淡紫拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析

100091 北京市颐和园后中国林科院森保所12信箱     

高效生防杀菌剂淡紫拟青霉及其应用

<正>淡紫拟青霉又名线虫清,属半知菌纲、丝孢菌科、拟青霉素,该菌剂具有寄主广、易培养等优点,特别是在控制植物病原线虫方面功效独到,具有广谱高效、安全长效、无残留等特点。而且在使用该菌剂后不仅能明显抑制线虫侵染,并在促进植物生长方面效果显著,为毒性极低的生物制剂,对眼睛和皮肤无刺激,轻度致敏,对鱼、鸟为低毒,对蜜     

甘薯茎线虫致病物质的初步研究

为探讨甘薯茎线虫的致病机理,对甘薯茎线虫分泌的蛋白类物质的致病作用进行了初步研究。使用5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine和二甲亚砜刺激法刺激分泌腺生长,冰上研磨线虫破碎得到分泌颗粒,硫酸铵沉淀法和TCA/丙酮法获得其中的蛋白质进行甘薯片的致病性验证。结果表明,甘薯茎线虫食道腺分泌物尤其蛋白类物质具有明显的致病作用,食道腺中的蛋白类物质经硫酸铵沉淀法得到的粗蛋白比TCA/丙酮法提取的粗蛋白致病作用强,这种致病蛋白不耐高温也不抗紫外线照射,经100℃水浴30 min,或40 W在50 cm距离下紫外灯照射60 min后,几乎完全丧失了致病作用。     

一个与甘薯茎线虫抗性相关的RAPD标记的获得

以高抗甘薯茎线虫病品种徐781和高感茎线虫病品种徐18及其杂交后代为实验材料,在亲本和后代株系建立的抗病池、感病池中筛选RAPD引物,获得一条与甘薯茎线虫病抗性基因连锁的标记S447.经过亲本徐781和徐18杂交的F1代品系的验证,初步确定该标记与甘薯茎线虫病抗性基因具有相关关系,连锁距离为17.93 cM标记S447已提交GeneBank数据库,登录号为EF121325.该标记可为常规抗病育种中早期抗甘薯茎线虫病性状的筛选以及在抗甘薯茎线虫病育种中提供分子标记辅助选择.     

猪屎豆与淡紫拟青霉联合防治烟草根结线虫病的效果评价

为明确猪屎豆与淡紫拟青霉对烟草根结线虫病的联合作用,以猪屎豆根系粉为材料,研究了猪屎豆根系水提液对淡紫拟青霉的生长、产孢量、孢子萌发率及南方根结线虫致死率的影响,同时设置3个处理（单独间作猪屎豆、单独施用淡紫拟青霉、间作猪屎豆同时施用淡紫拟青霉）对猪屎豆与淡紫拟青霉联合防治烟草根结线虫病的协同增效效应进行了综合评价。结果表明：（1）猪屎豆根系粉适能促进紫拟青霉的生长、产孢及萌发,0.01 g/mL猪屎豆根系粉的淡紫拟青霉培养物的水提液处理南方根结线虫J2,24 h校正致死率高达96.08%。（2）烤烟间作猪屎豆同时施用淡紫拟青霉,能显著增加烤烟的株高和叶片宽度,烟草根结线虫病的防效高达67.5%,较单独间作猪屎豆的防效提高了22.9%,较单独使用淡紫拟青霉的防效提高了10.2%。本研究认为猪屎豆与淡紫拟青霉协同作用防治烟草根结线虫具有显著的协同增效效应。     

不同品种甘薯茎线虫和根腐病药剂防效筛选

为解决甘薯茎线虫病和甘薯根腐病的混合发生,寻找防治两病的安全药剂,采用枯草芽孢杆菌、甲基托布津和辛硫磷微胶囊剂,对两病同时进行防治试验。试验结果表明,30%辛硫磷微胶囊剂对甘薯茎线虫病有一定的防治效果。     

复合型甘薯茎尖饮料的研制

以甘薯茎尖和山楂为原料,进行复合型饮料的研制。结果表明,绵白糖、蛋白糖、山楂的添加量依次为2.20%,0.03%,5.00%时,产品的风味最佳。其主要营养成分是:可溶性固形物含量2.30%,可溶性蛋白含量6.53μg/g,可溶性总糖含量1.44%,可滴定总酸0.024 g/100 mL,黄酮甙总量0.80 mg/g。     

甘薯茎线虫病的发生与防治

甘薯茎线虫病近年在荥阳市发生日趋严重。在调查研究的基础上,提出包括严格执行检疫措施、培育无病薯种薯苗、轮作防病等多项防治措施,以防止病害进一步扩大蔓延。     

甘薯茎尖分生组织培养的研究进展

综述了甘薯茎尖分生组织培养的原理、方法、影响因素及其研究进展,指出了茎尖组织培养存在的未被广泛认识、由于品种差异造成的培养基成分不同、病毒再侵染、生产成本高等问题。茎尖组织培养前景广阔,具有繁殖系数高、增产幅度大等特点。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫侵入甘薯部位以及在植株内的种群动态

在自然环境条件下,采用人工接种的方式对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫侵入甘薯部位以及在甘薯植株内的种群动态进行研究。结果表明,马铃薯腐烂茎线虫自甘薯秧苗的基部侵入,逐步向上迁移危害。在移栽后4周,线虫仅在地下茎下部3 cm部分危害;移栽后8周,线虫扩展到地下茎接近地面部位;移栽后10周,线虫扩展到地上茎部分;移栽后12周,线虫已转移到新结甘薯块根上危害;但未发现线虫侵入甘薯须根。在装有500 g沙壤土的塑料管中移栽甘薯秧苗,在接种量为每克土壤含1~2头线虫时,24 d后秧苗的发病率为40%,发病指数低于10,60 d后发病率达到100%,病指为20~24,120 d后的病指为52~60;在接种量为每克土壤含16~64头线虫时,24 d后秧苗的发病率为60%~80%,发病指数为20,60 d后发病率为100%,发病指数为40~48,120 d后的发病指数达60~100;在接种量为128~256头/克土时,24 d后的秧苗发病率已达100%,发病指数为20,96 d后其病指高达100。线虫在甘薯内的数量随接种时间的延长呈指数增长趋势。在低剂量接种处理,每克土壤含1~2头线虫时,线虫在移栽60 d以前,秧苗内线虫数量较少,单茎数量在49~56头之间,而此时高剂量接种处理线虫数量已达200头以上。在植株生长后期,其茎内的线虫数量又出现下降趋势。     

淡紫拟青霉PL050705菌株的根际定殖及对根际真菌群落结构影响

室内平板法测定了生防菌淡紫拟青霉（Paecilomyces lilacinus）PL050705菌株对柑橘慢衰病株根际主要真菌的拮抗能力,PL050705菌株对测试真菌均具有强的拮抗能力。田间试验的清水对照（ck）、PL050705+虾壳粉（p+p）、PL050705（p）、灭线磷（e）4个处理组中,p+p、p的处理组PL050705在柑橘根系周年均以保持高定殖量;p+p处理组PL050705菌株的B-P优势度指数周年保持较稳定高水平（0.444～0.526）, p处理组PL050705菌株的B-P优势度指数周年呈下降状态（0.590～0.256）;根际土壤真菌多样性指数(Shannon-Wienner指数)分别是p+p>p>ck>e。实验表明PL050705菌株具有良好拮抗与根际定殖能力,特别是与虾壳粉混合施用情况下,能周年保持种群优势度,并提高土壤真菌种群多样性。     

The Effect of Carbohydrate Composition and Concentration on Anther Culture Response in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Culture medium composition is critical for the successful induction of microspore division in vitro. The present experiments have focused on a relatively neglected area of cell and tissue culture research, namely the carbohydrate component used in the medium. Three spring barley genotypes were cultured on a medium which was modified by replacing sucrose with the following carbohydrates (6 % w/v): maltose, fructose, malt extract, galactose and a glucose (3 % w/v)/fructose (3 % w/v) mixture. Both maltose and malt extract were superior to sucrose in their capacity to induce green plantlet differentiation from microspores. The concentrations of both sucrose and maltose were also varied. Overall the response of anthers on maltose based media was higher than on sucrose based media. Furthermore, a concentration of maltose m the range 6—12 % w/v produced a higher frequency of green plants than a low concentration (1—3 % w/v). The effect of maltose based media on germplasm of direct relevance to barley breeders was also tested. The cultivar ‘Blenheim’ was shown to be very responsive and this genetic factor was transmitted to the F₁ hybrid. The frequency of haploid to diploid regenerants was not consistent over genotypes, but in general there were more haploid than diploid regenerants. The implications of these results for barley breeding are discussed.     

γ射线与NaN_3对水稻种子和体细胞培养的效应

水稻品种广陆矮4号的干种子用200yγ射线、2mM_1NaN_3及其复合处理后,从M_1代的形态学、细胞学、过氧化物同工酶酶谱和成熟胚的出愈率、愈伤组织生长率、分化率等生物学指标,研究水稻M_1的损伤效应和体细胞离体组织培养的效应。结果表明,诱变处理对水稻M_1生物学损伤效应,NaN_3处理轻于γ射线,γ射线 NaN_3复合处理大于单一处理。诱变处理对水稻体细胞离体细胞培养有相似的损伤效应。     

Effect of genotype,environment and carbohydrate on anther culture response in head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata (L.) Alef.)

Summary The effect of genotype, growing conditions for donor plants and type and concentration of carbohydrate in the culture medium was investigated for anther culture of head cabbage (white cabbage, savoy cabbage, pointed-headed cabbage). Strong genotypic effects on embryo formation from the cultured anthers were shown as well as superior embryo formation from anthers of field grown donor plants compared to plants grown in the greenhouse. When comparing 7, 10 and 13% sucrose in the medium, embryo response increased with increasing sucrose concentration. With maltose, which was generally inferior to sucrose as carbohydrate source for anther culture, the embryo response did not increase with maltose concentration above 10 per cent.     

切根对乌桕容器苗质量的影响

乌桕[Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.]是中国特有的彩叶树种,春秋季叶片颜色红艳夺目,具有极高的园林观赏价值.随着中国"森林四化"工作的推进,乌桕逐渐被林业工作者们重视.本研究对乌桕容器苗开展3种不同比例的切根试验,并对其形态及生理指标进行对比分析.结果 表明:切根可显著促进苗高、地径、地上部分生...     

盐胁迫对陆地棉愈伤组织的影响

利用组织培养技术、生化分析的方法，研究了不同盐压力（ＮａＣｌ）对陆地棉愈伤组织增长及蛋白质和氨基酸代谢的影响。结果表明：随着盐浓度不断提高，干重含量增大；蛋白质和氨基酸含量在０．５％～１．Ｏ％ＮａＣｌ浓度时出现峰值；而０．５％ＮａＣｌ浓度附近，愈伤组织停滞后转为迅速增长，其质地由灰色疏松状转变成白色致密状。较低ＮａＣｌ浓度对棉花愈伤组织生长有促进作用，而高ＮａＣｌ浓度对棉花愈伤组织有明显的抑制作用。     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻钾素吸收利用的影响

以粳稻品种‘运2645’为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦（将晒干水葫芦按4500 kg/hm2农田施用）、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg/hm2（LN）、240 kg/hm2（NN）处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期K素含量、K素吸收、K素分配和K素利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1）农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期植株含K率显著提高,增加幅度从够苗期逐渐下降,到抽穗后又逐渐增加;使各生育时期吸K量显著提高;（2）农田施用水葫芦对水稻不同生育时期K素在茎鞘、叶片中分配比例多无显著影响,使成熟期K素在穗中分配比例显著降低;（3）农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期K素干物质生产效率均显著或极显著降低,使K素籽粒效率和K素收获指数均显著降低;（4）增施N肥,使水稻不同生育时期的植株K素含量和吸K量均得到极显著的增加,使K素干物质生产效率和K素籽粒生产效率均显著或极显著下降;（5）水葫芦 × N对稻株K素吸收利用多无显著互作效应。农田施用水葫芦使水稻植株含K率、K素吸收量显著提高,使K素干物质生产效率和K素籽粒生产效率显著降低。     

不同NAA和N6-BA浓度配比对半夏组织培养的生物效应

为建立半夏组织培养的技术体系,以其球茎为外植体,MS为基本培养基,添加不同浓度配比的NAA和N^6-BA对无菌叶柄切段进行继代培养,结果证明：（1）适宜的添加配比为N^6-BA2.0-3.0/NAA0.1-0.2,切段在这些培养基上7d脱分化出愈伤组织,15d再分化出胚状体,30d可形成根苗完整的再生植株,增殖倍数达6-10。（2）单独添加N^6-BA或NAA,切段亦可发生愈伤组织,但难以再分化。（3）低浓度NAA（0.1）配高浓度N^6-BA（4.0）时,可使已经分化成的小球茎与再生幼苗再次脱分化为愈伤组织。若适当提高NAA浓度,可缓解这种现象。     

Effect of Soil Temperature on the Carbohydrate Status in the Potato Plant (S. tuberosum L.)

Seed tubers of the variety Ostara were raised in growth chambers of 16°C air temperature continuously. The vessels were placed in a water bath of automatic temperature regulation so that soil temperatures of 16°C and 28°C could be maintained. Four weeks after emergence the plants were treated with ¹⁴CO₂ and 24 hours later the plants were harvested. Three more treatments and time harvests followed in two weeks intervals. C-14 activity was determined in soluble carbohydrates, in insoluble carbohydrates, and in non extractable residues respectively of the various plant parts in order to obtain information about the translocation of assimilates in the plant.
While the plants at 28°C soil temperature reduced the soluble sugar levels to 50% up to 70 days after emergence, the plants at 16° brought it down to 33% much faster. — The C-14 activity in insoluble carbohydrates amounted to only 50 % in the plants at 28°C while at 16°C it was more than 2/3 (Tables 1 and 2). — The C-14 activity in non extractable residues is much less at 28°C than at 16°C (Tables 3 and 4). — The starch weight reaches only 30% of the value obtained at lower temperature 70 days after emergence (Table 5). — At the higher temperature starch is also increasingly transferred to the tubers but to a much lesser extent and not from the stems and stolons (Table 6).
Possible causes, particularly the role of phytohormones, and consequences are discussed.     

Effect of non-conventional modified atmosphere packaging on fresh cut watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) quality

In recent years, the minimally processed food industry has increased due to a consumer trend toward healthier eating. Among these products, watercress represents an interesting alternative due to its high content of functional compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non-conventional modified atmosphere packaging (nitrogen (89.7% N₂, 10.3% O₂), argon (89.9% Ar, 10.1% O₂), helium (90.1% He, 9.9% O₂), nitric dioxide (89.3% N₂O, 10.7% O₂) and air (0.03% CO₂, 21% O₂)) on fresh-cut watercress leaves preserved for 13 days at 5 °C. The respiratory rate was reduced by the non-conventional atmosphere up to 3 days of storage, and no significant effects were observed on C₂H₄ production. In addition, mesophilic microbial growth was reduced up to 3 days of storage, and no effect was observed on psychrotrophic and Enterobactericeae counts. He and N₂O atmospheres increased the antioxidant activity of watercress at the end of the storage period. Nevertheless, there was no clear effect of non-conventional gases on the color parameters, polyphenol contents and sensory parameters of fresh-cut watercress.