The effect of Cd2+ on lipid components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds

The effect of seven levels of Cd²⁺ viz. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 ppm (µg/g soil) supplied as cadmium chloride, on lipid components of sunflower seeds was studied in a pot experiment. The total and neutral lipids decreased while polar lipids (phospho and glycolipids) increased with the increasing levels of Cd²⁺. Oleic acid and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in the total, polar and neutral lipid fractions. Oleic acid generally increased while linoleic acid decreased in all the lipid fractions with Cd²⁺ levels. The neutral lipid fraction had higher levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acid as compared to the total and polar lipid fractions. The plant dry weight and seed yield decreased whereas cadmium concentration in seeds increased consistently with increasing Cd²⁺ levels.     

Fatty Acids, Sterols, Phenols and Antioxidant Activity of Phoenix theophrasti Fruits Growing in Crete, Greece

In the present study we report the chemical composition of the Cretan Phoenix theophrasti Gr. fruits, in comparison with dates, from its close relative Phoenix dactylifera L. for their nutritional value and their potential exploitation as a source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, lipids and polyphenols. The non polar dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) extract of the fruits was analysed by several techniques (TLC, CC, GC and GC-MS) and was found to consist mainly from fatty acids, hydrocarbons and phytosterols. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, 12.49% of total saponifiables, while β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, 29.46% of total unsaponifiable lipid fraction. The polar methanolic extract was examined for its total phenolic content, by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, as well as for its antioxidant activity through DPPH assay, in comparison with previous studies on the fruits of several Phoenix dactylifera varieties. This fraction was found to possess strong antioxidant activity despite its lower content of phenolic compounds in comparison with previously studied Phoenix dactylifera specimens.     

低浓度Pb2+对Cd2+污染下冬小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

为给土壤重金属复合污染条件下冬小麦生长发育安全性和稳定性的正确评价提供科学依据,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)方法研究了低于国家"土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)"规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值(350.0mg.kg-1干土,pH>7.5)时的Pb2+对Cd2+污染下冬小麦幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶表达的影响。结果表明,在冬小麦幼苗3周龄时,土壤Cd2+污染对其POD同工酶的表达表现出抑制效应,其中10.0mg.kg-1干土的Cd2+抑制作用最强;除50.0和80.0mg.kg-1干土的Pb2+可分别减缓5.0和10.0mg.kg-1干土的Cd2+对POD表达的抑制作用外,其他浓度的Pb2+表现出与Cd2+协同抑制POD表达的现象。在冬小麦幼苗7周龄时,土壤Cd2+浓度超过10.0mg.kg-1干土后对POD同工酶表达表现为抑制效应,且表达量随着Cd2+浓度的升高而表现出依次降低的趋势;除120.0和180.0mg.kg-1干土的Pb2+可减缓Cd2+对POD同工酶表达的抑制效应外,其他低浓度的Pb2+与Cd2+均表现出协同抑制POD表达的现象。说明土壤Pb2+浓度低于国家"土壤环境质量标准"规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值350mg.kg-1干土(pH>7.5)时,主要表现为加重Cd2+污染对冬小麦幼苗POD同工酶表达的抑制效应。     

The influence of tuber position on periderm calcium content and its relationship to soft rot susceptibility

Summary Calcium levels in the periderm of tubers (cv. Sebago) growing in irrigated sands were influenced by the stem position at which the tuber grew, but the effect was not consistent over two seasons. Calcium levels were increased at all tuber positions by addition of calcium to soil; combined treatments of gypsum (1400 kg Ca²⁺/ha) pre-plant and calcium nitrate (37 kg Ca²⁺/ha) side dressings gave the greatest response. Percentage incidence of soft rot lesions caused byErwinia chrysanthemi pv.zeae was not influenced by periderm calcium content. The severity of infection (weight of tissue macerated within 48 h at 30°C) was significantly reduced only by the pre-plant gypsum treatment, but there was no correlation with calcium content of the periderm. Calcium levels in periderm tissue (60–208 mg Ca²⁺/100g) are within the range of published data for other cultivars and results support previous reports that the correlation between tuber susceptibility toErwinia spp. and periderm calcium content is inconsistent.     

Lipid composition of lesser known tropical seeds

The lipid content and fatty acid profiles of four lesser known tropical seeds,Piper guineense, Chrysophyllum albidum, Garcinia kola andDennettia tripetala, were determined. The total lipid content (g/kg dry weight) ranged between 31.8 and 68.9. The ranges of values for neutral lipids, triacylglycerol of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were 17.3–58.0, 15.0–49.6, 3.0–7.2 and 3.7–11.2, respectively. The fatty acid profiles showed variation among different seeds. All the seeds contained substantial amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic and linoleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids.Dennettia tripetala andPiper guineense also contained moderate amounts of linolenic acid.     

Puroindolines co-localize to the starch granule surface and increase seed bound polar lipid content

Endosperm texture in wheat is controlled by the Pina and Pinb genes that comprise the Hardness (Ha) locus. Studies have shown that soft and hard varieties differ in the amount of starch bound polar lipids but have not addressed whether PINs are directly involved and whether the presence of one particular PIN affects seed polar lipid levels and cellular localization. Here, we determined the effect of overexpressing PINA or PINB on seed bound polar lipids and PIN localization. F₃ recombinants homozygous for either a Pina or Pinb null Ha locus with or lacking a transgenically added Pina or Pinb were analyzed for grain hardness, PIN abundance, and seed bound polar lipid levels. Overexpressed PINs resulted in reduced hardness, increased starch bound PINs, and increased seed bound polar lipids. Addition of PINA to the PINA nulls or PINB to the PINB nulls resulted in higher bound polar lipid levels than the addition of the alternative PIN. Both PINs localized to the starch surface in the presence or absence of the other protein. Our results indicate that PIN overexpression results in reduced endosperm texture and increased seed bound polar lipids and that PINs independently localize to the surface of starch granules.     

Polar lipids of sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polar lipids in sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed is reported in the present study. Ten classes of polar lipids i.e. phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, digalactosyl diglyceride, monogalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside and free fatty acids have been identified. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol formed the major phosphatide fractions. Only four fatty acids i.e. palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were present in measurable amounts in the total polar lipids. There was a great variation in the fatty acid composition in different classes of polar lipids. Arachidic acid was present in all the individual phosphatide fractions. Phosphatidyl glycerol was highly unsaturated followed by esterified sterolglycoside, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine + phosphatidyl glycerol, diphosphatidyl glycerol and monogalactosyl diglyceride.     

Evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">sawah</Emphasis> rice management system in an inland valley in southeastern Nigeria. I: Soil chemical properties and rice yield

Failures in agricultural development in parts of West Africa may have been caused by the inability of the farmers to develop the abundant inland valleys for cultivation of such crops like rice, using appropriate water management systems. An inland valley in southeastern Nigeria was used to evaluate the influence of sawah and non-sawah water management using inorganic and organic soil amendments on the soil chemical properties and rice grain yield. Soil chemical properties tested were soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Others were CEC, percent base saturation and exchangeable acidity while the grain yield of rice was also measured. The soils are loose, low in pH and poor in plant nutrient elements. In spite of that, the sawah-managed system was able to improve the pH of the soil by raising it slightly both in the first and second year of planting. Generally, essential plant nutrients such as exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, including fertility index like the CEC, were improved within sawah management within the period. Also, rice grain yield increased significantly (5.62 and 6.25 tons/ha in the first year and 5.32 and 6.53 tons/ha in the second year for non-sawah and sawah, respectively) with sawah system such that about 11 and 23% yield increases were obtained in sawah over the non-sawah in the two years, respectively. Although organic carbon can be used to explain the variation in total grain yield in the first year, it was the CEC that explained the total grain yield in the second year. The study revealed the superiority of sawah over non-sawah in the production of lowland rice in an inland valley in southeastern Nigeria.     

Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of the less known pulses,Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal andVigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.

The seeds ofVigna aconitifolia andVigna vexillata were analysed for proximate composition, minerals, seed protein fractions, amino acids, fatty acids, and antinutritional factors. Both the pulses were found to be rich sources of proteins and minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn.Vigna aconitifolia seeds exhibited fairly high levels of crude lipid. The most limiting essential amino acids in both the pulses were the sulphur-amino acids, cystine, and methionine. Threonine inV. aconitifolia and phenylalanine and tyrosine inV. vexillata occurred in higher quantities when compared with WHO/FAO requirement pattern. Oleic acid and palmitic acid inV. aconitifolia and linoleic acid and palmitic acid inV. vexillata lipids were found to be the predominant fatty acids. The tannin content of both the pulses was negligible compared with the domesticated legumes. The other antinutritional factors like total free phenols, L-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity were also analysed/assayed.     

Puroindolines are associated with decreased polar lipid breakdown during wheat seed development

The wheat Hardness (Ha) locus consists of Puroindoline a (Pina) and Puroindoline b (Pinb) and controls whether wheat is soft or hard textured. PINA and PINB act cooperatively to create grain softness and are associated with increased polar lipids at seed maturity. Here we examined developing seeds varying in PINA or PINB content to identify when polar lipid differences occur. One population carried Wild Type (WT) PINA while varying for the presence of PINB, while the other population carried a WT PINB and segregated for PINA. For the PINB segregating population, polar lipids were maximal on a per mg dry weight basis at 7–14 days after anthesis (DAA) while for PINA segregating population, total polar lipids were maximal at 7–21 DAA. The most abundant polar lipids at maturity were mono- and di- galactosyldiglyceride. No individual polar lipid species were specific to PINA or PINB. The effect of both PINA and PINB increased throughout seed development with greater decreases in the most abundant polar lipids in genotypes lacking either PINA or PINB. The results indicate that PINA and PINB act cooperatively to prevent polar lipid breakdown during seed maturation and that this process is central to the development of grain softness.     

Polar Lipids Composition,Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Atlantic Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu

Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, 1941, is a red seaweed widely used for food in Japan and Korea which was recorded on the Atlantic Coast of Europe about twenty years ago. This seaweed presents eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in its lipid fraction, a feature that sparked the interest on its potential applications. In seaweeds, PUFAs are mostly esterified to polar lipids, emerging as healthy phytochemicals. However, to date, these biomolecules are still unknown for G. turuturu. The present work aimed to identify the polar lipid profile of G. turuturu, using modern lipidomics approaches based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The health benefits of polar lipids were identified by health lipid indices and the assessment of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The polar lipids profile identified from G. turuturu included 205 lipid species distributed over glycolipids, phospholipids, betaine lipids and phosphosphingolipids, which featured a high number of lipid species with EPA and PUFAs. The nutritional value of G. turuturu has been shown by its protein content, fatty acyl composition and health lipid indices, thus confirming G. turuturu as an alternative source of protein and lipids. Some of the lipid species assigned were associated to biological activity, as polar lipid extracts showed antioxidant activity evidenced by free radical scavenging potential for the 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS^●+) radical (IC₅₀ ca. 130.4 μg mL⁻¹) and for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^●) radical (IC₂₅ ca. 129.1 μg mL⁻¹) and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme (IC₅₀ ca. 33 µg mL⁻¹). Both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were detected using a low concentration of extracts. This integrative approach contributes to increase the knowledge of G. turuturu as a species capable of providing nutrients and bioactive molecules with potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.     

Effects of soil solarization on soil-borne populations ofPythium aphanidermatum andFusarium solani and on the potato crop in Tunisia

Summary Soil solarization by mulching with polyethylene for 60 days during summer in Tunisia, was effective in reducing dramatically to a depth of 30 cm inoculum levels ofFusarium solani (Fs) from 3,000 to 450 propagules gram⁻¹ of dry soil. Population densities ofPythium aphanidermatum (Pa) were reduced from 1,700 and 3,000 to 0.5 and 1 propagule gram⁻¹ of dry soil in the top 15 cm and at 1–30 cm depth, respectively. After a subsequent autumn potato crop, populations ofPa remained very low in the previously solarized soil whereas propagule density in non-solarized soils was similar to the initial density. Also, inoculum level ofFs increased by 40% in nonsolarized soils while it remained unchanged in solarized soils, suggesting microbial processes that prevented soil reinfestation. All the annual weeds were eradicated by solar heating but not the perennial weedConvolvulus arvensis. Potato plant growth and yields were improved in solarized plots.     

Ethanol Extraction of Polar Lipids from Nannochloropsis oceanica for Food,Feed, and Biotechnology Applications Evaluated Using Lipidomic Approaches

Nannochloropsis oceanica can accumulate lipids and is a good source of polar lipids, which are emerging as new value-added compounds with high commercial value for the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Some applications may limit the extraction solvents, such as food applications that require safe food-grade solvents, such as ethanol. However, the effect of using ethanol as an extraction solvent on the quality of the extracted polar lipidome, compared to other more traditional methods, is not yet well established. In this study, the polar lipid profile of N. oceanica extracts was obtained using different solvents, including chloroform/methanol (CM), dichloromethane/methanol (DM), dichloromethane/ethanol (DE), and ethanol (E), and evaluated by modern lipidomic methods using LC-MS/MS. Ultrasonic bath (E + USB)- and ultrasonic probe (E + USP)-assisted methodologies were implemented to increase the lipid extraction yields using ethanol. The polar lipid signature and antioxidant activity of DM, E + USB, and E + USP resemble conventional CM, demonstrating a similar extraction efficiency, while the DE and ethanol extracts were significantly different. Our results showed the impact of different extraction solvents in the polar lipid composition of the final extracts and demonstrated the feasibility of E + USB and E + USP as safe and food-grade sources of polar lipids, with the potential for high-added-value biotechnological applications.     

重金属Pb2+、Cd2+胁迫对青稞幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

为了解重金属对青稞幼苗的伤害机理以及青稞对重金属胁迫的抗性作用,以青稞幼苗为实验材料,采用水培方法研究了50 mg·L^-1 Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫对青稞幼苗叶片相对含水量（RWC）、丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,50 mg·L^-1 Pb²⁺ 胁迫下青稞幼苗的叶片相对含水量（RWC）变化不大,丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在胁迫后期有所升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在前期升高比较明显,其后缓慢下降。50 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺胁迫下青稞幼苗叶片RWC明显减少,MDA含量显著增加,脯氨酸含量先急剧升高后下降,POD、CAT活性随着胁迫时间的增加而显著增强,其中CAT活性在胁迫末期稍有下降,SOD活性先明显升高后下降。综合来看,青稞幼苗在受到相同浓度Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫时,对Pb²⁺的抵抗能力大于Cd²⁺。     

Optimization of Medium Using Response Surface Methodology for Lipid Production by Scenedesmus sp.

Lipid production is an important indicator for assessing microalgal species for biodiesel production. In this work, the effects of medium composition on lipid production by Scenedesmus sp. were investigated using the response surface methodology. The results of a Plackett–Burman design experiment revealed that NaHCO₃, NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O and NaNO₃ were three factors significantly influencing lipid production, which were further optimized by a Box–Behnken design. The optimal medium was found to contain 3.07 g L⁻¹ NaHCO₃, 15.49 mg L⁻¹ NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O and 803.21 mg L⁻¹ NaNO₃. Using the optimal conditions previously determined, the lipid production (304.02 mg·L⁻¹) increased 54.64% more than that using the initial medium, which agreed well with the predicted value 309.50 mg L⁻¹. Additionally, lipid analysis found that palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) dominantly constituted the algal fatty acids (about 60% of the total fatty acids) and a much higher content of neutral lipid accounted for 82.32% of total lipids, which strongly proved that Scenedesmus sp. is a very promising feedstock for biodiesel production.     

Nutritional and antinutritional components of Canavalia spp. seeds from the west coast sand dunes of India

Seeds of two coastal sand dune wild legumes, Canavalia cathartica and Canavalia maritima from the west coast of India were analyzed for their nutritional and antinutritional properties. The seeds contained 35.5 and 34.1% crude protein, 52.8 and 50.5% crude carbohydrates, 1.3 and 1.7% crude lipids and 3.1 and 3.5% ash content, respectively. Among the minerals, potassium was the highest followed by phosphorus. Globulins and albumins constituted the major seed proteins of both plants. Most of the essential amino acids were at adequate levels. Although the crude lipids were below 2%, the unsaturated fatty acids were high. Seeds did not contain tannins and trypsin inhibitors. The levels of total phenolics were low, but showed high hemagglutination activity. The nutritional properties of these seeds have been compared with other Canavalia spp. and wild unconventional or tribal legumes. Overall, the study results suggest that the seeds of C. cathartica and C. maritima possess potential nutritive value particularly higher protein, essential amino acids and low levels of antinutritional factors. These wild legumes are adapted to low nutrient, high saline and drought conditions of the coastal sand dunes; their conservation and domestication are warranted as potential alternative sources of protein.     

Long-Term Feeding of Chitosan Ameliorates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in a High-Fructose-Diet-Impaired Rat Model of Glucose Tolerance

This study was designed to investigate the effects of long-term feeding of chitosan on plasma glucose and lipids in rats fed a high-fructose (HF) diet (63.1%). Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged seven weeks were used as experimental animals. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) normal group (normal); (2) HF group; (3) chitosan + HF group (HF + C). The rats were fed the experimental diets and drinking water ad libitum for 21 weeks. The results showed that chitosan (average molecular weight was about 3.8 × 10⁵ Dalton and degree of deacetylation was about 89.8%) significantly decreased body weight, paraepididymal fat mass, and retroperitoneal fat mass weight, but elevated the lipolysis rate in retroperitoneal fats of HF diet-fed rats. Supplementation of chitosan causes a decrease in plasma insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-6, and leptin, and an increase in plasma adiponectin. The HF diet increased hepatic lipids. However, intake of chitosan reduced the accumulation of hepatic lipids, including total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) contents. In addition, chitosan elevated the excretion of fecal lipids in HF diet-fed rats. Furthermore, chitosan significantly decreased plasma TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), the TC/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and increased the HDL-C/(LDL-C + VLDL-C) ratio, but elevated the plasma TG and free fatty acids concentrations in HF diet-fed rats. Plasma angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) protein expression was not affected by the HF diet, but it was significantly increased in chitosan-supplemented, HF-diet-fed rats. The high-fructose diet induced an increase in plasma glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, but chitosan supplementation decreased plasma glucose and improved impairment of glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Taken together, these results indicate that supplementation with chitosan can improve the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in a HF-diet-fed rat model.     

Removal of cadmium from rice proteins by soaking with hydrochloric acid or ethylene diamine tetraacetic disodium solutions

In this study, removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺) from rice proteins (RPs) by soaking with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or ethylene diamine tetraacetic disodium (EDTA-2Na) solutions was reported. For HCl-soaking, Cd²⁺ removal reached equilibrium within 30-min treatment, and the size of RPs particles and reaction temperature had negligible effects on the Cd²⁺ removal rate (R_Cd). However, extra washing of HCl-treated RPs by distilled water or acid solution can further enhance R_Cd effectively. The reaction pH had a profound effect on R_Cd, and the reduction of pH values from 5.5 to 4 can boost R_Cd from 16.4% to 92.3%. On the other hand, by increasing the concentration of EDTA-2Na from 10&#x202F;μg/mL to 40&#x202F;μg/mL at pH 7, R_Cd increased from 69.1% to 92.0%. However, the reduction of pH resulted in the formation of insoluble conjugates consisting of RPs, EDTA and Cd²⁺, therefore lowering R_Cd. Both of the two methods reduced the mineral content in RPs, but had no significant impact on their amino acid compositions. Furthermore, compared to the soaking by EDTA-2Na, acid treatment weakened the emulsifying and foaming capabilities of RPs to a greater extent.     

Comparative effects of salt and alkali stresses on organic acid accumulation and ionic balance of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is uniquely capable of growing well under various extreme environmental conditions, such as water deficit, salt stress, low temperature, and high altitude. It is of economic value and its berries are used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. In this study, we compared the effects of salt stresses (9:1 molar ratio of NaCl to Na₂SO₄, pH 6.48–6.65) and alkali stresses (9:1 molar ratio of NaHCO₃ to Na₂CO₃, pH 8.70–8.88) on the levels of inorganic ions and organic acids in H. rhamnoides L. to elucidate the physiological mechanism by which it tolerates salt or alkali stress (high pH). The results showed that, in leaves and stems under alkali stress, the Na⁺ content increased to a much greater extent than under salt stress. Neither salt nor alkali stress decreased the K⁺ content in leaves and stems; however, in roots, the K⁺ content decreased sharply with increasing alkali stress, whereas it remained relatively unchanged with increasing salt stress. This revealed a specific mechanism of absorption or transport for Na⁺ and K⁺ that was affected strongly by alkali stress. The results indicated that accumulation of organic acid (OA) was a central adaptive mechanism by which H. rhamnoides maintained intracellular ionic balance under alkali stress. OA may play different roles in different organs during adaptation to alkali stress, and its percentage contribution to total negative charge was higher in leaf than in stem. H. rhamnoides accumulated mainly malate, oxalate, and citrate in leaves and stems; however, in roots, less malate and citrate was accumulated, and acetate accumulation was enhanced significantly, which indicated that roots and shoots use different mechanisms to modulate OA metabolism.     

Lipids of high-yielding varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Cashew kernel lipids from high-yielding varieties have been characterised. Neutral lipid accounted for 96% while glycolipid and phospholipid accounted for the remaining 4%. Triglycerides were very rich in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) while glycolipids were rich in saturated fatty acids (lauric and myristic). Varietal difference was noticed with respect to the composition of neutral and glycolipids. Composition of phospholipid did not differ among high-yielding varieties.