奶牛热应激综合征的危害、评价及防控

<正>热应激是指奶牛本身在受到超出其自身体温调节能力的高温刺激时引起的一系列生理生化异常反应,这种对高温环境产生的非特异性应答反应的总和,又称为热应激综合征。其对奶牛的影响,主要是表现在新陈代谢发生紊乱、生产性能下降、繁殖力降低、免疫力减弱、乳成分发生改变等变化。如再遇上高湿环境,应激效应叠加,对奶牛产生更严重危害,因此正确掌握评价奶牛热应激综合征的方法及防控措施对于降低热应激给奶牛场带来的危害具有重要意义。1奶牛热应激综合征发生的原因     

奶牛青霉素过敏一例

<正> 奶牛青霉素过敏,并不常见.临床上使用青霉素前,一般亦不作皮试.笔者曾见对青霉素过敏的奶牛一例,报道如下: 他林农牧场门坡村倪某饲养一头母奶牛,5岁3     

奶牛感光过敏的病因分析与诊治

本文分析了奶牛感光过敏的原因,主要有原发性感光过敏、继发性感光过敏和牛红细胞生成卟啉症。根据奶牛的症状,如皮肤水肿,继而出现红斑、疹块、水疱、渗液、溃疡、结痂,最后腐离脱落造成皮肤缺损,炎症扩展或有继发感染等,能很容易判断出奶牛是否感光过敏,从而对症下药。     

乌拉圭奶牛接种口蹄疫疫苗的过敏情况报告

我国北方地区某牧场在对从乌拉圭进口的荷斯坦育成牛进行国产口蹄疫疫苗接种时,发现首次免疫时无过敏反应,但在加强免疫时却反复出现过敏反应。大部分过敏奶牛经及时施救后恢复健康,少数奶牛最终因抢救无效而死亡。为解决因过敏而导致免疫程序无法进行的情况,我们根据奶牛体内口蹄疫特异性IgG抗体水平的变化情况,调整免疫时间和免疫剂量,最终顺利完成口蹄疫疫苗的接种工作。本文对此次奶牛口蹄疫疫苗过敏情况进行了总结分析,以供同行参考。     

吏用头孢菌素与青霉素应谨防交叉过敏反应

奶牛头孢类过敏极为少见,笔者在2009年9月14日对我县一头奶牛救治过程中发生头孢噻呋钠过敏反应。     

使用头孢菌素与青霉素应谨防交叉过敏反应

奶牛头孢类过敏极为少见,笔者在2009年9月14日对我县一头奶牛救治过程中发生头孢噻呋钠过敏反应。     

奶牛疫苗过敏的原因和治疗

奶牛防疫工作对奶牛的健康生长和产值的确保非常重要,但仍存在接种疫苗过敏的状况,不仅影响奶牛的健康,也会造成一定经济损失。     

奶牛疫苗过敏的原因及治疗

在防疫工作中,经常会发生奶牛在注射疫苗后出现过敏的现象,若治疗不及时,治疗方法不恰当,可能当时就死亡,或由于继发病症导致死亡或失去生产价值而被淘汰。虽然发生过敏的奶牛头数并不多,但过敏死亡率却很高,由此带来的经济损失是巨     

奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊治

正在饲养奶牛过程中,奶牛容易发生子宫内膜炎,这是一种比较常见的疾病,一般在产后2周容易发病,有研究认为奶牛子宫内膜炎的发病率能够达到35%。这种疾病是子宫黏膜出现黏液性或脓液性改变的一种症状,这种病症发生以后会诱使奶牛发情,并导致妊娠存在异常,影响奶牛的产奶量,还容易导致奶牛出现乳房炎等其他的并发症,严重状况下容易使奶牛丧失繁殖能力,如果急性发病会导致奶牛因败血症而死亡,所以应重视对这种病症的治疗。     

采用子宫灌注法治疗产后奶牛时的药物选择

奶牛产后胎衣不下和子宫内膜炎是影响奶牛繁殖的重要因素。许多研究证明,患有这种疾病的奶牛,通常表现为发情延迟、受胎率低,从而降低了奶牛繁殖能力。对产后胎衣不下,阴道排泄物异常,子宫恢复异常的奶牛积极进行治疗是提高奶牛繁殖能力的有效手段。通常在奶牛产后直接向子宫投药,作用于子宫腔和子宫内膜的药物浓度比其它途径给药方式更高,维持时间更长。因此,实际工作中畜牧兽医人员常常采用子宫灌注法进行治疗。     

黄河中游地区生态畜牧业发展探索

在研究黄河中游地区不同自然气候、资源、立地条件、畜牧业经营现状和人文条件的基础上，借鉴已有国内外良性生态畜牧业结构模式，确定该区畜牧业发展的划分类型区、适宜的经营方式和适应生态环境建设的主要畜牧配置措施，建立合理利用当地资源的畜牧产业化总体发展格局，使畜牧业经营活动和生产方式，逐步过渡为适应生态环境建设、退耕还林还草的整体轨道上，使区域现代畜牧业形成经营产业化、畜种品牌化、结构合理化；组成不同类型区生态气候多样性、畜牧业生态要素合理性、畜牧业生产规范性、畜牧业产品品牌性和生态经济高效性的畜牧支持服务体系。为改变脆弱的生态环境，提供有效的保障体系，并促进当地经济合理、持续发展。     

肃南县草原确权承包登记工作经验交流

为深入贯彻落实中央和省市改革决策部署,进一步深化农牧村经营体制改革,稳步推进我县草原确权承包登记颁证工作有序开展,有效调动农牧民群众自我管理、相互监督、合理利用、保护草原的积极性,促进草原畜牧业持续稳定、健康发展。根据农业部《关于开展草原确权承包登记试点的通知》和甘肃省农牧厅《关于印发甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点工作实施方案的通知》要求,将肃南县确定为甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点县。开展草原确权承包登记工作以来,我县创新工作方式方法,稳步推进各项工作顺利开展,取得了显著成效。笔者参与了草原确权承包登记各项工作,归纳总结了工作经验和取得的成效,与各位同行分享。     

Comparison of the trabeculae structure of the spongy bone of the bilateral pastern bones in racehorses based on the imaging analysis of radiograms

On the basis of a digital analysis of radiograms it was checked if, and to what extent, the extended loading of one of the sides of the body of racehorses leads to differences in the microstructure of the spongy bone of the bilateral pastern bones of the thoracic limbs. The research material consisted of radiograms of the pastern bones of the right and left thoracic limbs of racehorses. On the basis of computer image radiological analysis with the use of the "Trabecula,, programme, a quantative evaluation of the structure of the spongy bone of the pastern bones was conducted. It was noted that the differences between the right and the left pastern bones, despite extensive loading of the left thoracic limb, were not statistically significant as far as all studied parameters of the trabecula structure of the spongy bone were concerned.     

Effect of teasing, mechanical stimulation and the intrauterine infusion of saline on uterine contractions in mares

Uterine motility may have significance for the transportation of spermatozoa and the elimination of the ejaculate and inflammatory products after mares have been covered. The effect of some of the component stimuli of coitus on uterine contractions was investigated by using M-mode ultrasound. The number, amplitude and duration of the uterine contractions of each uterine horn and of the uterine body were measured in oestrous mares for four minutes before and four minutes after teasing by a stallion, mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix, the intrauterine infusion of 80 ml of sterile saline, the intrauterine infusion of 10 ml of sterile saline, the intrauterine infusion of 150 ml of sterile saline, and the transcervical passage of a uterine catheter. Teasing by a stallion did not affect the total number, mean amplitude or mean duration of the uterine contractions. Mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix increased the total number of uterine contractions, but did not affect the amplitude or duration of the contractions. The intrauterine infusion of 80 ml of sterile saline resulted in an increase in the total number of contractions and a significant increase in the mean amplitude and the mean duration of the contractions in the uterine horns but not the uterine body. The intrauterine infusion of 10 ml of sterile saline caused a significant decrease in the number of uterine contractions in the uterine horns, but had no effect on the contractions of the uterine body. The infusion of 150 ml of sterile saline reduced the number of contractions in the uterine horns but not the uterine body, and did not affect the mean amplitude and mean duration of the contractions. The transcervical insertion of a catheter reduced the number of contractions in the uterine horns, but did not affect the amplitude or duration of the uterine contractions.     

犊牛饲养福利关键点及生产意义

近年来我国奶牛养殖业迅速发展,犊牛作为发展养牛业的主要基础,也越来越受到人们的关注。提升犊牛成活率、规范初乳饲喂规程、降低犊牛应激反应,提升环境舒适度,是改善犊牛福利的主要措施。提升犊牛饲养管理福利,对奶牛终身产奶量的提升有积极的促进作用。本文从提高犊牛接产成活率,增强机体免疫机能,减缓机体应激,提高犊牛舒适度等方面综合分析了提高犊牛福利、促进奶牛健康养殖的关键点,旨在提升牛只健康养殖水平,为促进我国奶业蓬勃发展提供技术支持。     

Effect of bilateral orchidectomy on serum testosterone levels in boars]

Bilateral orchidectomy caused a marked decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the bood plasma of boars already in the early post-castration stage of three hours after the operation. In the period from 3 to 207 days after castration, the pre-operation levels of plasma testosterone decrease by 84.4%, on an average. Adreno-cortical compensation of the concentration of the hormone did not occur in the post-castration period. The conclusion is that the levels of testosterone in the blood of boars are mostly of testicular origin and can be considered as the main criterion of the incretion function of the testes. The discussion concerns the practical importance of the determination of testosterone levels in the blood of boars for clinical evaluation of the hormonal function of the testes and for diagnostics of incretion hypogonodism.     

Hair Dye Effects on the Hair Coat and the Skin of the Dog: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Eight healthy dogs of mixed breeds with short hair coats were used in this study. The skin and the hair of a small area on the left side of the saddle region were dyed 80 times once every day with a permanent hair dye, Clairol Hair Dye Flaxen Blonde. The dyed regions were red and dry toward the last two weeks of the experiment. None of the dogs had abnormal hair shedding. Four of the dogs were restless, and their epidermis were parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic.
The cuticular cells of the hair shafts of two dogs upon examination showed deep fractures at the lower part of the hair shaft. The fractures extended through the whole thickness of the cuticular cells leading to splitting of the hair shaft. Secondary hairs showed excessive peeling of their cuticle cells causing distortion and deterioration of the cortex of the hair. Cuticular cells of large numbers of hairs lost their apical parts and some of them were deformed due to partial dissolution attributed to the intensive use of the hair dye. The intensive usage of the hair dye on the compound type of hair coat of the dog caused damage to the hair shafts and to the skin in the form of irritation, dryness and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Also, some of the dogs became restless and hyperactive during the later part of the experiment.     

基于生态经济视域下发展生态高尔夫的对策

目前中国高尔夫已从无序发展转到了生态制约阶段。本研究运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,基于经济生态、伦理生态、环境生态的视角,阐述了发展生态高尔夫的必要性,分析了生态高尔夫的内涵,提出加快我国生态高尔夫发展的对策:加强高尔夫相关标准体系建设;球场建设遵循自然主义原则,并与地方经济协调发展;会所配套设施需实用、简约;草坪管理重视现代科学新技术和管理方法运用,加强环保管理;加大员工草坪养护管理技术培训力度;大力开展多元化高尔夫、转变消费观念、低碳消费;企业需增强社会责任感;实施行业自治。     

Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a dog as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft

A 5-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of lameness of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed pain on manipulation of the right elbow joint, and radiography revealed premature closure of the distal physis of the radius with subluxation of the right elbow joint. Corrective osteotomy of the radius was performed to increase the length of the radius and establish congruity of the elbow joint. Cancellous bone was obtained from the proximal portion of the humerus and used as a graft at the osteotomy site. The dog did well after surgery. Four months after surgery, the dog again was lame on the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed instability of the right shoulder, and manipulation of that area elicited signs of pain. Radiography revealed caudomedial subluxation of the right shoulder as well as deformity of the humeral head and hypoplasia of the greater tubercle. It was presumed that these changes were associated with collection of the cancellous bone graft during the initial surgery, which resulted in premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus as a result of procurement of a bone graft.     

Estimation of the volume of the gall bladder of 32 dogs from linear ultrasonographic measurements

The maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section, and the maximum width and depth of the transverse section of the gall bladders of 32 dog cadavers were measured ultrasonographically; the contents of the gall bladder were then aspirated and its actual volume measured. The volume of the gall bladder was estimated from the ultrasonographic measurements by using formulae suggested for assessment of the volumes of the urinary bladder in human beings and the gall bladder of dogs, and these formulae were compared with a formula derived from the measurements made in this study. In 21 of the dogs, the measurements were repeated twice so that their reproducibility could be evaluated. All the formulae gave good estimations of the volume of the dogs' gall bladders, but the formula for the human urinary bladder volume was better than the other two. The actual volume of the gall bladder was related to the dogs' bodyweight. There were no significant differences between the repeated measurements of the maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section or the width of the transverse section of the gall bladder, but there were significant variations in the depth of the transverse section.