色素万寿菊品比试验与相关分析

在露地栽培了9个品种的色素万寿菊,调查其株高、茎粗、株幅、花径、产量等指标,并对这些性状进行相关分析,结果表明:Ⅲ号品种的产量最高,各项形态指标优良,适合露地种植;Ⅰ和Ⅵ号产量虽次于Ⅲ号品种,其它形态指标与Ⅲ号品种相差不多;Ⅸ和Ⅷ号品种产量最低,其余品种表现介于Ⅵ和Ⅸ号之间;小区产量与株高、花径、平均花瓣层数呈极显著正相关,与株幅、单株花数呈显著相关.     

离子注入法诱变菊花及嵌合体分离的研究

采用离子注入的方法对2个地被菊品种自交种子进行辐射处理,对后代的种子发芽率,株高,冠幅,花色和花径等进行观察统计。结果表明:经过处理后的菊花形状均发生变异,M1代平均株高明显矮化冠幅增大;花径与亲本相比发生广泛分离,性状变异率在8%左右。在Fe~+注入株中出现花色嵌合体的现象,该嵌合体的特征是一朵花上出现2种颜色的相嵌现象,并且通过组培技术对嵌合体进行分离得到与母株性状相同花色不同的新菊花品种。     

芥蓝×甘蓝的F2群体抽薹期性状QTLs的RAPD标记

 利用芥蓝C1 12×甘蓝秋缸Ⅵ杂交组合的F2作图群体的RAPD标记连锁图进行了19个农艺学性状的QTL定位研究，在9个连锁群上共定位了28个QTL位点。其中控制抽薹期、开花期、株高(4月27日调查)的QTL各3个；控制伸展度、株高(4月20日调查)、叶柄长QTL各2个；控制茎高、叶数、叶宽(4月27日调查)的QTL各1个；控制叶宽(5月11日调查)的QTL有5个。     

色素万寿菊主要数量性状的配合力分析

按(P1×P2)不完全双列杂交设计,分析了7份亲本材料的产量、单花重、花瓣层数、单株花数、株高、花径和株幅7个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力.结果表明:亲本材料6W2和W309的一般配合力较高,是两个综合性状优良的亲本;组合6W2×W312在产量、单花重、花瓣层数、花数性状上表现出较优的配合力效应,是一个优良组合.     

三色堇F1代品种选育及性状比较

选用9个自交系进行杂交试验,调查F1代各品种发芽、开花习性及株高、冠幅、花色、花径、花葶长等指标,比较其性状,分析其遗传表现。结果表明:杂交组合13×15综合性状较好,植株低矮、紧凑,冠幅大,花葶短,花径中等且花朵繁密;10×02表现较差,没有突出优点,尤其花葶较长,株形松散,观赏性差。杂交后代株高、冠幅均大于双亲,选择亲本时要注意不能选择过高的材料;花径、单株花数均介于双亲之间,单株花数更接近于多花亲本;花葶长总体表现与亲本差异不大,介于双亲之间或略大于双亲。     

番茄壮苗指数与影响因素通径分析

本文选用济南粉红、强力米寿、强丰、中蔬4号、中蔬6号、汉恩茨、黄珍珠及早丰等8个番茄品种,对适龄秧苗进行根数、胚轴长、茎高、茎粗、叶数、开展度、全株鲜重、全株干重及壮苗指数等9种性状间的相关分析和壮苗指数影响因素的通径分析,结果表明:番茄秧苗各性状间具有密切的相关性,而各影响因素对壮苗指数的相关系数及通径系数具有明显差异。其相关系数的大小依次为全株干重(0.9183)、全株鲜重(0.8338)、茎粗(0.8018)、根数(0.6477)、开展度(0.5935)、叶数(0.5396)、茎高(0.4497)、胚轴长(-0.3411),相关程度均达到极显著水平;通径系数的大小依次为全株干重(0.9562)、茎粗(0.3337)、根数(0.3023)、全株鲜重(-0.1954)、茎高(-0.1750)、胚轴长(0.0707)、叶数(-0.0702)、开展度(-0.0323)。并且全株干重、茎粗及根数对壮苗指数具有决定性的正向直接作用,而全株鲜重及茎高则具有决定性的负向直接作用。由此可得结论,番茄壮苗应具备根系发达、茎杆粗壮、株高适宜、干物质含量高而含水量较低等重要指标。     

大白菜主要数量性状主成分分析和聚类分析

主成分分析结果表明:第一主成分为产量因子,其贡献率为41.3%;第2主成分为株高因子,其贡献率为20%;第3主成分为外叶数因子,其贡献率为11.8%;第4主成分为叶球横径因子,其贡献率为9.1%;第5主成分为球叶数因子,其贡献率为7.5%,这五个主成分的累积贡献率达89.7%。本试验利用主成分析结果,采用毛重、株高、外叶数、叶球横径、球叶数等5个性状对48个品种进行聚类分析,共将其分为六大类。在优势育种中,双亲应在遗传距离远的类间进行选择,这将有利于提高杂种优势利用的效果。在类内选择亲本,则有利于对目标性状的改良,适合于重组育种,特别是自交系的选育。     

辣椒花器性状的遗传分析

应用数量遗传学原理,以父本SJ-05-46(Capsicum frutescens L.)、母本为荷兰尖椒(Capsicum annuum L.)及F_1、F_2为供试材料,估算辣椒花器性状的遗传力。结果表明,在6个花器性状中,各花器性状的广义遗传力从大到小依次为:柱头长柱头宽花药长花长花药宽花宽。遗传参数估算表明,6个花器性状遗传有较大的差异,柱头长、柱头宽和花药长遗传力较大。     

大白菜主要数量性状遗传研究

大白菜短茎高遗传变异系数较大,外叶数最小。估算广义遗传力,全叶长、叶柄宽、株幅较大,球茎最小。单株重与全叶宽呈显著正相关,株高与株幅、全叶长、叶柄长,株幅与全叶长、全叶宽、叶柄长,全叶长与全叶宽、叶柄长均呈极显著正相关。在5％的选择率下,以单株重为目标,对其它12个性状的遗传进度进行了估算,其顺序为短茎高—→全叶长—→球叶数—→叶柄厚度—→外叶数—→株高—→球茎—→叶柄长—→株幅—→全叶宽—→短茎粗—→叶柄宽。以单株重与株幅、全叶长、外叶数性状组合选择指数的综合选择效果为最佳。     

西葫芦8个农艺性状的遗传效应分析

 选用性状差异显著的3个西葫芦自交系配制两个杂交组合，对其产量、熟性和株型（株高、叶数、节间距）等农艺性状进行6个不同世代遗传效应分析。结果表明：杂种一代在产量性状方面表现出不同程度的杂种优势；单株结果数、坐果率和第一雌花节位符合加性—显性遗传模型，且第一雌花节位以负向超显性效应为主；株高、叶数、节间距、单果质量和始花期符合加性—显性—上位性遗传模型；控制株高遗传的主要是加性效应，控制始花期的主要是加性和加性×显性上位性效应，控制叶数的主要是加性和显性效应；单果质量的广义遗传力较低。     

60Co-γ辐射对切花菊试管苗的诱变效应

以‘神马’和‘长紫’两个切花菊品种的生根试管苗为试材,用60Co-γ射线进行辐射,设0（对照）、10、15和20 Gy等4个剂量处理,处理后以茎段和叶片为外植体进行离体培养,分析辐射对腋芽发生率、愈伤组织诱导率和分化率的影响,统计M1代田间主要性状及变异情况。结果表明：γ射线对试管苗茎段和叶片的愈伤组织诱导及分化有明显抑制作用,随着辐射剂量的增加抑制作用加强。不同品种、不同外植体对辐射的敏感程度都存在差异。茎段较叶片更适合做辐射后组培的外植体。‘长紫’M1代株高降低,花径减小;而‘神马’在株高和花径出现略微增加的趋势。茎段和叶片的再生植株田间主要性状的变异程度大于腋芽的再生植株。‘长紫’在花色和瓣形上的变异率高于‘神马’。     

观赏海棠‘王族’自然杂交后代的遗传多样性分析

 利用叶、花形态性状分析及AFLP标记技术,对50份‘王族’（Malus‘Royalty’）观赏海棠的自然杂交后代进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：自然杂交后代叶和花18个形态指标的变异系数在3.44% ~ 42.68%之间,其中托叶长、托叶宽、叶面积、叶片鲜样质量、花瓣宽、花梗长的变异系数在20%以上,多样性特征显著。9对AFLP分子标记引物共扩增得到349条带,其中多态性条带303条,占总数的86.8%。Nei’s遗传多样性指数在0.24 ~ 0.36之间,Shannon信息指数在0.36 ~ 0.53之间。分析认为,‘王族’自然杂交后代不论是在形态水平上还是在分子遗传水平上都具有丰富的多样性,尤其是形态上的差异更为显著。这些变异为观赏海棠选择育种提供了良好材料。     

纬度和海拔对主要苹果品种花芽分化期的影响

花芽分化调控是苹果优质高产高效栽培的关键环节之一,准确把握花芽分化时期是精准调控的前提和基础,为探究纬度和海拔对苹果花芽分化期的影响,在陕西省杨凌示范区、甘肃省静宁县和四川省茂县3个苹果产区,用摘叶和摘果的方法研究了茂县(海拔1 425、1 680和2 050 m)、静宁(海拔1 601 m)‘长富2号’苹果,杨凌地区(海拔525 m)‘长富2号’、‘烟富6号’、‘嘎拉’和‘秦冠’苹果的花芽分化差异。结果表明:在杨凌地区花芽生理分化的时间为‘长富2号’56 d,‘烟富6号’49 d,‘嘎拉’56 d,‘秦冠’42 d。在茂县不同海拔试验点,‘长富2号’花芽生理分化期持续的时间长短为低海拔高海拔(海拔1 425 m试验点为75 d,1 680 m为70 d,2 050 m为65 d)。‘长富2号’在不同地区,花芽分化持续时间的长短为低纬度高纬度[茂县(31o33′N)为70 d,杨凌(34o18′N)为56 d,静宁(35o41′N)为49 d]。枝条停长时间与花芽分化密切相关,枝条停长越晚越不易形成花芽。在高纬度和高海拔地区枝条停长晚,但是花芽分化持续时间相对短。‘嘎拉’和‘长富2号’花芽分化从6月初开始至10月底分为6个时期,每个时期有明显的特征,各个时期相互交叉重叠;‘长富2号’各分化时期比‘嘎拉’开始的早,结束的晚,并且持续时间长,相对分散,认为这可能与富士苹果成花难有关。     

Effects of high temperature on flower colour and anthocyanin content in pink flower genotypes of greenhouse chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

Summary

The relationship between the intensity of flower colour and changes in the content of the main anthocyanins under various controlled temperatures was examined in order to clarify the effects of high temperature on flower colouration in six pink flower genotypes of greenhouse chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Poor colouration of flowers was observed at 30°C in all genotypes except ‘Chatoo’. This genotype showed little difference in flower colour between different temperature treatments. The degree of change in flower colour differed depending on the genotype, whereas no clear differences in flower colouring were observed between Summer – Autumn flowering and Autumn-flowering genotypes. All genotypes showed lower contents of the two anthocyanins tested [cyanidin 3-O-(6’’-O-monomalonyl- -glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3’’,6’’-O-dimalonyl- -glucopyranoside)] at higher temperatures. Therefore, flower colour changes were attributable to changes in these two main anthocyanins. Differences in colouration between genotypes and temperature conditions were also detectable in values that were measured using a colorimeter. Changed parameters that were visually verifiable were the a* value, representing the degree of red colour, and the C* value, representing chroma. For ‘Sei-Monako’, which showed visually greater differences between temperature treatments, the a* and C* values were low under high temperature conditions. On the other hand, in ‘Chatoo’, the differences detected by eye and those in a* and C* values between temperature treatments were small. In addition, the present results indicate that mean temperature is more important than either day or night temperature in determining the degree of flower colouration.     

The temperature and photoperiod regulation of flowering and runnering in the strawberries,Fragaria chiloensis,F. virginiana,and F. x ananassa

The temperature and photoperiod interactions of a number of elite genotypes of Fragaria virginiana, F. x ananassa, and F. chiloensis were studied in a series of growth chamber experiments. Several parameters were evaluated including: (1) the critical day-length (CDL) for flowering of short day (SD) genotypes under 8, 9, 10, and 11 h days at 18 °C, (2) the floral and runnering response of single and multiple cropping genotypes under 8 and 16 h days at 18 °C, and (3) the effect of temperature on flower bud formation in day-neutral (DN) genotypes held at 18, 22, 26, and 30 °C under 12 h day-lengths. The same number of flowers were initiated under 15 and 30 day induction periods, regardless of photoperiod. Frederick 9, LH 50-4 and RH 30 (F. virginiana), ‘Aromas’ and ‘Tribute’ (F. x ananassa) and CFRA 0368 of F. chiloensis flowered under both long days (LDs) and SDs; while Eagle-14 (F. virginiana), ‘Fort Laramie’ and ‘Quinalt’ (F. x ananassa) flowered only under long days. While those genotypes that flowered under both LD and SD can be considered day-neutral, they varied in the degree of floral response to the two photoperiods. CFRA 0368 and Frederick 9 produced the same number of flowers under both LDs and SDs, while ‘Aromas’ and ‘Tribute’ had more flowers under LDs and RH 30 had more under SDs. Of the DN genotypes, LH 50-4 and RH 30 were the only ones that produced runners under SDs. Flowering in ‘Fort Laramie’ was least affected of any genotype by high temperature, although its dry weight was negatively impacted. Based on these data, several genotypes show promise as breeding parents: CFRA 0368 and Frederick 9 to equalize flower production under LD and SD conditions, LH 50-4 and RH 30 to produce more freely runnering DNs, and ‘Fort Laramie’ for floral heat tolerance.     

绣线菊18份材料观赏性状与RAPD标记的关联分析

利用208个RAPD标记,通过关联作图对18份绣线菊（Spiraea L.）材料的基因组进行扫描,分析其群体结构,进行28个观赏性状观测值与标记的关联分析。结果表明：18份绣线菊材料可分为6个亚群;全群体共有23个标记与16个观赏性状关联,其中5个标记同时与2个或多个性状关联;发掘出观赏性状优异关联标记7条（s5-2、s152-6、s1216-1等）及其载体品种,这些标记与观赏性状中的花期（s5-2等2个）、彩叶期（s1049-9等2个）、开花生物学特征（s22-1等7个）、花色（s103-9等3个）、花瓣形态（s22-7）等性状关联;载体品种包括‘金焰’绣线菊、‘金山’绣线菊、珍珠绣线菊、日本绣线菊及石蚕叶绣线菊等。     

Phenolic Compounds,Antioxidant Activity,Fatty Acids and Volatile Profiles of 18 Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars and Genotypes

The study was carried out to determine phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total lipids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 18 different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in Usak province, Turkey. The biochemical compounds were identified for each cultivar and genotype and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The results showed that most of the biochemical compounds are significantly varying among each other (p?<?0.05). The existence and abundance of the biochemical compounds in the cultivars and genotypes have not only found to be a cause of differentiation, but they have been important parameters for the similarities among the cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity ranged from 750.67 to 1245.64?mg GAE ml^?1 and from 42.46 to 56.50% in kernels, respectively. The highest contents of the phenolic compounds were noted from gallic acid (11991?mg kg^?1), ellagic acid (1057.16?mg kg^?1), catechin (425.4?mg kg^?1), and rutin (216.6?mg kg^?1), as an average of all cultivars and genotypes. The highest lipid contents were noted from ‘Franquette’ and ‘Fernette’ as 64.28% and 63.26%, respectively, while the lowest content was noted from ‘Oguzlar 77’ (52.52%). A total of 42 VOCs were described from the 18 different walnut cultivars and genotypes. Overall, results showed that the phenolic profiles, fatty acids composition, and VOCs play an important role in similarities and diversities among the cultivars. According to the results, 7 different clusters were developed from the 18 cultivars and genotypes. Herein, ‘Fernor’, ‘Maras 18’, ‘Arslan Local Type’ and ‘Cisco’ cultivars were found to have the lowest biochemical compositions. The superior cultivars or genotypes, in terms of the abundance of the biochemical composition, were found to be ‘Gulizar Hanim Type’, ‘Lara’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Tulane’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Balkan’ and ‘Franquetta’, where they were found to develop 3 clusters by 1:3:3, respectively.

     

乙烯对‘班克海尔’和‘杨妃出浴’芍药切花开放和衰老的影响

以‘班克海尔’和‘杨妃出浴’芍药切花为试材,研究了乙烯利处理对切花开放和衰老的影响;同时从中克隆得到乙烯生物合成和信号转导的9个关键基因PlACS、PlACO、PlACO5、PlETR1、PlERS1、PlETR2、PlEIN4、PlCTR1和PlEIN3,利用qRT-PCR分析这些基因的表达模式。结果表明：‘班克海尔’正常瓶插寿命长于‘杨妃出浴’,两品种均对乙烯敏感;乙烯利明显促进‘班克海尔’花朵开放和衰老进程,抑制‘杨妃出浴’花朵开放进程,并且出现僵花、衰老萎蔫。基因序列分析表明,乙烯合成和信号转导基因在两种切花品种中高度保守,保守性在98%以上。qRT-PCR分析表明,瓶插12 ~ 36 h,乙烯诱导两品种中除PlEIN3外的所有基因上调。瓶插0 ~ 12 h,‘杨妃出浴’中9个基因表达量均较高,内源乙烯合成和乙烯信号转导较为活跃,而在24 ~ 36 h,外源乙烯使‘班克海尔’乙烯生物合成基因表达量升高,乙烯信号转导基因表达量普遍高于‘杨妃出浴’。推测‘杨妃出浴’自身合成乙烯的时间较早,对乙烯的反应比‘班克海尔’更为敏感,‘班克海尔’乙烯反应类型可能为末期上升型,而‘杨妃出浴’为乙烯跃变型;两种芍药切花对乙烯的敏感程度以及花朵开放和衰老进程不同,可能与其乙烯生物合成和信号转导相关基因表达模式不同有关。     

马铃薯四倍体栽培品种花药培养及再生植株的鉴定

以马铃薯四倍体栽培品种讷16、波C、克新13号和扎列娃为试材进行花药培养,研究不同基因型花药培养的效率及再生植株的鉴定。结果表明：花蕾外部形态与小孢子的发育阶段呈对应关系,可据此确定取材时期;讷16的愈伤组织诱导率和分化率最高,分别达到27.60 %和6.04 %;双单倍体植株的生长势、叶色、薯形等性状与亲本差异明显。     

越橘FWL/PLAC8家族基因特征及表达分析

以高丛越橘(Vaccinium corymbosum)大果型品种‘奥尼尔’和小果型品种‘蓝雨’为试材,测定花芽膨大与果实发育期间生长曲线及成熟果实的部分生理指标;开展包含PLAC8保守结构域的FWL(fruit weight like)基因全基因组鉴定与序列分析,并应用实时荧光定量PCR法检测VcFWL/PLAC8基因亚家族成员在花芽膨大与果实发育进程中的相对表达水平。结果表明:‘奥尼尔’果实单果质量与横径自S2期起均显著高于‘蓝雨’,其成熟果实中心室数、单果种子数及种子质量也显著高于‘蓝雨’果实。越橘VcFWL/PLAC8家族包含11个成员,分布于10条染色体上,结构分析显示这些基因均包含2～3个外显子。大部分VcFWL/PLAC8基因包含高度保守的结构域,聚类分析可将其分为3个亚家族,其中B和C亚家族成员间高度保守。qPCR分析表明A与C亚家族基因的表达模式和越橘花芽与果实发育进程中细胞增殖趋势一致,B亚家族基因的表达丰度较低,推测VcFWL/PLAC8基因可能通过不同的机制和途径参与调控果实的生长发育。