矩形断面明渠中半圆形边墩周围流速分布特性研究

为了研究边墩周围水流流速分布规律,利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV),对矩形断面明渠中半圆形边墩周围三维流速进行测量,并对所得到的数据进行了分析研究.结果表明:在10°～120°内距离圆心1.23r的区域水流流速受到柱体挤压作用最为明显,存下游170°射线的区域内,水流流速呈非线性波动,整体波动幅度不大.     

弯道上游顺直河段水流流态的研究

采用三维声学多普勒流速仪对弯道上游顺直河段水流特性进行了系统的试验研究,全面分析了水流的三维时均流速及流场和纵向紊动强度.结果表明:该河段存在折冲水流,弯道与直道衔接处凸岸侧存在分离区,水流紊动强度的区域分布与流速区域分布相对应.该研究可为相关的理论研究和工程实践提供借鉴和理论依据.     

分流比及取水角度对弯道引水口水流流场的影响

以引水工程中引水口"护岸防沙"问题为研究背景,探究干渠与引水支渠分流比变化以及取水角度变化对弯道引水口水流流场的影响,为弯道引水工程中的堤岸防护、减少泥沙淤积提供参考依据。基于雷诺方程和有限体积法建立弯道水流运动三维数学模型,并利用物理模型试验进行验证,结果表明该数学模型能够较好的模拟弯道引水口附近水流形态和流速分布。利用该模型模拟多种分流比工况、若干取水角度下的弯道水流运动,分析引水口附近平面流速分布、口门断面流速分布以及引水口上游分水宽度的变化。结果表明:引水口附近平面均值流速分布为V_(中间层)V_(近表层)V_(近底层),口门断面流速峰值位于断面上唇中下部,试验流量为30L·s~(-1)的情况下,该区域最大流速可达0.25m·s~(-1),故实际工程中应对引水口上唇中下部重点进行防护。当分流比η0.42时,分水宽度呈现d_表d_中d_底,η0.42时,分水宽度呈现d_表d_中d_底。取水角度为60°~90°情况下,取水口附近流速较小,平面均值流速不足0.10m·s~(-1),取水角为钝角时取水口附近流速峰值达0.22m·s~(-1)。分流比过小或取水角度过大,支槽右壁均易形成回流区,为减小回流区面积,避免淤沙过多,应尽量选取较小的取水角度,并根据支渠的需水量,合理确定分流比。     

矩形水槽中半圆柱形边墩周围水流紊动强度的研究

以矩形水槽试验为基础,利用先进的声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)对该试验条件下半圆柱形边墩周围水流紊动特性进行系统的研究分析,并全面测量了边墩周围水流的三维紊动强度.根据试验数据,探讨了水流的紊动机理,同时对半圆柱形边墩周围水流纵向、横向及垂向的紊动强度分布特点进行了比较.结果表明:垂向紊动强度沿水深变化较小,基本接近一常值;纵、横向紊动强度相对强于垂向紊动强度,说明边墩周围水流的紊动是各项异性的.     

复式交汇河道水流紊动特性分析

利用室内水槽模型,深入模拟了交汇的复式河道水流的流态.采用三维多普勒三向流速仪对复式交汇河流不同垂线的脉动流速进行了观测,并对下游某一断面的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等沿垂线的分布规律进行了分析.结果表明:在滩槽交界附近存在一个流速间断面,在这个区域水流所受阻力较大,过汇流口后,水槽内水流流态基本符合明渠流动特性.     

城市排水泵站前池导流墩整流措施的数值模拟

城市排水泵站前池扩散角过大会在前池中形成边侧回流,影响水泵进流条件,增设导流墩整流措施可以显著改善泵站前池平面水流流态,应用标准k-ε湍流模型建立三维前池计算模型,并用SIMPLEC算法求解.选取不同的导流墩参数对泵站前池进行数值模拟,分析导流墩对泵站前池水流流态的影响因素,明确了优化导流墩布置的相关参数.     

冰盖下水流流速垂向分布规律研究

采用三维k-ε紊流模型,对封冻河道冰盖下水流流速垂向分布规律进行了研究.结果表明:冰盖下水流流速垂向分布主要受床面与冰盖粗糙度的相对大小影响,受水深影响较小,对雷诺数变化并不敏感;在流动核心部分分布较为均匀,并不遵循对数分布规律.研究结果揭示了冰盖对水流流动的影响,指出了目前普遍采用的流速分区及平均流速相等的假定理论上的缺陷.最后采用双幂律拟合冰盖下水流流速垂向分布,取得了良好的效果.     

弯道取水口表层水流速度场数值模拟

弯道取水口附近水域水流结构十分复杂,为研究其水力学特性,依据物理模型试验,分析弯道及取水口附近表层速度场分布,采用标准模型对其进行二维数值模拟。综合分析可知,取水口处流速变化剧烈,应特别注意工程维护;取水口下游流速明显降低,应采取适当措施防止泥沙淤积。     

节制闸开度对分水口流速分布的影响

研究节制闸在调节分水口水位和流量时,闸门开度对分水口附近流速和泥沙分布的影响.采用梯形渠道分水口水力特性试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同闸门开度下闸前主渠道沿程水深的变化规律及闸门开度对分水口附近流速的影响进行研究.结果表明:1)主渠道水深模拟值和实测值的决定系数R2、纳什系数NSE和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.89...     

弯道内非淹没丁坝附近水流流态的试验研究

以水槽试验为基础,对非淹没丁坝附近的水流现象进行了定性描述。采用三维声学多普勒流速仪对丁坝附近的水流特性进行了系统的试验研究,分析了弯道水流的三维时均流速和水面形态等,进一步表明绕丁坝近场流动的强三维非恒定性。     

Transformation of a star into a planet in a millisecond pulsar binary

Millisecond pulsars are thought to be neutron stars that have been spun-up by accretion of matter from a binary companion. Although most are in binary systems, some 30% are solitary, and their origin is therefore mysterious. PSR J1719-1438, a 5.7-millisecond pulsar, was detected in a recent survey with the Parkes 64-meter radio telescope. We show that this pulsar is in a binary system with an orbital period of 2.2 hours. The mass of its companion is near that of Jupiter, but its minimum density of 23 grams per cubic centimeter suggests that it may be an ultralow-mass carbon white dwarf. This system may thus have once been an ultracompact low-mass x-ray binary, where the companion narrowly avoided complete destruction.     

Action at a distance along a DNA

A number of ways are known by which an event at one location on a DNA molecule can affect an event at a distant location on the same molecule. Three classes of mechanisms are described for such distal actions: tracking or translocation of a protein along a DNA, the association of two proteins bound at separate sites to form a DNA loop in between, and distal interactions that are affected by the topology of the DNA. The basic characteristics of each type of mechanism are discussed in terms of the known physicochemical properties of DNA. The various modes of action at a distance are often interrelated. Examples include the formation of positively and negatively supercoiled DNA loops by tracking and the strong effects of DNA topology on looping.     

Development of a receptor on a foreign nerve fiber in a Pacinian corpuscle

When the sensory fiber of a Pacinian corpuscle (in cat mesentery) is transected (at the inferior mesenteric nerve) transduction fails within 30 hours: the nerve ending produces no generator potentials in response to mechanical stimulation. Electrically elicited nerve impulse conduction continues for at least another 18 hours. A transducer mechanism develops on a regenerating nerve fiber when this fiber enters the denervated corpuscle. Such transducer development takes place on myelinated fibers from the inferior mesenteric nerve, which normally supplies corpuscles, as well as on myelinated hypogastric nerve fibers, which normally do not go to corpuscles, including fibers larger than the original corpuscle afferents.     

Conversion of a peroxiredoxin into a disulfide reductase by a triplet repeat expansion

Pathways for the reduction of protein disulfide bonds are found in all organisms and are required for the reductive recycling of certain enzymes including the essential protein ribonucleotide reductase. An Escherichia coli strain that lacks both thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase grows extremely poorly. Here, we show that a mutation occurring at high frequencies in the gene ahpC, encoding a peroxiredoxin, restores normal growth to this strain. This mutation is the result of a reversible expansion of a triplet nucleotide repeat sequence, leading to the addition of one amino acid that converts the AhpC protein from a peroxidase to a disulfide reductase. The ready mutational interconversion between the two activities could provide an evolutionary advantage to E. coli.     

离散型三维竞争系统中某群体竞争获胜的条件

研究了离散型三维竞争系统的模型结构与稳定性,得到了这类竞争系统中各类平衡点的坐标及其性质,获得了系统在某些边界上的平衡点渐近稳定的充分条件和不稳定的充分条件,并由此得到了系统中的某群体在竞争过程中竞争获胜淘汰所有对手的条件和参与竞争的各个群体永不和谐的充分条件.