贵州务川汞矿区土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

对贵州务川汞矿区不同水平汞污染植物根际土壤丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM)真菌资源分布及多样性进行分析，结果发现：本研究选取的务川汞矿区3个样地土壤汞含量在94.1～268.0 mg/kg，远高于国家规定的土壤汞含量，汞污染极其严重。随着汞含量增加，AM真菌侵染率、孢子密度显著降低，AM真菌群落丰富度、多样性及均匀度均有所降低，但差异未达显著水平，而仍有部分对汞污染耐受性较强的AM真菌有较高的分布。另外，管柄囊霉属AM真菌在5个样品中均有较高丰度，球囊霉属AM真菌在火棘根际的相对丰度随着汞含量升高而升高，因此，火棘–管柄囊霉属AM真菌或火棘–球囊霉属AM真菌联合进行汞污染修复，有一定的应用价值。     

葫芦科蔬菜对丛枝菌根真菌依赖性的研究

在盆栽条件下试验研究了5种葫芦科（Cucurbitaceae)蔬菜对2种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的语性。结果表明，AM真菌Glomus mosseae(G.m)和Gigaspora rosea(Gi,r)均能有效地促进葫芦科蔬菜的生长，显著增加叶面积和植株干物质量，提高叶片的光合速率，降低气孔阻力。供试葫芦科蔬菜对菌根的依赖程度顺序为黄瓜＞西瓜＞苦瓜＞葫芦＞南瓜。5种葫芦科蔬菜对AM的依赖性与AM真菌对根系的浸染率呈正相关关系，符合直线回归方程：y＝117．19＋0．7468x。     

丛枝菌根真菌在植物修复砷污染土壤中的作用

丛枝菌根真菌能增强植物对矿质元素的吸收、提高植物的抗逆性、增强抗病性、改善植物根际微环境,减轻重金属对植物的毒害,影响植物对重金属的吸收和转运,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中显示出极大的应用潜力。近年来,As污染已成为全球非常突出且急需解决的环境问题之一,对As污染土壤的生物修复也因而成为研究热点。本文主要从丛枝菌根真菌改变土壤pH和酶活性、增强植物对As的耐性和影响植物对As的吸收方面综述了丛枝菌根在As污染土壤修复中应用的研究进展,揭示出菌根应用在As污染土壤中的作用潜力和研究方向。     

丛枝菌根对矿区环境修复的生态效应

针对煤矿区生态环境修复过程中存在的主要问题,通过定位监测菌根的生态来探索菌根生物技术在矿区环境治理的效应与推广模式.菌根对植物生长具有明显的促进作用,接种菌根6个月后杨树和白蜡的胸周和株高分别较对照明显增加,菌根侵染率达到80%以上,菌根与植物共生作用好.接种菌根菌6个月后,菌根际菌丝长度远远高于对照,产生的孢子数量也明显增加,接种菌根菌对于降低煤矿区环境修复成本以及增加未来生态收益具有很大的潜力,维持了矿区生态系统的稳定.     

丛枝菌根真菌对西藏高原草地植物和土壤环境的影响

采用三室隔网装置，就Glomus etunicatum、Glomus intraradices、Glomus mossecte对2种高山草地植物和土壤环境的影响进行了研究。结果表明：（1）接种AM真菌对草地植物的侵染和生长均具显著效应，植株地上部、根系干物重以及含磷量、吸磷量均显著高于不接种处理，菌根菌丝对植株吸磷的贡献率达47.8％-69．5％。其中，Glomus intraradices、Glomus mosseae分别对穗序剪股颖、紫羊毛吸收土壤磷索更具促进作用。（2）各接种处理中室土壤中各类微生物数量均显著高于边室土壤，但边室土壤中放线菌，特别是细菌、真菌的平均增幅均远高于中室土壤，表明菌根际、菌丝际土壤中各类微生物的数量差异趋于明显缩小，微生物区系构成得以平衡与改善；解磷细菌（芽孢杆菌）亦呈同一趋势。（3）2—1 mm粒径团聚体在土壤水稳性团聚体构成中占有绝对比重，菌根菌丝对距根表不同距离处2—1 mm团聚体形成的贡献率均在70％以上，但距根表2—4cm处菌根菌丝贡献率明显低于0-2、4-6cm处，并未表现出随菌丝密度增加而提高的趋势；5—2mm水稳性团聚体仅距根表较远处有少量形成（菌丝贡献率达100％），0-2、2—4cm处则未见分布。（4）同一、不同AM真菌对不同或同一草地植物的侵染及所产生的菌根效应具有不同程度的差异，穗序剪股颖各接种处理普遍优于紫羊毛，紫羊毛＋Glomus mosseae、穗序剪股颖＋Glomus intraradices优于同组其他接种处理的趋势较为明显。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收土壤中镉和锌的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）污染土壤中,8种不同丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus lamellosum（G.la）、Acaulospora mellea（A.m）、Glomus mosseae（G.m）、Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Glomus etunicatum（G.e）、Glomus constrictum（G.c）、Diversispora spurcum（D.s）、Glomus aggregatum（G.a）对紫花苜蓿（Medicagosativa L.）吸收Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Cd、Zn污染下AMF仍然明显侵染紫花苜蓿,并促进紫花苜蓿对Cd、Zn的吸收积累,但不同AMF影响的效应和植株不同部位对重金属的吸收积累规律存在差异。AMF处理下紫花苜蓿根部Cd、Zn含量和积累量明显增加,但地上部Cd、Zn的含量则降低,地上部Zn的积累量也减小,这表明AMF处理减弱了Cd、Zn由根部向地上部的运移,减轻了植物地上部毒害。接种AMF条件下,植株尤其是根部生物量增加是Cd、Zn在其体内含量和积累量增加的重要因素,不同种类AMF促进植株生物量增加的幅度不同,导致植株对Cd、Zn的积累和抗性存在差异。     

长期定位施肥对丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in a field that had received long-term fixed ferti-lization (LFF) for 26 years.There were a total of 12 treatments in triplicates with different amounts of manure,urea,calcium phosphate,and potassium chloride.Rhizosphere soil samples of maize and wheat grown in the experimental field in Shandong Province,China,were collected in September 2003 and May 2004,respectively.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores were isolated and identified using morphological characters.Mycorrhizal colonization percentage,spore density (SD),species richness (SR),relative abundance (RA),and Shannon-Weiner index (SWI) were determined.Nineteen recognized species of AMF belonging to 5 genera were identified.Long-term fixed fertilization significantly influenced colonization percentage,SR,SD,and species diversity of AMF.The adaptability of AMF to soil fertility was different among species.Species richness and SD of AMF in maize and wheat rhizosphere soils were the highest in the nonferti-lization treatment (control) and lowest in the high manure + high nitrogen treatment (M₂N₂).The SWI decreased as the fertilization level increased except in the low manure treatment (M₁) on maize.Compared with the other treatments,Treatment M₂N₂ significantly reduced SD of Glomus,and the high manure + low nitrogen treatment (M₂N₁) significantly retarded sporulation of Scutellospora.Manure treatments stimulated sporulation of Glomus mosseae.Spore density of G.mosseae was higher in the high nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium treatment (N₂PK) than in the high nitrogen + phosphorus treatment (N₂P) and the high nitrogen + potassium treatment (N₂K).The SD of S.pellucida was higher in Treatment N₂K than Treatments N₂PK and N₂P.In conclusion,long-term fixed fertilization,especially with high levels of manure and N,decreased SR,SD,and colonization and changed the species composition of AMF.     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

１９９６～１９９８年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒ－ｒｈｉｚａｌ ｆｕｎｇｉ （ＡＭＦ）,即Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｇ．ｍ）、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｍｅ（Ｇ．ｖ）、Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｏｕｓａ（Ｓ．ｓ）对玉米生长的生态效应。结构表明,ＡＭＦ处理的玉米根系活力为对照的２．３２～３．０５倍,玉米Ｎ素吸收比对照增加２４．１４％～５６．     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收菲和芘的影响

采用横式三隔室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices,G.i）对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativaL.）吸收土壤中菲和芘的影响。结果表明：G.i可与紫花苜蓿形成良好的共生体,侵染率平均达61.20%,不同强度菲和芘污染对G.i菌根侵染率的影响差异不显著;接种G.i的植株根系干重增加59.08%。接种G.i增加了根系和茎叶中菲和芘的含量及积累量,根系和茎叶中菲积累量与其生物量（干重计）间呈显著正相关;与菲相比,接种G.i处理后植株芘含量和积累量的增幅更大。G.i限制了菲和芘从植株根系向茎叶的传输,对芘尤为明显,接种G.i植株根系向茎叶转运芘的比例比不接种对照降低了13.85%～37.47%。     

接种AM真菌对采煤沉陷区文冠果生长及土壤特性的影响

煤炭井工开采往往造成地表塌陷,导致了土壤养分贫瘠和水分缺乏,土壤沙化和水土流失,从而限制了当地矿区植被生长,而丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AM真菌)对植被生长有促进作用。以文冠果为宿主植物,采用野外原位监测和室内分析方法,研究了未接种和接种丛枝菌根真菌对采煤沉陷区复垦植物文冠果生长和土壤特性的影响。结果表明:与未接种AM真菌处理相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了文冠果根系菌根侵染率和土壤根外菌丝密度,7月接种AM真菌文冠果的株高、冠幅和地径提高了31.89%,23.07%,9.89%。同时,9月接种AM真菌处理的根际土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量分别比对照组增加0.29g/kg、13.0mg/kg和1.4g/kg,接种AM真菌显著提高了根际土壤的含水率、总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素,而速效磷和速效钾的含量显著降低。相关分析结果表明,菌根侵染率、土壤根外菌丝密度与根际土壤理化性质之间存在协同反馈效应。因此,接种AM真菌促进了采煤沉陷区复垦植被文冠果的生长和土壤的改良,这对矿区水土保持、维持生态系统稳定性和持续性具有重要意义。     

Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Different Soil Tillage Systems to Long‐Term Swine Slurry Application

Swine slurry is a common agricultural fertilizer in many countries. However, its long‐term use in large amounts can cause excess nutrient accumulation, alter soil compounds, and potentially influence critical microbial populations such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which have important roles in plant nutrition and soil sustainability. This work determined if arbuscular mycorrhizal status, external mycelium, and glomalin‐related soil protein content were affected by long‐term swine slurry application to different soil tillage systems. The experiment was conducted on a clayey oxisol, in southern Brazil. Swine slurry (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 m³ ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) was applied for 15 years to conventional tillage and no tillage soil prior to the summer (soybean or maize) and winter (wheat or oats) crop seasons. Swine slurry decreased mycorrhizal root colonization, spore number, and total external mycelium. Swine slurry increased active external mycelium and both easily extractable and total glomalin‐related soil protein. No‐tillage soil had more glomalin‐related soil protein than conventional tillage soil. The most significant response variables were root colonization, easily extractable glomalin‐related soil protein, and total external arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelia. Long‐term application of swine slurry in this environment, even at high rates, did not adversely affect crop yield but did influence arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi and their products in the soil environment. Benefits of swine slurry application for crop nutrition must be weighed against potential adverse consequences for the size, activity, and benefits of the mycorrhizal community to subsequent annual crops. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同地点和复垦方式煤矸石山土壤中丛枝菌根真菌群落变化

以山西省大同市晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山以及忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山为研究对象,采用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术对三座煤矸石山土壤AM真菌群落组成进行分析,并测定其土壤理化性质,以探究不同地点煤矸石山不同复垦方式下土壤中丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AM真菌）群落组成的差异及其土壤影响因子。结果表明：晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌多样性指数（Chao指数和香农-威纳指数）存在显著差异,但晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌群落的多样性指数差异不显著。试验共检测到67个AM真菌OTUs,可鉴定到3个AM真菌属级分类单元,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）在晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山、晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山中均为最优势菌,多样孢囊霉属（Diversispora）、类球囊霉属（Paraglomus）仅出现在晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山。多元置换方差分析和多维尺度分析结果表明,晋华宫两种恢复方式的煤矸石山之间AM真菌群落组成差异不显著,而晋华宫与忻州窑两个地点的煤矸石山AM真菌群落组成差异显著。AM...     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Contribute to Resistance of Upland Rice to Combined Metal Contamination of Soil

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate heavy metal [copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)] uptake by two upland rice cultivars, ‘91B3’ and ‘277’, grown in a sterilized field soil contaminated by a mixture of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Rice plants were inoculated with each of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus versiforme (GV), Glomus mosseae (GM), and Glomus diaphanum (GD), or remained noninoculated (NM). Both rice cultivars could be colonized by the three AMF used in this experiment. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization by the three AMFs on the two rice cultivars ranged from 30% to 70%. Mycorrhizal colonization of both upland rice cultivars had a large influence on plant growth by increasing the shoot and root biomass compared with non-inoculated (NM) plants. The results indicate that mycorrhiza exert some protective effects against the combined toxicity of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the contaminated soil. This conclusion is supported by the partitioning of heavy metals (HMs) in the two cultivars. In the two cultivars, colonization by AMF reduced the translocation of HMs from root to shoot (except that the colonization of AMF increased the Cu translocation of HMs in cultivar ‘277’). Immobilization of the HMs in roots can alleviate the potential toxicity to shoots induced by the mixture of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. The two rice cultivars showed significant differences in uptake of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd when uninoculated. GM inoculation gave the most protective effects on the two cultivars under the combined soil contamination.     

红壤区林下侵蚀劣地土壤碳氮及球囊霉素对接种AM真菌的响应

南方红壤区林下侵蚀劣地近地表植被覆盖度低,导致林下水土流失严重.接种AM真菌能够促进植被生长,改善土壤肥力,进而可以减少土壤侵蚀.以马尾松退化林地为对象,设置引种灌木(S)和引种灌木并接菌(S+AMF)2个处理,研究AM真菌接种对林下侵蚀劣地土壤碳氮及球囊霉素的影响.结果表明:接菌近1年后,菌根侵染率(MCR)在S+A...     

丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P0.05)根内球囊霉。     

土地利用方式对酸性红壤丛枝菌根真菌群落的影响

为了研究土地利用方式对酸性红壤丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)群落的影响,调查了酸性红壤4种土地利用方式(草地、玉米、花生和大豆)下非根际和根际土壤AMF群落多样性和组成结构。结果表明：土地利用方式显著影响了AMF群落优势属球囊霉属(Glomus)和巨孢囊霉属(Paraglomus)的相对丰度,但是根际作用影响不明显。土地利用方式而非根际作用显著影响了AMF群落香农指数和物种丰富度,其中大豆地表现出最低的香农指数和物种丰富度。土地利用方式和根际作用都显著影响AMF群落组成结构,但是土地利用方式的作用强度明显高于根际作用。球囊霉属主要解释了不同土地利用方式之间的AMF群落组成差异。土壤p H是影响土壤AMF群落结构的最关键因子。因此,土地利用方式比根际作用表现出对酸性红壤AMF群落更大的影响,展现了土地利用变化在影响土壤AMF群落方面的重要作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌调控土壤氧化亚氮排放的机制

氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子,自Haber-Bosch反应以来,氮肥的生产和施用极大地提高了粮食产量.然而过量施用氮肥导致氮肥利用率低,并造成了严重的环境污染,包括氮沉降、硝态氮淋洗以及N2O排放等.微生物直接参与土壤氮素循环,固氮微生物、氨氧化和反硝化微生物分别在土壤固氮、铵态氮转化和硝态氮转化过程中起...     

煤矿区先锋植物猪屎豆接种丛枝菌根的效应研究

以煤矿尾矿区土著先锋植物猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida Ait.)为研究对象,开展了3种基质配比、4种丛枝菌根接种后的效应研究.结果表明:(1)从宿主生物量、菌根侵染率及侵染强度、50 g干土中的孢子数、根系活力看,A4菌根是最适合梅州明山矿区先锋植物猪屎豆的优势菌种,菌剂与基质优势组合是A4B1;(2)不同菌种、植株及地上部/地下部对镉、锌、铜、镍、锰5种重金属元素的吸收-排斥效应是不同的.从镉元素看,与对照A5相比,A1、A3、A4菌根促进或抑制对镉吸收-排斥效应均达极显著差异水平,这3种菌根结合猪屎豆可作为明山废矿区镉污染丛枝菌根-植物联合修复的优势菌种;4种菌根对促进或阻止铜、锰吸收-排斥效应均不显著;(3)覆土少的(覆2 cm厚黄土于9 cm厚煤矸石上)相应高于不接种且覆土厚(覆7 cm厚黄土于4 cm厚煤矸石上)的,说明接种菌根具有抵消由于覆土少而导致的植株生物量降低的潜力,极大地节约了复垦费用,综合经济效益十分可观.