从12.4℃海水直接转入到8.0℃的海水中,低温胁迫不同持续时间(0、1、2、5、10 d)血清生化指标的变化。结果表明,低温导致AKP活性呈不规则变动,2 d时其活性显著高于同期对照。GGT活性先升后降,2 d时酶活性最高,10 d酶活性最低。GOT和GPT活性随低温胁迫时间延长呈增加态势,10 d时与同期对照组之间活性差异显著。LDH活性在胁迫前及实验时期差异均不显著。TP含量随低温胁迫时间延长而下降。GLU胁迫前期变化未达显著性差异,但10 d时含量与对照组差异显著。TG含量先降后升,胁迫前与实验结束时所测得的含量无显著性差异。CREA含量的变化趋势与TP相似,也随胁迫时间而降低,10 d时只有胁迫前(48.57 34.96)mmol/L含量的22%。低温胁迫对血清离子浓度变化未产生大的影响,实验前、至低温胁迫10 d的测试结果均未达到显著性差异的水平。研究认为,实验幼鱼能适应跳跃式降温胁迫;低温胁迫对七带石斑鱼幼鱼的胁迫有累积效应。在实际生产越冬期间8.0℃低温时间不宜超过10 d。     

低温胁迫对鲤血液学和血清生化指标的影响

A total of 85 interspecific hybrid F₂ (Cyprinus carpiovar. wuyuanensis×Cyprinus pellegrini pellegrini) were cooled to specific temperatures and held at those temperatures over a maximum of 4 days in a waterrecycled and temperaturecontrolled aquarium inside. As a result, the blood homeostasis of experimental fish changed violently as acute temperature changed from 16 ℃ to 10 ℃ and 4 ℃ at a rate of 1 ℃·h^-1 according to the data we collected. Whole blood pH, also called extracellular pH (pHe) were very sensitive to temperature changes, where the re was a significant difference between 10 ℃ (7.41) and 16 ℃ (7.17) (P <0.01), compared to other values of hematology and serum chemistry. When the water temperature was continually decreased to an extreme temperature of 4℃, the content of Na⁺ of serum decreased remarkably in comparison with that of 10 ℃ and 16 ℃, which was 85.2 mmol·L^-1, 113.3 mmol·L^-1 and 118.7 mmol·L^-1, respectively. The values of hematology and serum chemistry also altered in gentle temperature changes of (10±2) ℃ and (4±2) ℃. Most values of serum chemistry and pH changed significantly, whereas the values of blood plasma changed slightly. pH was up slowly in 4 days at (10±2) ℃ and down slowly in 3 days at (4±2) ℃. A variety of values of serum chemistry changed remarkably both at (10±2) ℃ and (10±2) ℃, but the values of TP, TG and ALB only changed significantly at (4±2) ℃. These results distinguished at least two mechanisms involved in coldinduced stress in hybrid F₂. Coldinduced pH changes resulted in other values altered. What's more, pH correlated negatively with water temperature above 10 ℃, and the content of Na+. We also found that gentle te mperature changes will be physiologically compensated for on day one at (10±2) ℃ and on day 2 at (4±2) ℃ in hybrid F₂.     

低温胁迫对云纹石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)杂交后代血清生化指标的影响

选取云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(E.lanceolatus♂)的杂交种(俗称云龙石斑鱼)为研究对象,设定20℃、16℃、15℃、13℃和10℃共5个温度梯度(20℃为对照组),从20℃开始,采取1℃/d的降温速率,对其进行低温胁迫实验,并对云龙石斑鱼血清中生化指标和代谢酶活力进行检测.同时对棕点石斑鱼(E fuscoguttatus♀)和鞍带石斑鱼(♂)的杂交种(俗称珍珠龙胆石斑鱼)、斜带石斑鱼(E.coioides♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)的杂交种(俗称青龙石斑鱼)进行低温胁迫,每天记录3种杂交石斑鱼的存活率.当存活率低于50％时,记录半致死温度.结果显示,云龙石斑鱼半致死温度为8℃,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的半致死温度为11℃,青龙石斑鱼的半致死温度为9.5℃.云龙石斑鱼血清中肌酐(CREA)含量和总胆固醇(T-CHO)含量随低温胁迫强度增加呈先降低后上升的趋势,血清甘油三酯(TG)含量呈现波动,在15℃和10℃时与对照组比较,出现显著性差异(P＜0.05).血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量随胁迫强度的增加呈现波动,在16℃和13℃时与对照组之间有显著性差异(P＜0.05).碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在16℃时有所升高,但整体上与对照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现波动,除13℃以外,其余各组均与对照组有显著性差异(P＜0.05).血清中谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性在13℃和16℃时略高于对照组.谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性呈现先升后降的趋势,在16℃和15℃时,与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,3种杂交石斑鱼中,云龙石斑鱼最耐受低温;低温胁迫会导致幼鱼免疫力和抗氧化能力下降,实际生产中仍应降低胁迫强度和缩短胁迫时间.     

功夫菊酯对鲤红细胞生理生化指标的影响

研究了功夫菊酯攻毒10 d后对鲤鱼血液中红细胞形态、红细胞渗透脆性、红细胞膜的流动性和ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:功夫菊酯攻毒可以使红细胞的渗透脆性增加,降低红细胞膜的流动性,抑制红细胞ATP酶的活性,使红细胞形态发生改变,并使红细胞核的核膜发生溶解。     

微生态净水剂对鲤鱼血液生理生化指标的影响

本实验研究了微生态净水剂65天后对鲤鱼血液生理指标和生化指标的影响。施加了微生态净水剂后显著降低了鲤鱼红细胞的红细胞渗透脆性,使红细胞数由1,126,000/mm3显著增加到1,224,000/mm3,血红蛋白由4.60g/100ml极显著增加到6.90g/100ml,红细胞压积由35.2%显著增加到39.2%;血清中TP、 ALB、GLO、白球比的含量无明显变化;血清中GLU、ALP分别较对照组提高了221%( p <0.01),50.8% (p <0.05);血清中ACP、GPT分别较对照组降低了14%( p >0.05) ,24%( p <0.05)。施加了微生态净水剂能优化鲤鱼的抗应激指标,具有提高体鱼防御功能,增强抵抗疾病能力的作用。     

低温胁迫对罗非鱼血液生化、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响

研究4个温度T20(20℃)、T16(16℃)、T12(12℃)和T10(10℃)对90日龄尼罗罗非鱼生化、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响。结果显示,水温降至16℃时,与对照组(T20)比较,罗非鱼血清总蛋白、总胆固醇、白蛋白含量极显著降低(P0.01),血清球蛋白含量和脾脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性显著降低(P0.05),脾脏过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。水温降至12℃时,与对照组(T20)比较,血清总蛋白、白蛋白含量与脾脏总抗氧化力极显著降低(P0.01),血清球蛋白、总胆固醇含量与脾脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性显著降低(P0.05),血清尿素含量显著上升(P0.05),血糖含量极显著上升(P0.01)。水温降至10℃时,与对照组(T20)比较,罗非鱼血清中白蛋白、总胆固醇含量和脾脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性极显著降低(P0.01),血清中总蛋白、甘油三酯含量和脾脏过氧化氢酶活性水平显著降低(P0.05),血清中尿素含量极显著上升(P0.01),血糖含量极显著上升(P0.01),脾脏总超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。试验结果表明,罗非鱼的生化、免疫及抗氧化指标均随着温度的降低发生改变,与低温胁迫致罗非鱼昏迷及死亡有关。     

低浓度甲基汞对鲤鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

水体甲基汞（浓度10μg／L）染毒鲤鱼（秋片）,一个月内汞处理鱼出现增重均6％,继续染毒2个月生长受到抑制。毒性实验结果表明：此剂量染毒一个月的鲤鱼血浆渗透压、血糖、和甲状腺激素T3含量与对照组鱼相比均未见显著差异。仅鳃丝线粒体Na+－K+－ATPasc活性在染毒2周时出现下降（P＜O．05）。染毒一个月时,汞染毒鱼的血浆某些离子浓度出现变化：血浆Na+明显降低（P＜0．01）,血浆K+和Mg2+升高,PO和CI-下降值分别出现在21天和7天的染毒鲤鱼（P＜0．05）。病理组织切片观察：肝组织边缘个别细胞体积增大,细胞变圆形。     

Development of Quality Index Method Scheme for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Stored in Ice: Shelf-Life Assessment by Physicochemical,Microbiological, and Sensory Quality Indices

ABSTRACT

Sensory methods are the most interesting methods to estimate fish quality. Among these, the recently developed quality index method (QIM) has gained popularity, as shown by the multiple publications of QIM schemes in the last years. The objective of this study was to create a new QIM scheme (QIM sensory table and corresponding point system) for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), basing the definition of the rejection point on sensory, physicochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, and color measurements), and microbiological criteria (counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and Pseudomonas spp.). A new QIM scheme was developed and is proposed for use in the future; it will be useful for practical evaluations of carp freshness in all steps of the production chain, and it will contribute to a more effective use of the species as an alternative for human food supply.     

鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析

低氧适应是水产养殖物种的重要性状,筛选用于改良低氧适应性状的分子标记及候选基因有助于鱼类耐低氧品种选育.在数量性状和质量性状的遗传研究中,全基因组关联分析(GWAS)广泛应用于性状相关标记和基因的发掘.本研究对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)养殖群体开展了低氧胁迫实验,选取了低氧敏感和低氧耐受的极端性状个体作为研究...     

鲤鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白ASC与PSC的比较

以鲤鱼鱼鳞为原料,研究了酸法和酶法提取的鱼鳞胶原蛋白ASC和PSC的异同.经过SDS-凝胶电泳和氨基酸分析可以看出,2种蛋白在分子构型、氨基酸组成等方面的差异并不明显,经过蛋白酶K有限酶解后的图谱证明了这一点.但从差热分析,以及蛋白质受热的分解变化来看,二者之间在热稳定性方面存在一定的差异.推测差距产生的原因与蛋白质制备过程中,胃蛋白酶的作用有关,胶原蛋白两端的非螺旋区域受到酶的作用而分解,非螺旋区域对三螺旋的稳定性起着重要作用,非螺旋区域的分解大大降低了PSC对热的耐受性.     

构建鲤现代种业的核心技术

对于任何一个农业物种而言,现代种业核心技术包括3个方而：收集与创制最优良的种质资源、建立先进实用的育种技术、方便的可最大化利用上述资源的数据库及网站。针对鲤这个水产养殖种,黑龙江水产研究所及合作单位经过30多年的研究积累和创制了抗寒能力强、生长速度快、肉质好的三大系列种质,在此基础七已经培育出6个水产新品种;构建了基于亲本遗传距离的分子育种技术,并在常规育种技术的使用过程中增加了统计分析和染色体操作技术,如BLUP技术、雌核发育技术等,将现代育种技术充分地运用于鲤的品种培育之中;同时建瓿了涵盖表型、生物学特征、一般遗传参数的鲤种质数据库和涵盖基因、标记及经济性状QTLs的鲤基因组数据库,使鲤具备了现代种业需要的生物学、遗传学、基因组学的完整数据库。综上所述,初步构建了鲤现代种业的核心技术。     

饲料中添加蛋白酶Aquagrow对鲤生长和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响

为考察蛋白酶Aquagrow对鲤(Cyprinus carpio L)生长和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响,在鱼粉含量为6%的基础饲料中添加175 mg/kg的蛋白酶Aquagrow,饲养平均体重为48.7 g的鲤30 d.结果显示,基础饲料组(对照组)和添加蛋白酶组的鱼体增重率分别为99.4%、105.8%,饲料系数分别为1.85、1.75,添加蛋白酶提高了鲤鱼增重率6.4个百分点(P＜　0.05),降低了饲料系数5.4%(P＜　0.05),但对鱼体肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量没有显著影响(P＞0.05);对消化酶活性的测定表明,添加蛋白酶可显著提高肠道组织蛋白酶活性和肠道内容物蛋白酶活性(P＜　0.05).上述研究表明,添加蛋白酶Aquagrow可提高鲤消化道蛋白酶活性,改善鲤生长性能.     

Seasonal Differences in Growth Performance of Four Strains of Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio in India

To assess strain related differences in growth performance and growth patterns under the same culture environment, four strains of common carp, two each of the scale carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Chinese big-belly carp and long bodied carp) and mirror carp, C. carpio var. specularis (scattered carp and linear carp) were communally stocked in three fertilized earthen ponds of 0.14 ha each at 5,000 fish ha^?1 in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 during an 11-month (February to December) culture cycle. Chinese big-belly carp grew larger than other groups, among which there were no significant differences. Scale carp strains performed relatively better than mirror carp at higher temperatures and then essentially stopped growing as temperatures declined into winter. The strains of mirror carp, on the other hand continued growing well later into the cold season.     

饲料中添加低聚木糖对鲤鱼免疫力和生长性能的影响

为探究不同质量浓度的低聚木糖调控鲤鱼免疫力及生长性能的机理,以450尾平均体质量（4．93±0．03）g的健康鲤鱼为对象,研究饲料中添加低聚木糖对鲤鱼生长性能和免疫指标的影响。以不加低聚木糖的基础饲料为对照组,试验组为分别在基础饲料中添加0．1％低聚木糖组、0．2％低聚木糖组、0．4％低聚木糖组和0．6％低聚木糖组。试验结果表明,低聚木糖可提高鲤鱼血清溶菌酶活性,但对补体旁路途径溶血活性无影响,0．6％低聚木糖组的血清溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。对于头肾的5种免疫相关基因,低聚木糖可上调白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-10的基因表达,下调诱导型一氧化氮合酶和肿瘤坏死因子-α的基因表达,而对转化生长因子-β的基因表达无影响。与对照组相比,0．2％低聚木糖组、0．6％低聚木糖组的白细胞介素-1β与0．2％低聚木糖组的白细胞介素-10表达量均显著升高,所有试验组的诱导型一氧化氮合酶和肿瘤坏死因子-α的表达量均显著下降（P＜0．05）。生长性能试验结果显示,试验组鲤鱼的生长性能指标均高于对照组,其中0．6％低聚木糖组与对照组差异显著（P＜0．05）。     

Enhancing Growth of Common Carp, Rohu and Mozambique Tilapia through Plant Substrate: The Role of Bacterial Biofilm

Experiments were conducted to enhance the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) through use of sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Bagasse was suspended in water with or without supplementation with fertilizers. Bagasse supplemented with cattle dung and urea favoured higher zooplankton production and significantly (p < 0.05) increased fish growth by over 50% compared to bagasse or fertilizers on their own. This higher production of fish is attributed to bacterial biofilm promoted on the substrate which, apart from forming food for zooplankton and fish, contributed to improved water quality by lowering ammonia.     

Acute Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroid Cypermethrin on the Common Carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.) Embryos and Larvae

In this study, the toxic effects on the embryos and larvae of the common carp were used as a model to investigate the synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, cypermethrin, which contaminates aquatic ecosystems. Data obtained from the cypermethrin acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The control and eight test experiments were repeated five times. The number of dead embryos significantly increased in response to cypermethrin concentrations 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, 4 and 8 μg l⁻¹ (p<0.05 for each case). The 48 h LC₅₀ value (with 95% confidence limits) of cypermethrin for common carp embryos was estimated at 0.909 (0.256–5.074) μg l⁻¹. Dose–response decreases in hatching success were recorded as 87.4, 85.0, 80.2, 71.4, 56.3, 48.6, 38.8 and 23.5%, respectively. The lowest concentration of cypermethrin (0.0001 μg l⁻¹) produced a significant increase in the number of dead larvae compared to the control group (p<0.05). The number of dead larvae significantly increased with increasing cypermethrin concentrations exposed for 1–96 h (p<0.05). The highest concentration (8 μg l⁻¹) showed the highest larvae mortality. The 96 h LC₅₀ value (with 95% confidence limits) of cypermethrin for common carp larvae was estimated at 0.809 (0.530–1.308) μg l⁻¹. The results of the study suggest that low levels of cypermethrin in the aquatic environment may have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of carp.