Studies on samh seeds (Mesembryanthemum forsskalei Hochst) growing in Saudi Arabia: 3. Utilization of samh seeds in bakery products

Samh seeds obtained from Al-Jouf area were ground into flour analyzed and used as a replacement for wheat in the ratio of 10, 20 and 30% for bread and 30, 60 100% for cookies. The rheological effect of the Samh flour on Saudi wheat flour was also studied. The bread and cookies obtained were evaluated physically and by sensory evaluation. The results obtained indicated that samh flour has high protein content and could be used as a replacement for wheat flour upto 30% without adversely affecting the bread specific volume much. Samh flour has improved the cookies appearance specially the colour (chocolate colour) and spreading ratio. The results also revealed that it is possible to make cookies from 100% samh flour. Due to the high protein content of the samh seeds the nutritional value of the bread and cookies made with samh flour will be improved. The results of the sensory evaluation of the bread and cookies indicated that the bread made with samh flour upto 30% has similar characters except for the crumb color and the overall acceptability which were rated as significantly inferior. The sensory evaluation of the cookies showed that the cookies made with samh flour upto 100% were significantly superior (p<0.05) to the cookies made with 100% wheat flour (control).     

Studies on samh seeds (Mesembryanthemum forsskalei Hochst) growing in Saudi Arabia: 2: Chemical composition and microflora of samh seeds

The chemical composition of samh seed have been investigated. Proximate analysis showed a composition of 22.25% protein, 5.7% moisture, 5.6% fat, 4.0% ash, 9.7% crude fiber, and the remainder being total carbohydrates. Mineral element analysis revealed that potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium were present as the major elements. Iron, manganese, zinc and copper were found at lower levels. However, lead was not detected in the samh seeds. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the methylester of the fatty acids of the samh seeds oil revealed the presence of fourteen fatty acids. Linoleic and oleic acids were the principle unsaturated fatty acids. While palmitic acid was the main saturated fatty acid. Amino acid analysis of the samh seeds showed the presence of seventeen amino acids including eight essential amino acids. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid were the major amino acids. Cystine and proline were present in trace amounts. These results some of which have not been reported elsewhere indicate the high nutritional potential of Saudi samh seeds. The total aerobic bacterial count and total sporeformers of seeds were 19×10⁷ and 5×10⁴ cfu/g respectively, thus the enterobacteriaceae,B cereus and yeast and molds were 5×10², 1×10² and 7×10² respectively. The seeds were Staph. free and the samh extract had no antimicrobial effect.     

Effect of soaking,sprouting, fermentation and cooking on nutrient composition and some anti-nutritional factors of sorghum (Guinesia) seeds

This study was designed to determine the effect of soaking, sprouting, fermentation and cooking on nutrient composition and some antinutritional factors of sorghum seeds (guineesia). Standard assay procedures were adopted to resolve both the nutrients and the antinutritional factors content of the products. Combination of cooking and fermentation improved the nutrient quality and drastically reduced the antinutritional factors to safe levels much greater than any of the other processing methods tested.     

不同植物激素对油菜角果生长和结实的影响

利用不同植物激素溶液在结角期间处理油菜角果,结果对油菜角果生长和结实均有较好影响,其中1.5mg/L 激动素 1mg/L萘乙酸混合液处理1次,对角果增长增粗和每角粒数增加作用较大,1.5mg/L激动素处理2次和3次对粒重增长作用较大,1mg/L萘乙酸处理2～3次对提高种子含油量作用较大.     

Studies on the chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of seeds of some wild plants

The Seeds of the fruits of some wild plants were analysed to establish their proximate compositions and the physico-chemical characteristics of the oils. The iodine values of the oils were not greater than 88 but the saponification values were in the range 157–261 mg KOH. Proximate values of the protein, oil and carbohydrate contents of the seeds suggest that they may be adequate for the formulation of animal feeds, subject to a knowledge of the levels of possible toxic substances. The Storage property of the oil fromLophira lanceolata seed were studied over a period of four weeks under conditions of light (ambient), darkness (ambient) and refrigeration. The iodine value of the oil decreased in all cases but much more so on exposure to light. In contrast, the peroxide value of the oil showed very little change under conditions of darkness and refrigeration over the same period but increased by seven fold for the photo-exposed oil.     

Effect of sprouting on the nitrogenous constituents and mineral composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds

The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of sprouting on nitrogenous constituents and mineral composition of cream pigeon pea seeds. After 48 and 96h of sprouting, there were increases in % moisture, crude protein, ash except during the 96 h; total nitrogen (TN), total non-protein nitrogen (TNPN); protein nitrogen (PN) and true protein nitrogen (TP). Sprouting caused increases in mineral levels except for phosphorus (P). Sprouting for 48 h offers greater advantage over 96 h.     

Evaluation of the effect of processing techniques on the nutrient and antinutrient contents of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) seeds

This work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of soaking, sprouting, cooking and fermentation or their combinations on the nutrient and antinutrient contents of pearl millet seeds. Standard assay procedures were adopted to determine both the nutrient and the antinutrient concentrations of the products. The synergistic effect of cooking and fermentation improved the nutrient quality. The antinutrients were reduced to safe levels to a greater extent than did any of the other processing techniques or their combinations employed.     

Understanding the mechanism of change in morphological structures,visualization features,and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds (Coix lacryma-jobi L.): The role of heat soaking

Heat soaking is an essential factor deciding the final quality of hard-to-cook grains. In this study, the morphological structures, visualization features, and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds soaked at 30–70 °C were investigated compared with waxy rice (easy to cook). The morphology of macromolecules and section cracks were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy as these are the crucial factors for penetrate water penetration, which showed that starch granules were slightly eroded when adlay seeds were soaked at 70 °C. The MRI images showed that at higher soaking temperatures, the moisture of soaked adlay seeds was distributed more evenly across a gradient. Meanwhile, heat soaking has a minor effect on starch and protein content of adlay seeds, and the proportion of bound water of adlay seeds slightly declined after heat soaking. Moreover, hardness analysis and pasting measurements exhibited structural changes and viscosity transition in the grains. However, the contribution of heat soaking to the infrared spectrogram and relative crystallinity of adlay seeds was insignificant. This study provides effective methods to evaluate changes in adlay seeds during heat soaking and explains why it is hard to cook.     

Assessing the impact of areawide pheromone trapping,pesticide applications,and eradication of infested date palms for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) management in Al Ghowaybah,Saudi Arabia

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a highly destructive pest of date palms, Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae), in Saudi Arabia. Data spanning a six year period (2007–2012) from Al Ghowaybah, a 1104 ha date producing region in the Al Ahsaa Directorate in Saudi Arabia, were analyzed to assess the impact enhanced management efforts that commenced in Oct. 2009 had against this pest. Within six months of initiating the areawide management program significant reductions in the mean monthly number of weevils trapped and percentage traps with R. ferrugineus were detected. Mean monthly trap captures of R. ferrugineus and the percentage of traps capturing weevils declined significantly from 2009 to 2012 by an average of 65% and 90%, respectively, indicating that trapping and dispersal pressure was significantly reduced. By 2011, average monthly trap captures and percentage of traps with R. ferrugineus were significantly lower than all pre-management capture data and this was maintained through 2012 when data collection ceased. Additionally, over the period 2010–2012, insecticide application and palm eradication rates dropped by 91% and 89%, respectively. The total number of R. ferrugineus captured in 2012 declined by 86% when compared to total captures for 2010. At the end of 2012, the estimated infestation rate of date palms in Al Ghowaybah was 0.36%, which was below the economic threshold of a 1% infestation rate set by the Directorate of Agriculture supervising the program. It is concluded that the mandatory areawide management program that commenced in Oct. 2009 against R. ferrugineus in Al Ghowaybah had a significant and rapid impact against this pest.     

产ALA光合细菌对陈化大豆种子幼苗建成若干指标的影响

为了降低ALA的生产和应用成本,在实验室条件下评估了产ALA光合细菌的培养物与低浓度商品ALA的溶液对陈化1年的大豆种子出苗和幼苗建成的若干生物学指标的影响。结果表明:供试产ALA光合细菌的培养液的上清液(ALA含量约为0.1~0.2 mg·L~(-1))、菌体悬浮液处理对陈化大豆种子萌发后幼苗株高和根系生长有显著促进作用,但对陈大豆种子的出苗率和幼苗下胚轴粗、鲜重、干重没有显著促进作用,而5 mg·L~(-1)的ALA溶液可显著提高陈大豆种子的出苗率、下胚轴粗、幼苗鲜重,1 mg·L~(-1)ALA可显著提高幼苗株高、下胚轴粗和干重。光合细菌的分泌物和胞外代谢产物对陈大豆种子萌发后幼苗的株高和根系生长有明显的促进作用。     

长穗颈不育系Ⅱ-32eA(1)制种“九二○”用量研究

在制种田中对长穗颈不育系Ⅱ-32eA(1)进行GA3不同用量的对比试验，结果表明：随着GA3用量的增加，不育系株高、穗颈长及异交结实率均显著增加；Ⅱ-32eA(1)在制种田中以30 g/hm2 GA3施用量最为合适，在这个施用量下，Ⅱ-32eA(1)株高(116.01 cm),穗颈长(0.57 cm)，异交结实率(37.13%)和理论产量(3.34 t/hm2)均为最高；Ⅱ-32eA(1)比Ⅱ-32A对GA3更为敏感，可大大减少制种中GA3的用量。     

杂交水稻种子特征特性研究

杂交水稻Ｆ１和不育系虽然在种性上分别具有杂种优势和不育特性，但就种子而言，其特征特性劣于常规水稻种子。主要表现为裂颖、穗发芽及带病种子的百分率较高。种子颖壳闭合不好的主要原因是不育系颖花内的浆片和小穗轴的维管束发育不良。种子的穗发芽率与“九二０”的施用量呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８６４０＊）。不育系的开花习性有利于种子感病。研究表明，裂颖、穗发芽和感病种子的耐贮性明显较正常的健壮种子差。在贮藏期间，种子的生活力与活力容易下降。因此，在种子生产中要控制这些种子的发生率；种子收获后要及时干燥、清选和处理。     

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Seed Amylase Activities in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Two rice varieties, Xiushui 110 with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance and Xiushui 11 with low Cd tolerance were used to study the effects of Cd stress on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase activities. The low cadmium concentration had little effect on seed germination rate. However, cadmium stress could significantly inhibit plumule and radicle growth, especially for radicle growth. Germination index, vigour index, radicle length and amylase activities of Xiushui 11 decreased more significantly with the increasing cadmium level compared with Xiushui 110. The cadmium content in seedlings of Xiushui 11 was higher than that in Xiushui 110 when the cadmium concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L, which caused lower mitotic index in root tips and amylase activities, and more serious cadmium toxicity in Xiushui 11.     

Seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in Egypt and the influence of environmental conditions in different growing periods

Summary The effect of environmental conditions on seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in nurseries was evaluated in different growing periods during two seasons in Egypt. In the autumn season, high soil and air temperatures reduced emergence and initial foliage development of early-sown seedlings, and decreased tuber yields. In late-sown seedlings low night temperatures and short daylengths caused early tuberization, poor foliage development and low tuber yields. In the spring season, low temperatures and short daylengths resulted in a slow initial foliage development and early haulm-tuber competition for assimilates in early-sown seedlings. However, tuber yields were higher than for late-sown seedlings, presumably because net assimilation and assimilate partitioning to the tubers were impaired by above optimum air and soil temperatures in May and June. Slow development of true seed-sown plants caused a high sensitivity towards adverse environmental conditions and would limit yielding ability in Egypt.     

Changes in some nutrients of fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum graecum L.) seeds during water boiling

Fenugreek seeds were boiled in water for various lengths of time (5, 10 and 15 min). Changes in weight, volume, moisture content, total sugars, nitrogen compounds, minerals, phosphorus compounds, phytic acid, amino acids and the in vitro digestibility of the seeds as well as the total solids of the boiling water were determined. Data indicated that there was an increase in both weightand volume as well as the in vitro digetibility of fenugreek seeds especially after the first 5 minutes of boiling. On the other hand, a decrease in the content of total sugars, protein compounds, calcium, magnesium, phytic acid, phosphorus and amino acids was observed. The reduction was accompanied by a gradual increase in the total solids of boiling water.     

Nutritional quality of the protein in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa,Willd) seeds

The nutritional quality of protein in quinoa seeds has been determined by amino acid assay and by animal feeding experiments. The amino acid composition of the protein in raw quinoa and washed quinoa show similar pattern. The first limiting amino acids were the aromatic amino acids thyrosine + phenylalanine giving a chemical score of 86 for protein in raw quinoa and 85 for protein in washed quinoa. Threonine was the next limiting amino acid followed by lysine. The amount of lysine and sulfur amino acids (methionine + cystine) was relatively high. In general, the content of essential amino acids in quinoa is higher than in common cereals. The animal experiments showed NPU values of 75.7, BV of 82.6 and TD value of 91.7 for the protein in raw quinoa. Results of the in-vitro enzymatic methods showed that the digestibility of the protein in quinoa is comparable to that of other high quality food proteins. The corresponding experiments carried out with samples of guinoa seeds, which have been processed to remove the saponins, showed that, the saponins do not exert any negative effect on the nutritive quality of the protein.     

盐胁迫下亚精胺浸种对水稻种子萌发的影响

采用四个处理:A为清水对照,B为200 mmol/L NaCl,C为200 mmol/LNaCl+1.0 mmol/L Spd,D为1.0mmol/L Spd。对水稻种子进行处理,研究盐胁迫下亚精胺浸种对水稻种子萌发的影响。结果显示:用200 mmol/L NaCl溶液浸种时,种子萌发率明显降低,用1 mmol/L Spd溶液处理过的水稻种子,其发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数明显增加,并且胚芽的伸长长度增加。而用200 mmol/L NaCl溶液和1.0 mmol/L Spd溶液共同处理过的水稻种子,其发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数与对照无明显差别,说明亚精胺浸种不仅可以促进水稻种子的萌发,还可以缓解盐胁迫对水稻种子的毒害作用。     

香蕉假茎象甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用日立S-3000N型扫描电镜对香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄成虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果表明:香蕉假茎象甲触角为膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成。触角表皮普遍具有波浪形刻纹,共有4种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器和芽孢形感器,其中,毛形感器有3种类型,刺形感器有2种类型。香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄个体间触角感器类型及其分布均无明显差异。触角上的各种感器类型多样,数量众多,分布集中,鞭节上感器最多,梗节次之,柄节无感器。     

高油玉米S1种子含油率与粒重的相关性及含油率正态性分布研究

试验以26个不同杂交种F1作为研究材料,测定其后代(S1)果穗单粒重和含油率,并对这两个重要性状进行相关分析,采用X2拟合优度检验和经验分布拟合优度检验对每个S杂交种S1(F2)子粒含油率分布的正态性进行了验证。结果表明,所有供试材料平均单粒重为0.29～0.45 g,变异系数为4.4%～19.4%,含油率为4.52%～10.50%,其后代相对变异程度较高,变异系数较大(11.02%～27.9%)。只有材料4053-2 S1子粒含油率分布,无论用哪种方法进行正态分布检验都符合正态分布,其它材料S1子粒含油率的分布不符合正态分布,含油率与单粒重呈极显著负相关。     

Some observations on the toxic effects of the seed extract ofSphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex A. Rich) Harms. on intestinal muscle

The effects of the water extract ofSphenostylis stenocarpa were observed on the guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum. The extract produced dose dependent — contractions of the guinea pig ileum with an ED₅₀ of 3.664×10^–5 g/ml and a calculated dose ratio of 1.25. The extract specifically stimulated muscarine receptors. Atropine (8×10^–7 g/ml) caused a parallel shift to the right of the log dose — response curve in the guinea pig ileum suggesting a competitive antagonism. Boiling for about 12 h did not affect the contractile action of the extract on tissue preparations. However, boiling for 12–14 h completely abolished its contractile effect. Incubation of the extract with cholinestrerase at 37°C for 1 h did not abolish its contractile action on the intestine.