基于Fe3O4/ZrO2磁性纳米颗粒选择性富集-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测蔬菜中痕量有机磷研究

研究了磁性纳米微粒Fe3O4(核)/ZrO2(壳)(以Fe3O4@ZrO2表示)对有机磷(OPs)农药的选择性吸附性能。利用其富集水相中的OPs并在外加磁场下分离,采用氢氧化钠洗脱,建立了采用纳米Fe3O4@ZrO2磁性分离富集-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定蔬菜中痕量OPs的新方法。以甲胺磷为OPs模拟物,考察了Fe3O4@ZrO2的用量、吸附时间、洗脱剂种类、浓度和共存物质等因素对OPs分离富集效率的影响。结果表明:在pH =7.0时,选用0.5 g Fe3O4@ZrO2富集200 mL含0.1 mg/L的甲胺磷水样,振荡2 h后,甲胺磷可被Fe3O4@ZrO2完全富集,经10 mL 1 mol/L的氢氧化钠洗脱1 h,采用ICP-AES法测定,对OPs的检测限(3 σ )可达4.4 μ g/L。样品添加回收率在99% ~115%之间,相对标准偏差为3.5% ~7.8%(n=4)。由于用ICP-AES法测定蔬菜中的OPs时,蔬菜中的蛋白、色素、纤维等基质几乎无干扰,因而省去了用有机溶剂萃取的过程。由于Fe3O4@ZrO2对OPs的富集倍数可达20~100倍,使得该方法的检测限低于常规气相色谱法,且可用于热稳定性差、无紫外吸收的OPs分析。该方法简单准确、精密度好,可以满足蔬菜表面痕量OPs残留的分离和测定。     

不同生物质炭输入水平下黄绵土N_2O日排放特性

在陇中黄土高原干旱半干旱区,采用小区定位试验与室内盆栽模拟试验相结合的方法,对不同生物质炭输入水平下旱作黄绵土N_2O的日排放通量及其影响因子进行连续观测,并确定1天中不同生物质炭处理水平下的最佳观测时间。结果表明:6个生物质炭输入水平处理下(0、10、20、30、40、50 t·hm~(-2)),旱作黄绵土全天表现为N_2O的排放源;无生物质炭添加处理的N_2O排放通量均显著高于其他各处理,随输入水平增加呈U型变化规律,当生物质炭输入水平为30 t·hm~(-2)时,更有利于N_2O气体的增汇减排;各处理N_2O日总排放通量均在白天所占比例最高;温度是环境因子相对稳定条件下N_2O气体排放的主要影响因子,N_2O的排放与地表温度及10 cm土层地温呈不同程度的正相关关系;10 cm土层地温与生物质炭输入量呈显著正相关关系;N_2O气体的最佳同期观测时间为8∶00—9∶00。     

转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

为探讨转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的抗性,采用室内生测和田间人工接虫鉴定方法评价了6个转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米品系对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果,并利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了Cry1Ab蛋白在各品系主要组织的表达水平.结果显示,亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食转基因玉米各品系雄穗、苞叶、花丝和雌穗48 h后死亡率在90％左右,取食心叶的死亡率在70％左右,96h后大部分幼虫死亡,而取食非转基因玉米的死亡率为3.3％～8.7％;春播和夏播田转基因玉米叶片、茎秆、雌穗基本没有被害,而对照玉米叶片、茎秆、雌穗被害严重,春播和夏播玉米平均每株分别有2.9、2.3头幼虫和蛹,2.8、3.4个蛀孔,隧道长度为7.5、14.2 cm,雌穗被害级别为5.3和5.1;6个转基因玉米品系中Cry1Ab蛋白在心叶、雄穗、花丝、苞叶和雌穗中稳定表达.综合评价认为,转基因玉米各品系在整个生育期内对亚洲玉米螟有很好的抗性,其中N50品系抗虫效果最佳,可以作为抗虫转多基因玉米育种的备选材料.     

渭北旱塬苹果园不同施肥处理N2O排放特征

通过研究苹果园生态条件下减施化学氮肥与有机无机配施N_2O排放规律,为准确估算渭北旱塬区域N_2O排放提供数据支撑。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对渭北旱塬苹果园不同施肥制度下(2017年10月—2018年10月)N_2O排放通量进行田间监测。结果表明:苹果膨大期是渭北旱塬苹果园N_2O排放的主要时期;各施肥处理N_2O年累积排放总量在1.14～4.46 kg·hm~(-2)之间,与常规施肥处理相比,优化减氮和有机无机配施处理N_2O排放总量分别降低了43.3%、42.6%;常规高氮、优化减氮与有机无机配施处理年排放系数分别为0.27%、0.22%、0.22%;温度是限制苹果成熟期和膨大期土壤N_2O排放的决定因子;施肥后,随着时间的推移,底物浓度不足将逐渐成为限制N_2O排放的重要因子。因此,有机无机配施作为苹果园推荐施肥模式的同时能够显著降低N_2O排放,并且降雨前施肥可以降低N_2O排放峰值。     

不同耕作方式下冬小麦田N2O排放特征的差异性研究

采用静态箱—气相色谱法对空白对照(CK)、常规施肥(CG)、免耕(CB)、秸秆还田(CJ)4种处理小麦田的N_2O排放通量进行原位监测,同时测量土壤温度、水分及NH+4等相关影响因子的变化情况。研究结果表明:(1)4种处理方式下麦田N_2O排放通量具有明显的季节性变化规律,N_2O排放通量变化趋势基本一致,其中空白对照各处理N_2O的排放通量受季节性影响变化较小。(2)在小麦生长季,4种处理方式下的农田均表现为N_2O的排放源。与空白对照相比,常规耕作、免耕和秸秆还田处理下N_2O的排放总量分别增加了0.89 kg·hm~(-2)、0.41 kg·hm~(-2)和1.02 kg·hm~(-2)。(3)气温和土壤5 cm、10 cm温度与N_2O排放通量不存在显著的相关性,因而温度不是影响麦田N_2O排放的限制性因素。各处理N_2O排放通量与土壤水分均呈现正相关(P0.05)。通过对比几次降水与施肥前后N_2O排放通量的关系,发现降水后施肥能显著减少N_2O排放。降水引起的土壤水分增加是影响N_2O排放通量剧烈变化的因素。(4)免耕和秸秆还田分别在N_2O减排与小麦增产方面效果最好。N_2O减排与小麦增产作为农业可持续发展的基本要求,秸秆还田处理效果最优。     

Development of novel pesticides based on phytoalexins: Part 2. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of 2-heteroaryl-4-chromanone derivatives

Phytoalexins are low-molecular-weight chemicals that immune systems of plants produce and accumulate in response to infections, especially those of fungal origin. Although their content is not high in plants, yet they have shown unique fungicidal activity and played an important role in the defence system of plants. In searching for novel environmentally benign fungicides with high activity, the structures of flavanone derivatives, one of the most important phytoalexins groups, have been modified via bioisosteric substitution and a series of 2-heteroaryl-4-chromanones were designed and synthesized. They showed good fungicidal activities against rice blast disease, Pyricularia grisea (Sacc). Their IC50 values were tested in vitro and the relationship between structure and fungicidal activity was analyzed quantitatively using a Hansch-Fujita approach. The results showed that hydrophobicity was very important for fungicidal activity and there is apparently an optimum hydrophobic property for the molecules at a log Pow value of about 2.7. In addition, the results indicated that electronic effects played an important role in binding with the receptor and that the C=O group was probably a electron-accepting site. The quantitative structure-retention correlative equation of the title compounds was also established.     

玉米小斑病菌寄主范围的研究

 关于玉米小斑病菌的寄主范围,国际上曾发表不同看法的文章。为了澄清这一问题,我们在温室人工接种条件下,分别用小斑病菌O与T小种接在14个属的24个种或品种的禾本科植物上,以玉米作对照寄主。试验结果表明,除了草地早熟禾、法兰西黍外,均能产生病斑。病斑平均面积不超过1平方毫米。在大多数供试植物上,O小种病斑的数量和面积均比T小种为多而大。其中白茅、虎尾草、升马唐、纤毛鹅冠草、稗子是过去没有报道过的。     

Influence of the d2 factor on survival and infection by the Dutch elm disease pathogen Ophiostoma ulmi

A particular form of mycovirus, the d² factor, which attacks the elm pathogen Ophiostoma ulmi, was found to be extremely deleterious to this fungus both in vitro and in vivo. Most significantly, d²-infected conidia were poor at persisting in feeding grooves, the usual infection court of the pathogen, and also showed a 50-fold reduction in successful xylem infection compared with their healthy counterparts. In addition, transmission of the d² factor from diseased to healthy isolates of O. ulmi was found to take place in feeding grooves, indicating that the fungus exists in a mycelial phase prior to invading xylem vessels.     

不同盐渍化土壤N2O排放对生物炭添加和土壤水分的响应

为探讨不同盐渍化程度土壤N₂O排放对生物炭添加和土壤水分的响应,开展为期30 d的室内培养试验,设置5个土壤盐渍化水平(S0、S1、S2、S3、S4:盐分添加量分别为土壤质量的0%、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%)、2个生物炭添加方式(B0:不添加;B1:添加量为土壤质量的5%)和2个水分条件(W0:60%田间持水量;W1:100%田间持水量)。结果表明：土壤盐分对N₂O累积排放量具有显著影响,盐分含量越高则降幅越大,与S0处理相比,S1、S2、S3、S4处理N₂O累积排放量分别降低43.9%、66.5%、91.9%、93.2%。土壤水分对N₂O累积排放量具有极显著影响,水分含量越高则累积排放量越大,与W0处理相比,W1条件下各盐分处理N₂O累积排放量分别增加3.0%、84.8%、187.4%、729.4%、306.7%。生物炭添加对N₂O累积排放量存在一定影响,与B0处理相比,低水含量下,B1处理累积排放量增幅为3.4%～20.6%,高水含量增幅...     

NO和H2O2提高葡萄抗霜霉病的生理作用机制

 以对霜霉病具有不同抗性的3个葡萄品种Fredonia、西拉和赤霞珠为材料,研究一氧化氮（NO）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）在调控葡萄抵御霜霉病菌感染过程中的生理机制。结果表明：接种葡萄霜霉病菌后3个葡萄品种叶片中NO和H₂O₂含量均有猝发现象,H₂O₂猝发早于NO,抗性强的品种Fredonia的变化快而显著;外施一定浓度的NO供体硝普钠（SNP）和H₂O₂均可减缓霜霉病菌侵染过程,降低感病率和平均病情指数,并且能够不同程度地提高抗性弱的葡萄品种赤霞珠叶片的过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）和几丁质酶（Cht）活性,增强葡萄过敏性坏死反应;而NO和H₂O₂的清除剂2-4,4,5,5-苯-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物（cPTIO）和抗坏血酸（AsA）在一定程度上能够提高感病率和平均病情指数。推测NO和H₂O₂可以通过提高POD、PAL、Glu和Cht病程相关蛋白活性,进而增强葡萄对霜霉病的抗性。     

Resistance to Oculimacula yallundae and Oculimacula acuformis is conferred by Pch2 in wheat

The recent report of a differential response of wheat lines containing the Pch2 gene to infection with the eyespot pathogens Oculimacula yallundae and O. acuformis has prompted this re‐examination of the response to these fungi by the recombinant lines used to map Pch2. Homozygous recombinant substitution lines (RSL) derived from the hybridization of Chinese Spring (CS) and the CS chromosome substitution line Cappelle Desprez 7A (CS/CD7A), previously evaluated for response to glucuronidase (GUS)‐transformed O. yallundae, were evaluated for response to infection with GUS‐transformed O. acuformis. Based on visual scores and on GUS expression level, which reflects fungal colonization of seedling plants, evidence of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) conferring resistance to O. acuformis was found in two separate growth chamber experiments (logarithm of the odds, LOD, = 2·7 and 6·7 at 305 and 289 cM, respectively) that was equivalent in location to that for resistance to O. yallundae (LOD = 13·2 and 11·4 at 289 and 304 cM, respectively). These results confirm that Pch2 confers some degree of resistance against both O. yallundae and O. acuformis under these conditions.     

丰雨年旱作农业区不同耕作措施麦豆地N_2O、CH_4的排放

采用静态箱-气相色谱法采集丰雨年旱作农业区不同耕作措施春小麦-豌豆地排放气体并计算通量,研究耕作措施、土壤温度和土壤含水量对春小麦-豌豆地N2O和CH4排放的影响,其中,耕作措施包括免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)和传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)以及传统耕作不覆盖(T)四种。研究结果表明:不同措施麦豆地均为N2O的排放源,春小麦地通量波动范围0.018~0.146 mg·m-2·h-1,豌豆地通量波动范围0.024~0.210 mg·m-2·h-1,全生育期春小麦地N2O平均排放通量大小顺序:TTSNTNTS,而豌豆地大小顺序:TNTSNTTS;不同耕作措施麦豆地均表现为CH4的吸收汇,春小麦地吸收通量的波动范围0.051~0.212 mg·m-2·h-1,豌豆地的波动范围0.057~0.193 mg·m-2·h-1,全生育期春小麦地CH4平均吸收通量大小顺序:NTSNTTST,豌豆地大小顺序:NTSTSNTT;不同耕作措施对N2O和CH4全生育期通量有明显的影响,TS、NT和NTS三种耕作措施较T措施而言,有效地减少了N2O的排放且增加CH4的吸收;丰雨年,土壤温度和土壤含水量对旱作农业区N2O和CH4排放综合影响权重有所降低。     

The effect of O,S,S,-trimethyl phosphorodithioate on the in vivo metabolism of phenthoate in the rat

The in vivo metabolism of phenthoate (O,O-dimethyl S-[α-(carboethoxy)benzyl]phosphorodithioate) was followed in rats after oral administration of a nontoxic dose of 100 mg/kg. The same metabolic study was conducted following coadministration of 0.5% O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSS-Me). When administered alone, phenthoate was metabolized principally by carboethoxy ester hydrolysis and cleavage of the PO and CS bonds, resulting in at least six metabolites. The primary urinary metabolite excreted was phenthoate acid. Coadministration of 0.5% OSS-Me did not alter the types of metabolites excreted. However, a reduction of the carboxylesterase-catalyzed product (phenthoate acid) was observed, indicating that the enzyme responsible for the major pathway of phenthoate detoxication was inhibited. Alternate detoxication processes did not compensate for the reduction in carboxylesterase-catalyzed detoxication. It was concluded that inhibition of the carboxylesterase enzymes is the major cause of the potentiation of phenthoate toxicity by OSS-Me.     

有机-无机肥配施对黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤N2O排放的影响

为探明不同施肥方式对旱作麦田土壤N₂O排放的影响,以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置单施有机肥(M)、单施无机肥(N)、有机-无机肥配施(MN)3种施肥方式,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对春小麦地土壤N₂O排放通量进行测定,并对其影响因子(NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N、土壤温度、土壤含水量)和春小麦产量进行同期测定。结果表明：春小麦地在整个生育期内表现为N₂O排放源,各处理均在施肥后出现N₂O排放峰。不同处理土壤N₂O累积排放量表现为N>MN>M>CK,N₂O净损失量(以氮计算)为1.175 8～1.428 kg·hm^-2,占当季施氮量的1.12%～1.36%,有机-无机肥配施降低了氮肥中氮素以气态形式的损失量。MN、N、M处理春小麦产量分别较CK处理增加了45.1%、31.0%、18.8%,各处理土壤NO^-_3<...     

四种植物源化合物对亚洲小车蝗存活率、解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

为开发防控亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的生物农药,本研究于室内测定芦丁、单宁酸、烟碱和苦参碱4种植物源化合物处理后亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的存活率以及体内活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)浓度、3种解毒酶和3种保护酶的活性.结果 显示:芦丁、单宁酸、烟碱和苦参碱处理后,亚洲小...     

New 2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole derivatives as paddy field herbicides

A series of 3-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole derivatives containing various substituted isoxazolinylmethoxy groups at the 5-position of the benzene ring were synthesized and their herbicidal activities assessed under greenhouse and flooded paddy conditions. Among them, compounds having a phenyl or cyano substituent at the 3-position of the 5-methyl-isoxazolin-5-yl structure demonstrated good rice selectivity and potent herbicidal activity against annual weeds at 16-63 g AI ha(-1) under greenhouse conditions. Field trials indicated that these two compounds controlled a wide range of annual weeds rapidly with a good tolerance on transplanted rice seedlings by pre-emergence application. They showed a low mammalian and environmental toxicity in various toxicological tests.     

过氧化氢作用下东北红豆杉悬浮培养细胞中蛋白表达差异的研究

 东北红豆杉悬浮培养体系中加入一定浓度的过氧化氢,染色结果表明,过氧化氢可以诱导植物细胞发生过敏反应。应用蛋白质双向凝胶电泳技术,比较过氧化氢处理细胞与正常细胞的蛋白质组差异,分析过氧化氢对东北红豆杉细胞蛋白质表达的影响。结果表明,过氧化氢(3.5 mmol/L)处理48 h后的样品中有12个新增的差异蛋白点,而在对照中有1个特异蛋白点。这些差异蛋白可能与过氧化氢的作用及细胞发生过敏反应有关。     

硬毛棘豆根的抑菌活性成分研究

为明确硬毛棘豆Oxytropis hirta Bunge根的农用抑菌活性成分,用75％乙醇浸提硬毛棘豆根,得到粗提物;再分别以石油醚、乙酸乙酯与正丁醇为溶剂对粗提物进行萃取,得到不同溶剂萃取相;通过活性追踪法对抑菌活性好的乙酸乙酯相运用现代柱层析与波谱学技术进行了分离与结构鉴定,并对所分离的化合物进行了抑菌活性评价.结...     

O3对日光温室黄瓜病虫害的防治效果

通过室内与大田试验，明确O3对日光温室黄瓜病虫害的防治效果。研究结果表明，在病害发生初期，用O3发生器隔天施放O3，每天施放3次，每次40min，间隔20min，O3浓度维持约1mg／kg，施放后7天，对黄瓜霜霉病、白粉病、细菌性角斑病及灰霉病防治效果分别为63．4％、53．6％、68．7％和65．0％。室内施放O3 60s，间隔20min，持续12h，对温室白粉虱、南美斑潜蝇成虫杀伤力为100％。O3对黄瓜植株安全，但随着黄瓜生育期的推进，对O3的忍受能力依次减弱。苗期忍耐O3最大浓度为1～2mg／kg，结果期0．4～1mg/kg，后期0．2～0．4mg／kg。O3防治黄瓜病虫害新技术具有安全、有效、方便、无二次污染等特点，尤其在黄瓜定植前对棚室进行大剂量消毒，可不留死角，且有效地解决了硫磺等药物消毒所造成棚内一些设施的破坏及对生态环境污染的难题，具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

Computational chemistry study of the environmentally important acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of atrazine and related 2-chloro-s-triazines

Many chlorine-containing pesticides, for example 2-chloro-s-triazines, are of great concern both environmentally and toxicologically. As a result, ascertaining or predicting the fate and transport of these compounds in soils and water is of current interest. Transformation pathways for 2-chloro-s-triazines in the environment include dealkylation, dechlorination (hydrolysis), and ring cleavage. This study explored the feasibility of using computational chemistry, specifically the hybrid density functional theory method, B3LYP, to predict hydrolysis trends of atrazine (2-chloro-N4-ethyl-N6-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and related 2-chloro-s-triazines to the corresponding 2-hydroxy-s-triazines. Gas-phase energetics are described on the basis of calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. Calculated free energies of hydrolysis (delta h G298) are nearly the same for simazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), atrazine, and propazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-di-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), suggesting that hydrolysis is not significantly affected by the side-chain amine-nitrogen alkyl substituents. High-energy barriers also suggest that the reactions are not likely to be observed in the gas phase. Aqueous solvation effects were examined by means of self-consistent reaction field methods (SCRF). Molecular structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G* level using the Onsager model, and solvation energies were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level using the isodensity surface polarizable continuum model (IPCM). Although the extent of solvent stabilization was greater for cationic species than neutral ones, the full extent of solvation is underestimated, especially for the transition state structures. As a consequence, the calculated hydrolysis barrier for protonated atrazine is exaggerated compared with the experimentally determined one. Overall, the hydrolysis reactions follow a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) pathway.