Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974

The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.     

彭泽县2005年棉铃虫的发生特点及分析

2005年彭泽县的棉铃虫在棉田的发生表现出发生时间早、产卵密度前期偏高,后期则明显偏低、各代间蛾、卵的消长关系极不平衡、发生面积小、发生程度轻的特点,其主要受其种群的消长、气候及棉田的管理等因素的综合影响。     

Effects of temperature onPhytophthora porri in vitro,in planta,and in soil

Cardinal temperatures for mycelial growth ofPhytophthora porri on corn-meal agar were <5 (minimum), 15–20 (optimum) and just above 25 °C (maximum). The number of infections after zoospore inoculation of young leaf plants was relatively low at supra-optimal temperatures, but was not affected by sub-optimal temperatures. Even at 0 °C plants were infected. The incubation periods needed for symptom formation were 36–57 d at 0 °C, 13–18 d at 5 °C, and 4–11 d at > 11 °C, and were fitted to temperature between 0 and 24 °C with a hyperbolical model (1/p=0.00812^*T+0.0243). Oospore germination, reported for the first time forP. porri, was strongly reduced after 5 h at 45 °C, and totally absent after 5 h at 55 °C. Soil solarization for six weeks during an exceptionally warm period in May–June 1992 in The Netherlands raised the soil temperature at 5 cm depth for 17 h above 45 °C, but did not reduce the initial level of disease in August significantly.     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Metabolism of the methoxychlor isostere,dianisylneopentane, in mouse,insects, and a model ecosystem

Dianisylneopentane or 1,1-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropane was metabolized largely by O-demethylation to form mono- and diphenol derivatives. Only a small percentage was degraded by α-hydroxylation and rearrangement. In the model ecosystem, dianisylneopentane reacted very similarly to methoxychlor, accumulating in fish to about the same extent and yielding a slightly higher ratio of polar to nonpolar metabolites. The neopentyl group proved to be approximately as stable in biological systems as the isosterically equivalent trichloromethyl group.     

Induction, Regulation, and Role in Pathogenesis of Appressoria in Monilinia fructicola

ABSTRACT Monilinia fructicola, which causes brown rot in stone fruit, forms appressoria on plant and artificial surfaces. On nectarine, the frequency of appressoria produced by conidial germlings depends to a large degree on the stage of fruit development, with numerous appressoria formed on immature (stage II) nectarine fruit, and no appressoria observed on fully mature fruit (late stage III). On polystyrene surfaces, appressorium formation was increased from <10% of germinated conidia to >95% of germinated conidia when the conidia were washed to remove residual nutrients and self-inhibitors. M. fructicola appressorium formation also appears to be regulated by the topography of the plant surface. On fruit, appressoria formed on stomatal guard cell lips, on the grooves of lateral cells adjacent to stomata or between two epidermal cells, and on the convex surfaces of epidermal cells. Pharmacological effectors indicate that cyclic AMP-, MAP kinase-, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling pathways are involved in the induction and development of appressoria. KN-93, an inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, did not inhibit conidial germination but did inhibit appressorium formation and brown rot development on flower petals, suggesting that appressoria are required for full symptom development on Prunus spp. petals.     

中国鼠害防控需求的差异、矛盾、挑战与对策

绝大多数啮齿动物种类为植食性的小型哺乳动物，其生物学特性导致了鼠类危害的复杂性。当前，面对日益提高的生态安全需求，粮食安全、人民健康和生物安全以及生态安全对鼠害控制需求的差异造成了中国鼠害防控策略制定及实施的困扰。尤其在草原地区，如何在应急性灭杀和长效缓控之间找到一个平衡点是目前鼠害防控面临的一个巨大挑战。针对这些矛盾和挑战，该文分析了我国鼠害监测防控的现状、主要瓶颈与短板，并从技术层面提出“精准监测指导精准防控”可能会是解决这些矛盾的有效途径，是在有效控制鼠害暴发对粮食生产和人民健康安全威胁的前提下，推进生态保护和修复的有效途径。     

Organochlorine residues in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Organochlorine residues of TDE, DDE, and PCBs as high as 1.96, 2.79, and 28.74 microgram/kg, respectively, have been found in sediments of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho. Residues of TDE, DDE, and dieldrin in the flesh of sport fish were as high as 52.3, 67.2, and 160.4 microgram/kg, respectively. Maximum organochlorine residue levels found in sucker taken in the commercial fishery were 1.1 mg PCBs/kg, 781.7 microgram TDE/kg, and 82.1 microgram DDE/kg.     

Establishment of, and preliminary impact studies on, the rust, Maravalia cryptostegiae, of the invasive alien weed, Cryptostegia grandiflora in Queensland, Australia

The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km². Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m⁻³ to 1 m⁻³ over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed.     

Adsorption-desorption studies of alachlor, metolachlor, EPTC, chlorothalonil and pirimiphos-methyl in contrasting soils

Five soils with different organic matter contents ranging from 0.48 to 10.4% were used to study the adsorption and desorption of alachlor, metolachor, EPTC, chlorothalonil and pirimiphos-methyl in batch experiments. The isotherm shapes according to Giles classification were S-type for alachlor, metolachlor and chlorothalonil, changing to L-type for the latter as the level of soil organic matter increased, and L-type for EPTC and pirimiphos-methyl. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Freundlich equation x/m = KfCe1/n. The Kf values increased with the increase of organic matter content. The amounts of pesticides adsorbed over a range of concentrations of 0.1-20 mg litre-1 reached 63.1% for alachlor, 69.2% for metolachlor, 89.3% for EPTC, 98.4% for chlorothalonil and 96.3% for pirimiphos-methyl. The increase of the amounts desorbed with acetone indicated that the sorption of organic compounds onto organic matter occurred principally via weak London-type induction forces, or dispersion forces which are characteristics of the physical adsorption process.     

苹果、香蕉和柑橘中腐霉利等4种防腐保鲜剂残留分析方法

采用乙腈提取、分散SPE净化的前处理方法以及气相色谱电子捕获检测器,测定了苹果、柑橘和香蕉中腐霉利、抑霉唑、异菌脲和咪鲜胺4种防腐保鲜剂的残留量,利用基质匹配标准校正方法补偿基质效应。结果表明,腐霉利、抑霉唑和咪鲜胺在3个添加水平(0.02、0.05和0.10 mg/kg)下的回收率为85.1% ~108.4%,相对标准偏差为0.5% ~7.9%;异菌脲在3个添加水 平(0.05、0.10 和0.20 mg/kg)下的回收率为82.9% ~98.8%,相对标准偏差为3.6% ~ 8.6%。方法的检出限(LOD)在0.001 ~0.008 mg/kg之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.003 ~0.03 mg/kg之间。     

甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒青岛分离株SeMNPV-QD的毒力测定

为评价一株新的甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒（青岛分离株SeMNPV-QD）在害虫生物防治中的应用潜力,本文以甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒青岛株SeMNPV-QD与美国株SeMNPV-US1为材料,分别测定了病毒对甜菜夜蛾细胞系的感染、对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的室内生物活性以及田间防治效果。研究结果表明,SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对甜菜夜蛾细胞系Se-3的感染率分别为92.34%和93.65%,平均每个细胞的病毒多角体产量分别为23.97和24.10 PIB,差异均不显著;SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对初孵甜菜夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为4.43×10⁴和4.35×10⁴ PIB/mL,LT₅₀分别为4.12和4.02 d;SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对4龄甜菜夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为9.25×10⁵和4.44×10⁵ PIB/mL,LT₅₀分别为6.20和5.50 d;SeMNPV-QD和SeMNPV-US1对大葱田甜菜夜蛾幼虫具有较好的防治作用,7 d的校正防效分别达到74.99%和79.04%。研究结果将为新病毒株的深入研究开发以及甜菜夜蛾的生物防治提供理论依据。     

Het koolcystenaaltje,heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945, in Nederland

Summary Heterodera cruciferae is found in the Netherlands in five different locations, living on cabbage, rape and rapeseed, whereas beets are not attacked. ThisHeterodera is distinguished from nearly all otherHeterodera's known in Europe by its small, red brown, roundish lemon-shaped cysts and its short, thick larvae(Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5). The only exception isHeterodera humuli, which has however a thinner cyst wall of a lighter colour with a conspicuous, coarse, irregular punctation and larva stylets with distinctly forward-pointing knobs (Fig. 7, 8). The males are redescribed; they have 5–7 lip annules and three teeth on each spiculum tip (Fig. 4). Population density and type of damage with culture of rape seem to be about the same as with beet sickness caused byH. schachtii (Fig. 6). In the most important cabbage areaH. schachtii plays a more important role thanH. cruciferae. With both eelworms, an advisory service based on soil sample examinations would probably be useful for the culture of cruciferous crops.     

Population dynamics of Rhizoctonia,Oculimacula, and Microdochium species in soil,roots, and stems of English wheat crops

This study aimed to elucidate the population dynamics of Rhizoctonia, Oculimacula, and Microdochium species, causing the stem base disease complex of sharp eyespot, eyespot, and brown foot rot in cereals. Pathogen DNA in soil, roots, and stem fractions, and disease expression were quantified in 102 English wheat fields in two seasons. Weather data for each site was collected to determine patterns that correlate with assessed diseases. Oculimacula spp. (66%) and R. solani AG 2-1 (63%) were most frequently detected in soil, followed by R. cerealis (54%) and Microdochium spp. (33%). Oculimacula spp. (89%) and R. cerealis (56%) predominated on roots and soil but were not associated with root rot symptoms, suggesting that these species used soil and roots for survival and as inoculum source. M. nivale was more frequently detected than M. majus on stems up to GS 21–30 and co-occurred on plant samples with O. acuformis. O. yallundae had higher DNA concentration than O. acuformis at the lower 5 cm basal region at GS 37–45. R. cerealis predominated in the upper 15 cm above the base beyond stem extension. Brown foot rot by Microdochium spp. was favoured by cool and wet autumns/winters and dominated in English wheat. Eyespot and sharp eyespot disease index by Oculimacula spp. and R. cerealis, respectively, correlated with wet/humid springs and summers. Results suggested that stem base pathogens generally coexisted; however, their abundance in time and space was influenced by favourable weather patterns and host development, with niche differentiation after stem extension.     

p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and endrin in oldsquaws in North America, 1969-73.

Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.     

DDT and BHC residues in some body tissues of goats, buffalo, and chickens, Lucknow, India

Muscle, liver, brain, and abdominal body fat samples of goats, buffalo, and chickens, all common meat sources in India, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for residues of DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC). A few samples of goat and buffalo bone marrow were also included. Relatively high residue levels were found in body fat and bone marrow compared with other tissues. DDT and BHC residue levels were highest in chicken body fat, averaging 4.157 ppm sigma DDT and 3.879 ppm BHC. DDT content was much higher in goat and buffalo bone marrow than in the corresponding body fat. DDT levels in brain samples were highest (0.138 ppm) in buffalo. p,p'-TDE levels were higher than p,p'-DDE levels in buffalo; overall DDT levels were lowest in goats. BHC residues were generally low in buffalo; alpha-BHC accounted for most BHC residues in brain tissues. Greater accumulations of DDT and BHC were found in leg muscles than in breast muscles of chickens.     

啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上的膳食摄入风险评估

为明确啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上使用可能产生的膳食摄入风险,通过进行规范田间残留试验,检测了南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜中啶酰菌胺的最终残留量,结合国内和国际两种膳食消费量数据,评估了啶酰菌胺的长期膳食摄入风险,并就两种方法的评估结果进行了比较分析。样品采用QuEChERS方法前处理,液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 定量分析。结果表明:南瓜在0.01、0.1和3 mg/kg,芦笋在0.01、0.1和20 mg/kg,山楂在0.01、0.1和60 mg/kg,芒果在0.01、0.1和4 mg/kg,木瓜在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg添加水平下,啶酰菌胺在空白样品中的平均回收率为79%~101%,相对标准偏差为2%~14%。采用 “中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告” 的膳食消费数据,计算得啶酰菌胺针对普通人群的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.707 5 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为28.1%;采用世界卫生组织 (WHO) 提供的每种农产品的单独膳食量进行计算,啶酰菌胺的每日摄入量为0.128 2 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为5.1%。两种方法的评估结果均表明啶酰菌胺对一般人群的健康不会产生不可接受的风险,然而,采用不同膳食消费数据进行计算会导致风险评估结果存在较大差异,其原因主要是由于中国所采用的膳食消费数据是作物分类基础上的数据,而不是具体某种农产品的单独消费量,因而易导致中国的膳食摄入风险评估结果过于保守。因此建议相关部门进一步完善居民的营养与健康状况调查监测工作,提供具体到每一种农产品的膳食消费数据,以便于科学评价农药对人体健康的风险。     

The inheritance of virulence in Bremia lactucae to match resistance factors 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 in lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

The inheritance of virulence in Bremia lactucae to match specific resistance factors in lettuce was studied by crossing heterothallic isolates of B. lactucae. Avirulence seemed to be dominant to virulence. Although virulence to some R-factors was inherited at a single locus, thus supporting the hypothesis of a gene-for-gene interaction between B. lactucae and L. sativa , inheritance of virulence to other R-factors was more complex. Two loci seemed to determine virulence to R11; the determinants of virulence to R5, R8 and R10 were either closely linked or allelic; virulence to these loci appeared to be epistatic to virulence to match R9. Virulence to R4 probably involved the interaction of two loci, one of which inhibited avirulence. Determinants of fitness of B. lactucae and possibly genes of minor effect modifying specific virulence factors also segregated. These studies emphasized the potential variability in B. lactucae and implied that isolates should not be assigned to distinct races.     

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk,fish, water,soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode,Kerala, India

A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode.