葡萄园行间生草体系中土壤微生物数量的变化及其与土壤养分的关系

在酿酒葡萄生产园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,研究了土壤微生物数量的变化及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明,与清耕（对照）相比,行间生草总体使葡萄园土壤微生物数量增加,其中固氮菌与纤维素分解菌数量升高幅度较大,平均升高幅度分别为223.4%和83.4%,细菌数量平均升高68.1%,放线菌数量升高的幅度最小。白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理较高羊茅处理增加的幅度大,除放线菌外,均与清耕之间差异达显著水平。行间生草使土壤有机质含量显著提高,全P、速效P含量降低;白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理使土壤全N、碱解N、速效K含量显著提高,高羊茅处理使其降低。除速效P外,其余土壤养分与土壤微生物因子均呈显著或极显著正相关。通径分析表明,纤维素分解菌是影响土壤有机质最重要的微生物因子,放线菌是影响土壤N、P、K最重要的微生物因子。     

生草对果园土壤速效养分含量及树体发育的影响

该文探究了苹果园生草后土壤速效养分变化规律及对树体生长发育状况的影响。以7年生‘寒富’/GM256/山定子为试材,设置红三叶、黑麦草2个行间生草处理,以清耕为对照(CK),测定果园行间土壤养分含量、土壤呼吸速率及树体生长发育等指标。结果表明,生草使果园土壤有机质与碱解氮含量变化波动减小,种植黑麦草使果园土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别较对照增加82.1%和20.4%,生草果园的土壤微生物碳、微生物氮几乎都高于对照,果园土壤呼吸水平从高到低为红三叶、黑麦草、对照;红三叶与黑麦草处理的树体主枝数量较对照提高22.1%和23.2%,产量分别提高8.5%和12.5%。总之,果园生草能改善土壤环境条件,不同程度地提升果园土壤肥力,增加土壤微生物活性,加大土壤速效养分的周转速率,为树体发育提供所需养分,有效促进苹果树生长发育。     

行间生草对冀西北杏园土壤养分及仁用杏果实品质的影响

为改变杏园传统的土壤管理模式,探明行间生草对土壤肥力的影响,以自然生草、种植紫花苜蓿和种植黑麦草为处理,以清耕为对照,5年后调查杏树行间土壤肥力的变化以及仁用杏的果实品质。结果表明:行间生草对0～20cm土层土壤中有机质含量、全效和速效养分影响较大,其含量随土层深度加深而减少;与对照相比,各处理均提高了土壤有机质含量、全效和速效养分,但不同处理对土壤养分影响差异很大,其中,种植黑麦草的土壤中全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量增幅较大,种植紫花苜蓿的土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量增幅最大,自然生草居于二者之间;相比对照,行间生草显著增加了仁用杏单核重和单仁重,但对出仁率影响不显著。由此可见,杏园长期行间生草能够有效地增加土壤肥力,增强土壤养分供给能力,提高仁用杏的果实品质,但不同草种对土壤氮、磷、钾含量的影响差异很大,应因地制宜合理配置,保证养分均衡供应。     

苹果园行间生草技术

<正>苹果园行间生草分人工生草和自然生草两种方式。果园生草后每隔4～5年应旋耕一次,将行间烂草翻耕到土壤下层,重新长草。这样既丰富土壤有机质,又防止草皮退化。根据果园规划,提倡在果树苗木定植的前1年实施行间生草。1人工生草与自然生草1.1人工生草优良草种有黑麦草、高羊茅、梯牧草(猫尾草)、早熟禾、毛叶苕子(长毛野豌豆)、紫花苜蓿、鼠茅草等。提倡有选择地混合栽植,如黑麦草与高羊茅混种,或豆科与禾本科混     

丘陵地苹果园生草对根际土壤理化性状及微生物的影响

以白三叶草和黑麦草为试材,清耕区为对照,采用田间和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了生草对丘陵地苹果园0～60 cm土层土壤物理性状、土壤肥力及土壤微生物的影响,以期为通过生草改善丘陵地苹果园土壤环境提供参考依据。结果表明：生草提高了丘陵地苹果园土壤含水量、孔隙度、有机质含量、pH、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量,降低了土壤容重,影响主要集中在0～40 cm土层,不同草种对果园土壤环境的影响存在一定差异。综合分析可知,生草改善了丘陵地苹果园土壤微域环境,尤其是对0～40 cm土层效果显著,种植白三叶草的效果好于黑麦草。     

猕猴桃园行间生草对土壤养分的影响及有效性评价

【目的】研究猕猴桃园行间生草对土壤养分的影响并评价其有效性,为改善果园土壤肥力和生草技术推广提供理论依据。【方法】对上海金山猕猴桃示范园区行间生白三叶草(Trifolium repens)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、自然生草和清耕(对照)土壤进行采样,测定分析0～40 cm土层有机质、大量营养元素和微量元素状况,并对养分有效性进行分级评价。【结果】相比于清耕对照,种植白三叶和黑麦草均可提高土壤有机质含量,但黑麦草提升效果更显著。种植白三叶草能显著提高土壤碱解氮和有效锌含量,而种植黑麦草更有利于土壤速效钾、有效铁含量的提高。自然生草仅对土壤碱解氮的提升效果较好。猕猴桃园土壤锰元素普遍缺乏,行间生草对果园土壤有效锰的提升效果不显著,需适当补充锰肥。【结论】行间生草对猕猴桃园土壤养分的显著调控作用主要在0～20 cm表层土壤,不同生草类型对猕猴桃园土壤养分改善效果不同,对土壤有机质和大量营养元素的调控效果以黑麦草最佳,对微量元素的调控效果以白三叶草最佳。     

豫西丘陵干旱区果园生草土壤培肥效应分析

以清耕为对照,研究分析了人工种植紫花苜蓿草与自然生草对果园土壤的培肥效果。结果表明:人工与自然生草均能提高土壤(0～30cm土层)有机质含量,且以表层土壤增加更为显著;人工与自然生草处理0～30cm土层土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾均有不同程度的提高,土壤微生物数量也有显著增加。表明生草能显著培肥土壤,在干旱区果园紫花苜蓿草的人工种植应大力推广。     

北京郊区苹果园生草栽培适宜草种的筛选与评价

分析了北京市郊区苹果园生草栽培间作12个草种的出苗率、密度及越冬返青等指标,筛选出该区域苹果园生草栽培适宜的草种;对适宜草种间作苹果园土壤容重、土壤pH值、土壤温湿度、土壤速效氮等指标进行了评价。结果表明,苹果园间作高羊茅和紫花苜蓿可降低土壤容重、土壤温度和土壤pH值,提高土壤速效氮含量。综合分析认为,高羊茅可作为北京市郊区苹果园生草栽培的草种。     

滨海盐土柑桔园行间生草草种影响土壤养分的试验

为研究不同生草处理对柑桔园土壤养分的影响,在上海市崇明区长兴岛滨海盐土宫川温州蜜柑园,于9月开始设置行间自然生草及黑麦草、野豌豆、黄花苜蓿、菊苣、高羊茅和鼠茅草等6个草种人工生草处理,翌年对不同草种地上部的生物量及0～20 cm土层的pH值、有机质、矿质元素有效含量等指标进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)野豌豆和黑麦草地上部干鲜质量比低于其他草种处理,不同处理之间土壤pH值差异无显著性;(2)行间种植黑麦草和野豌豆促进春秋季桔园土壤有机质累积的作用较好;(3)与其他处理相比,行间种植野豌豆春秋季土壤水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均较高;(4)行间种植黑麦草和野豌豆对秋季土壤中交换性钙含量的提升效果优于其他草种,而行间种植黑麦草和黄花苜蓿对秋季土壤中交换性镁含量的提升效果较好;(5)行间种植野豌豆春季土壤有效锰、有效锌、有效铜含量及秋季土壤有效硼含量均高于其他草种;种植野豌豆和菊苣对秋季土壤有效铁含量、种植黑麦草对秋季土壤有效锌和有效铜含量、自然生草和野豌豆对秋季土壤有效钼含量分别具有更明显的提升效果。桔园行间生草可有效调节土壤有机质、大量元素、中量元素和微量元素的供给能力,但不同生草类型的调...     

果园自然生草可利用的野生草种

<正>果园生草是现代化果园生产管理的一项重要环节,也是目前世界果树生产强国普遍采用的果园土壤管理模式,果园生草可以增加土壤肥力,改善土壤理化性质,保持土壤墒情,调节果园小气候,减少虫害的发生,降低生产成本,提高果品质量,还可以美化果园环境。果园生草通常有两种方法,一种是人工生草,即人工种植长毛野豌豆、鼠毛草、紫花苜蓿、高羊茅、黑麦草、白三叶等草种。另一种方法是自然生草,即利用果园原     

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) for low-input lawns in the Mediterranean environment

In recent years, environmental concerns have created a desire for the sustainable care of grass swards, with a specific goal of reducing resources needed for turfgrass maintenance by utilising low-input species best adapted to specific local environmental conditions. A two-year field experiment was conducted to compare the aesthetic or ornamental quality, and function potential, of different swards. The treatments consisted of four monostands of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb. Dumort.), three two-species mixtures of white clover + yarrow, white clover + strong creeping red fescue, and yarrow + strong creeping red fescue, and one three-species mixture of white clover + yarrow + strong creeping red fescue. Within each plot, a botanical survey was performed each spring to estimate species relative abundance by determining the proportions of different species present. All plots were evaluated every two weeks during the growing period for visual quality and normalised difference vegetative index. Vegetation canopy height in each plot was measured before each biweekly mowing event, and clippings were collected to measure vegetative dry matter. Relative abundance of yarrow, strong creeping red fescue, and tall fescue was stable throughout the entire study period. The mixtures including yarrow displayed sufficient or higher quality ratings (≥6) in all seasons with the exception of winter, however, yarrow + strong creeping red fescue compensated each other's defects by maintaining their relative abundance (≥ 80%) over time as well suppressing or prevent significant weed invasion (relative abundance <15%). Moreover, yarrow or strong creeping red fescue monostands, or yarrow + strong creeping red fescue could be maintained with lower number of mowing events, due to their lower vertical growth. In conclusion, alternative plant species to turf-type grasses produced a visual quality equal to or better than tall fescue maintained under low fertilisation and mowing frequency. All swards that included yarrow produced better visual quality, exhibited better weed control, had lower vertical growth rate, and provided an aesthetically pleasant, persistent, and sustainable vegetative ground cover than other swards, and can be utilised as a low-input species.     

生草对黄淮地区苹果园土壤理化性质和微生物的影响

以"烟富3号"苹果园土壤为试材,采用人工播种生草栽培方法,研究多年生人工种植草类对黄淮地区苹果园常规养分和微生物数量的影响,以期为构建合理的土壤管理模式提供参考依据。结果表明:在蛇莓、匍枝委陵菜、五皮风、三叶草和黑麦草5种生草处理中,种植三叶草的园区土壤养分含量和微生物数量有最高值,其表层土壤有机质含量23.70 g·kg^-1,全氮0.66 g·kg^-1,有效磷28.03 mg·kg^-1,速效钾19.60 mg·kg^-1;底层土壤有机质含量12.31 g·kg^-1,全氮0.36 g·kg^-1,有效磷4.76 mg·kg^-1,速效钾104.05 mg·kg^-1;表层土壤细菌数量10.75×106 cfu·g-1,真菌数量4.96×104 cfu·g-1,放线菌数量6.73×105 cfu·g-1。黄淮地区苹果园选择三叶草进行生草栽培更利于土壤的培肥和果树的生长。     

黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分影响

 对黄土高原渭北旱地苹果园生草土壤养分测定结果表明：生草能提高0～60cm土层有机质含量,种植禾本科牧草有机质年积累0.1%,种植豆科牧草年积累0.15%;随生草年限的增加较深土层土壤有机质趋于增加。生草对N、P、K营养的影响主要表现在0～40cm土层,生草的前期土壤养分消耗大于积累,全N、全P、全K的演变呈现“S”型的演变过程,生草能提高0～40Cm土层水解N、速效P及速效K含量,黑麦草活化P的作用大于白三叶,而白三叶活化N的作用大于黑麦草。随着生草年限的增加,苹果产量及品质得到提高。     

河北省苹果园生草现状及土壤-树体-果实的综合效应

为明确河北省苹果园行间生草现状,探究草种适应性,为河北省果园生草栽培技术的推广与应用提供依据。采用调研的方法探究河北省果园行间生草的现状;在邢台市浆水镇富士苹果园,设置清耕、苜蓿、白三叶和自然生草4个处理,测定土壤有机质、无机氮、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、储水量和土壤酶活性等土壤性状,分析叶绿素、叶面积和新梢长等树体生长指标以及产量、果实品质。结果表明,河北省果园以清耕管理为主,生草园占31.96%,其中自然生草园占25.77%,人工生草园占6.19%;自然生草园草种选择更多样化;果农对生草认知缺乏且获知途径单一。自然生草显著提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤有机质的积累,分别为15.46 g/kg和8.85 g/kg;苜蓿与白三叶显著增加了0～20 cm土层土壤无机氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,且对0～40 cm土层储水量有显著影响。白三叶与自然生草显著提高叶片叶绿素SPAD值,苜蓿与自然生草则显著增加了叶面积,苜蓿与白三叶显著增加了新梢长,连续6年生草老园叶绿素SPAD值(58.96)、叶面积(18.57cm²)以及新梢长(28.00 cm)均显著高于其他处理。苜蓿、白三叶与自然生草显著增产7.21%～13.40%。连续6年生草老园果实Vc(182.20 mg/kg)和可溶性糖(16.93%)显著高于各处理,可滴定酸(0.309%)显著低于清耕。河北省生草技术普及度低,行间种植苜蓿与白三叶能改善土壤性状、促进树体生长,改善果品品质、增加果品产出,因此推荐河北省苹果园种植豆科植物苜蓿和白三叶。     

葡萄园不同土壤管理模式对土壤理化性状及细菌群落的影响

在山东省蓬莱市瑞枫·奥塞斯葡萄基地检测了连续7年清耕、使用除草剂、自然生草、种植狗牙草和种植高羊茅对土壤理化性状和细菌群落的影响。结果表明:相比于清耕,其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤容重,以种植高羊茅最为明显;除种植狗牙草显著提高土壤p H值外,其他3种土壤管理模式对土壤p H值无显著性影响;其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤电导率,以自然生草最明显,降幅达48.1%;生草不同程度地提高了土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量,使用除草剂对氮磷钾含量无显著影响,而使有机质含量降低了39.6%。与清耕相比,生草和使用除草剂均增加了土壤微生物数量和群落多样性,以种植狗牙草的土壤细菌OTU数量和多样性最高;生草提高了土壤有益菌丰度,降低了有害菌丰度,总体上看以种植狗牙草效果最为突出;使用除草剂显著降低了大多数有益菌丰度。对土壤最主要的30个细菌菌落而言,不同土壤管理模式对其产生了不同影响,高羊茅和除草剂对微生物菌属的影响最接近,狗牙草对微生物菌属的影响与其他2种草差异较大。总之,生草模式优于清耕和使用除草剂,不同草种各具优势。     

Biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen in cool-season turfgrass systems

Managed turf areas are both a source and a sink for greenhouse gases (GHGs). Management practices, including turfgrass selection and mowing, influence the amount of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stored in the soil, as well as the associated GHG emissions. The objective of this research was to determine the net C and N balance (i.e. the amount of C and N stored less the amount emitted) of managed turfgrass systems with different grasses (species and cultivars) and management practices (mowing frequency and grass clippings management). Data explicitly quantified in this experiment include annual mowing requirements and accompanying GHG emissions, annual dry matter yield, soil C and N accumulation, and GHG flux of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) cultivars with varying growth rates. Leaf, verdure, and root tissue C and N were also determined, along with the corresponding biomass. Estimations of emissions from fertilization, irrigation, and pesticide applications were also included in the net balance calculations.All of the turfgrasses and management practices in this experiment resulted in a system-wide net C sink, though the magnitude of the sink varied by turfgrass selection and management strategy. In general, higher-yielding grasses and management practices increased soil C but also increased mowing requirements and thus emissions. Returning grass clippings was found to increase yield, soil and leaf tissue N, and soil C, but it also marginally increased mowing requirements. The results of this experiment support the assertion that managed turfgrass areas can act as a net C sink to help curb the increasing atmospheric GHG concentrations. The C sequestration potential of managed turfgrass is another of the numerous functional benefits of urban grasslands.     

高羊茅EST-SSR标记开发及遗传多样性分析

采用从其他作物转移与利用自身EST序列设计两种方法为高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea L.）开发EST-SSR分子标记,并利用所开发标记对高羊茅品种（系）进行遗传多样性分析。利用来自小麦、大麦、玉米、高粱和水稻的732对EST-SSR在高羊茅上进行通用性分析,得到406个有效的扩增引物对（55.46%）。利用高羊茅EST数据库（GenBank/dbEST）中63 853条EST序列进行微卫星序列的查找,共发现包含微卫星的EST序列420条,占整个EST总数的0.658%。其中三核苷酸基序出现频率最高（43.33%）,次之为二核苷酸基序（33.57%）。二核苷酸基序以CT/GA出现频率最高（16.90%）,三核苷酸基序以CAG/GTC出现的频率最高（10.63%）。进一步运用Primer 5.0软件设计了108个引物对,并交上海桑尼公司合成。PCR检测表明,92个引物对（85.19%）在高羊茅中均可以扩增出稳定清晰的带型。从498对（其中5种作物的406对,高羊茅的92对）有效扩增的EST-SSR引物中随机选取81对引物,对12个高羊茅品种（系）进行扩增。79个引物对显示出多态性（97.53%）。共检测到133个等位变异,平均每对引物有1.68个等位变异;多态性信息含量（PIC）值最高为0.66,最低为0.14,平均为0.48。聚类分析结果表明,12份材料在相似系数为0.61处可分为5大类：第Ⅰ类为‘爆发力’和‘法思’;第Ⅱ类为‘强劲’、‘家园’和‘翠碧A’;第Ⅲ类为‘可其思3号’和‘凌志’;第Ⅳ类为‘雅典娜2号’、‘美洲虎3号’、‘火凤凰’和‘TF160’;‘球道’单独为第Ⅴ类。     

The use of native turf mixtures to approach sustainable lawn in urban landscapes

Native grasses are excellent candidate species for manipulation to produce dwarf and turf type varieties as well as for producing cultivars with higher attractiveness and requiring less maintenance to be used as a turf grass in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This investigation was conducted to explore visual qualities of native grasses and their mixtures compared to commercial turf. The field experiment was set out in a split-plot in time based on a randomized experimental design with three replications. We used two native monoculture accessions, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Yarand’) and (Lolium perenne L. ‘Shadegan’), Native low-variety Mixture (NM1): consisting of 50% Lolium multiflorum ‘Shadegan’? 50% Festuca spp. ‘Shadegan’, Native high-variety Mixture (NM2): consisting of 55% Lolium perenne L. ‘Yarand’? 35% Lolium perenne L. ‘Shadegan’? 5% L. multiflorum ‘Shadegan’ and 5% Festuca spp. ‘Shadegan’ and compared this with one commercial turf mixture that is commonly used in landscaping. Results indicated the effects of seasons and turf grass types and their interaction had significant effects on most variables including quality, season color, leaf texture, density, quality after clipping (p < 0.01). The visual quality measurements indicated the superiority of L. perenne ‘Shadegan’ over other native monoculture and polyculture and its ablility to compete with the commercial turf. The native turf mixture of NM2 showed several good characteristics. L. perenne ‘Yarand’ had statistically the lowest score for visual appeal as compared with the other turf types. This research suggests that the use of native grass species of L. perenne ‘Shadegan’ is worth investigating for better performance of the native landscape.     

黄河故道地区梨园生草栽培的生态效应

为了探讨生草对梨园栽培生态效应的影响,在梨园种植了不同的牧草,测定0～100cm不同土层的含水量、有机质质量分数、全N、速效P、速效K质量分数及土壤的pH值,同时,对果园的生物多样性、环境温、湿度变化进行观察。结果表明,生草降低了梨园土壤含水量,果树与草主要在0～60cm土层存在水分竞争;增加了0～20cm耕作层土壤有机质及N质量分数,种植白三叶可增加土壤K的质量分数,种植紫花苜蓿可增加土壤P的质量分数,pH值总体是降低的;20～80cm土层土壤有机质质量分数等指标均降低。生草可增加龟纹瓢虫、草蛉等天敌的数量,使环境温度下降2～3℃,湿度增加10%～15%,减轻了梨树病虫害的发生。梨园生草初期,应加强灌溉,并注意合理施肥。不同牧草应混合种植。