应用RS技术建立估算蒸散发模型的研究

蒸散发是水资源分配利用的依据,能够估算出不同气候环境、不同区域的蒸散发是目前研究的重点。这些年运用遥感手段建立模型,结合地面气象站的气象数据、卫星影像等信息,提取参数建立模型来估算蒸散发的方法已经有了较为广泛的运用。其中,利用能量平衡来建立模型尤为广泛,不同的模型,选取参数、处理方法上有所不同,着重针对SEBAL、SEBS估算模型进行详细的对比介绍,SEBAL模型是具有较为坚实的物理基础,已经在平原、盆地、流域等区域进行了成功的应用,SEBS模型与SEBAL模型在模型建立原理上一致,但在计算感热通量H时,采用总体大气的相似理论,引入了热传输粗糙度长度。对这两模型进行了系统学习分析,并针对在新疆未来可开展的工作进行展望。     

基于SEBAL模型的小麦水分生产率研究

基于能量平衡原理,运用SEBAL模型和Landsat8影像反演估算了山西省晋中市的小麦水分生产率。首先根据Landsat8卫星影像,反演了晋中地区净辐射通量、土壤热通量和感热通量,使用能量平衡方程计算了水分蒸散;然后基于晋中小麦的产量统计数据,对晋中小麦的产量进行插值并栅格化;最后利用水分生产率公式计算了研究区小麦水分生产率。结果表明,研究区内的太谷、榆社、介休3站点反演的日蒸散量分别为2.93、3.82、3.17 mm/d,范围为0.41~7.22 mm/d,与根据Penman-Monteith公式计算的结果 (2.57、3.48、3.43 mm/d)大致相等,误差范围在10%左右;研究区小麦水分生产率均值为0.94 kg/m3,最高达到2.50 kg/m3,处于合理范围内,可以对晋中地区提高水分利用效率提供有效参考。     

A Landsat-based energy balance and evapotranspiration model in Western US water rights regulation and planning

The quantification of evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigated projects is important for water rights management, water resources planning and water regulation. Traditionally, ET has been estimated by multiplying a weather-based reference ET by crop coefficients (K_c) determined according to the crop type and the crop growth stage. However, there is typically question regarding whether crops grown compare with the conditions represented by the K_c values, especially in water short areas. In addition, it is difficult to estimate the correct crop growth stage dates for large populations of crops and fields. METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution and with Internalized Calibration) is an image-processing model for calculating ET as a residual of the surface energy balance. METRIC is a variant of SEBAL, an energy balance process developed in the Netherlands by Bastiaanssen and was extended to provide tighter integration with ground-based reference ET. METRIC was applied with Landsat images in southern Idaho to predict monthly and seasonal ET for water rights accounting and for operation of ground water models. ET “maps” (i.e., images) provide the means to quantify, in terms of both the amount and spatial distribution, the ET on a field by field basis. The ET maps have been used in Idaho to quantify net ground-water pumpage in areas where water extraction from underground is not measured and to estimate recharge from surface-irrigated lands. Application and testing of METRIC indicates substantial promise as an efficient, accurate, and relatively inexpensive procedure to predict the actual evaporation fluxes from irrigated lands throughout a growing season.     

基于无人机光谱遥感的田块尺度蒸散发空间分布估算

针对农田中高分辨率空间模式蒸散量（ET）缺少有效量化的问题,提出一种基于无人机（UAV）估算农田蒸散量的方法。构建了M100型多旋翼无人机搭载FLIR Vue ProR热像仪和Micasense Red Edge多光谱成像仪的采集数据平台;将无人机数据匹配卫星遥感蒸散模型,比较典型单层模型METRIC（Mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration）模型和典型双层模型RSEB（Remote sensing energy balance）模型在农田中的适用程度;针对RSEB模型的土壤热通量计算方式不适用于农田环境的问题,对模型进行基于多光谱数据的改进;针对模型中温度参数易产生较大误差的问题,基于无人机热像仪数据与实际温度间的关系,对获取的热像仪数据进行校正;将模型计算值与涡度相关系统（OPEC）测量值进行对比。结果表明,结合无人机多光谱数据的RSEB模型经过温度校正可得到结果较为准确的通量数据,显热通量均方根误差为20. 013 W/m²,平均绝对误差为15. 835 W/m²,潜热通量均方根误差为40. 202 W/m²,平均绝对误差为26. 017 W/m²,进而得到分米级分辨率的农田蒸散量空间分布图。本文估算方法可以有效获取高分辨率空间模式的田间蒸散量,为精准农业灌溉提供技术支持。     

地形效应下的区域蒸散遥感估算

在地表起伏地区,由于受到坡度、坡向等的影响,地表能量通量表现出与水平地表不一样的特征,为了定量表征起伏地表条件下的蒸散格局,以位于陕甘宁交界区的华池县、庆城县、镇原县、西峰区和合水县为研究区,从能量平衡原理入手,对各能量通量进行了量化计算,并着重考虑了蒸散的能量来源即地表净辐射的地形效应;同时,针对研究区地表特征,确定了土壤热通量的计算方案和感热通量的参数化方案,如零平面位移、动量粗糙长度、热量粗糙长度、动量和热量的稳定度校正项等算法;在此基础上,计算了研究区的瞬时蒸散,计算结果表明采用的蒸散遥感估算方案     

吉兰泰及周边地区蒸散发的时空变化规律

【目的】探索吉兰泰及周边地区蒸散发的时空变化规律。【方法】以吉兰泰为对象,利用MODIS数据通过SEBAL模型估算了研究区2017年植被生长季5—10月的日蒸散发,并分析了蒸散发与环境因子的相关性。【结果】①生长季日平均蒸散量整体趋势呈单峰型分布趋势,日均蒸散量最大值在7月(3.98 mm),最小值在10月(1.11 mm);②在空间分布上,研究区东南部蒸散发最高,东北部蒸散发最低;不同土地利用类型中蒸散发值由大到小分别为林地、耕地、草地、戈壁、沙漠;各土地利用类型蒸散发量的时间动态表现一致,呈生长期>生长初期>生长后期;③归一化植被指数、高程与蒸散发正相关,风速以及地表温度与蒸散发负相关。【结论】SEBAL模型估算的蒸散发与P-M作物系数法的蒸散发进行对比,相对误差在允许范围之内,表明SEBAL模型对本研究区蒸散发的估算是可靠的。研究区靠近山地的蒸散发大于荒漠区的蒸散发。在植被生长季中生长初期的蒸散发受温度和风速影响最大,生长期和生长后期的蒸散发受地表温度和高程影响最大。     

High density NOAA time series of ET in the Gediz Basin, Turkey

An evapotranspiration method comparison was carried out by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI, Sri Lanka), at two locations in the Gediz Basin, Turkey, in the period from May to September 1998. In the IWMI study a number of ground-based techniques were compared with results obtained by remote sensing methods. Recently, a search of the satellite active archive yielded over 70 high quality level 1b images from NOAA/AVHRR over the same time period. The processing of these images with the SEBAL algorithm enabled us to build up a detailed time series of sensible and latent heat fluxes for a period of 120 days. In this paper a comparison is made between the sensible and latent heat fluxes determined from the present series of NOAA-14/AVHRR images and the results obtained earlier from various other prediction methods applied during the 1998 IWMI project. Specifically, the NOAA/SEBAL results are assessed against the scintillometer and temperature fluctuation methods. The results show that the NOAA derived evapotranspiration values follow the seasonal irrigation cycle quite well and correspond closely to the Landsat derived values, although they are lower than the results obtained with the traditional crop factor and Penman–Monteith methods.     

基于SEBAL模型和Landsat-8遥感数据的农田蒸散发估算

【目的】及时准确地获取农田蒸散发量,为科学管理农田灌溉、精准估算作物产量和预报土壤水分动态、合理开发水资源等提供有效依据。【方法】以广利灌区为研究对象,基于SEBAL模型利用Landsat-8数据对研究区域农田蒸散发进行估算,通过地表参数计算净辐射通量、土壤热通量和感热通量,利用余项法求得潜热通量及瞬时蒸散发。假定24 h内蒸散比不变,由瞬时蒸散发扩展到日蒸散发量,最终求得研究区的日平均蒸散发量,将模型计算结果与彭曼公式进行了对比,同时结合灌区提供数据对计算结果进行了验证。【结果】彭曼公式计算2014年5月6日和2015年9月14日蒸散量与实测结果相差分别为5.2%和9.4%,SEBAL模型估算得到2014年5月6日和2015年9月14日的日蒸散量与灌区提供日蒸散量相差4.5%、6.0%,且冬小麦及夏玉米蒸散发在空间上存在一定的差异性,主要集中在灌区中部区域及西南区域。【结论】SEBAL模型计算结果具有较高的精度,而且方法相对快捷高效。     

基于SEBAL模型的土默特右旗腾发量研究

【目的】评价SEBAL模型在估算内蒙古包头市土默特右旗腾发量时的适用性。【方法】基于2015年作物生育期内的Landsat8遥感影像,建立SEBAL模型,估算腾发量,利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式与水量平衡法估算得到腾发量进行了验证及评价,并采用多元逐步回归方法对其影响因素进行了分析。【结果】日腾发量的分布具有明显的空间差异性,呈现出山峰型变化趋势。SEBAL模型腾发量估算值与水量平衡法估算值相比,相对误差的平均值为6.053%;Penman-Monteith公式计算得到的日腾发量与水量平衡法估算值相差7.682%,都在10%以内,达到了精度要求,且SEBAL模型估算腾发量的精度高于Penman-Monteith公式。日腾发量与NDVI和地表温度相关性显著,由二者建立了最优的多元逐步回归方程。【结论】在缺乏数据的情况下,利用SEBAL模型可以较为准确地估算出土右旗的腾发量,且NDVI和地表温度对其的影响较大。     

Surface energy balance using satellite data for the water balance of a traditional irrigation—wetland system in SW Iran

A water balance of a large traditional irrigation area and a downstream adjoining wetland was determined using the surface energy balance approach (SEB), based on satellite data, to calculate the actual evaporation of both the irrigated area and the wetland at four different dates in a dry year and information of two additional images. The contribution of capillary flow by the shallow groundwater table was estimated by evaluating the actual evapotranspiration values of adjoining rangelands and non-inundated wetland areas. Those values were used to separate the total evapotranspiration into a soil moisture change component due to capillary rise, and into a component attributable to supply of river water. The only field data used for the estimated monthly water balance were air temperature, wind speed, and water inflow, since rainfall and outflow could be ignored in the year 2000. The results provided an insight for conditions of a drought year within the irrigated area, the distribution of water to irrigation and the wetland and showed the linkage between inundated wetland area and discharge.     

Integrating remote sensing and a process-based hydrological model to evaluate water use and productivity in a south Indian catchment

The combined use of remote sensing and a distributed hydrological model have demonstrated the improved understanding of the entire water balance in an area where data are scarcely available. Water use and crop water productivity were assessed in the Upper Bhima catchment in southern India using an innovative integration of remotely sensed evapotranspiration and a process-based hydrological model. The remote sensing based Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used to derive an 8 month time series of observed actual evapotranspiration from October 2004 to May 2005. This dataset was then used in the calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This hydrological model was calibrated by changing 34 parameters to minimize the difference between simulated and observed actual evapotranspiration. The calibration efficiency was assessed with four different performance indicators. The calibrated model was used to derive a monthly basin water balance and to assess crop water productivity and crop water use for the irrigation year 2004-2005. It was found that evapotranspiration is the largest water loss in the catchment and total evaporative depletion was 38,172 Mm³ (835 mm). Of the total evaporative depletion 42% can be considered as non-beneficial and could be diverted to other beneficial utilization. Simulated crop water productivities for sugarcane, sorghum and winter wheat are relatively high at 2.9 kg/m³, 1.3 kg/m³ and 1.3 kg/m³, respectively. The frequency distributions of crop water productivity are characterised by low coefficient of variation, yielding limited scope for improvement in the agricultural areas under the current cropping systems. Further improvements in water productivity may however be achieved by shifting the crop base from sugarcane to a dual crop and introducing a fallow period from March to May or by converting non-productive rangelands to bio fuel production or other agricultural land uses.     

干旱区制种玉米农田蒸散研究

在黑河流域中游的张掖绿洲区建立了大田环境下的制种玉米农田蒸散研究观测点,以气象观测资料为基础,采用波文比能量平衡法(BREB)和参考作物蒸散量作物系数法(ET0Kc)对制种玉米的蒸散进行了计算。结果表明,在一个完整的生长期内,利用波文比能量平衡法得到的蒸散量为513.2 mm,日均3.2 mm/d,用参考作物蒸散量作物系数法得到的作物蒸散量为486.2 mm,日均3.1 mm/d,2种计算方法得到的蒸散量总值差别小。利用波文比能量平衡法所得结果的分析表明,试验地在不同生长阶段,ET变化剧烈,生长初期、发育期、中期、末期分别为2.3、2.9、4.1和3.0 mm/d,其蒸散量分别约占全年蒸散总量的13%、22%、50%和16%。ET月变化显示,4月和5月维持在一个较低水平,平均为2.1-2.3 mm/d;6月剧烈增加到3.6 mm/d;7月达到最大,平均为4.6mm/d;8月蒸散有所降低,为3.3 mm/d;9月,随着作物进入生长末期,蒸散急剧减小到2.8 mm/d。     

极端干旱区成龄葡萄园蒸散研究

利用波文比能量平衡法对新疆吐哈盆地葡萄园的蒸散变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,葡萄园水热平衡各分量的日变化呈典型的单峰曲线,潜热、感热和土壤热通量都随净辐射的增减而增减,但峰值出现的时间和大小各异,潜热通量占净辐射能量支出的大部分,其变化规律与净辐射的日变化规律一致性最好,土壤热通量变化很平缓,趋势与净辐射基本相同,但滞后净辐射2～3h。在晴朗无云的条件下,葡萄蒸散速率日变化呈单峰型。蒸散从早晨8:00以后出现,迅速增加,到中午13:00-15:00达到峰值,随后蒸散速率迅速下降;葡萄生长期内耗水强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,果粒膨大期耗水强度最大为8.78mm/d,葡萄整个生长期内的日均蒸发蒸腾量为5.58mm,蒸发蒸腾总量为1 228.45mm。     

河套灌区蒸散发分析及耗水机制研究

以河套灌区义长灌域永联试验区为研究对象,建立水均衡方程。首先,分析了水均衡法估算出的蒸散发量的合理性、蒸散发量与水均衡要素的关系以及根系层不同取土观测深度对水均衡法估算蒸散发量的影响。然后,分析了永联全区的水均衡要素构成以及土壤水和地下水的水分消耗过程。最后,分析水均衡法估算蒸散发量需注意的问题。     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China

Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ET_c) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ET_c was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ET_c increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d⁻¹ in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ET_c dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d⁻¹ at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (K_c) was similar to that of ET_c. From the beginning of growing season, the K_c value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ET_c of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.     

兰州南北两山集雨绿化生态水文变化机理初探

以兰州南北两山集雨绿化无灌溉人工生态系统为研究对象,在定位监测的基础上,运用生态水文学的基本原理,分析了拧条和柽柳土壤水分的土层分配、利用和水量平衡模式的变化,讨论了集雨区的植被盖度和结皮的发育成因和影响,以及拧条和柽柳在不同集雨面积的蒸散发量。得出在兰州南北两山集雨绿化可以推广乔木柽柳,其生态系统和生态水文过程比较稳定。     

基于作物蒸散量模型的智能化滴灌控制系统研究

为解决中小规模温室大棚的滴灌问题,设计出一套由作物蒸散量模型计算作物灌溉量的智能化滴灌控制系统。系统采用温湿度传感器测量不同高度上的温湿度差,利用波文比-能量平衡法计算出作物的蒸散量,并将蒸散量换算为灌溉量,通过单片机设定程序控制电磁阀的开关时间即控制灌溉量多少。对比试验证明,该方法方便、可靠,可应用于温室大棚的精确灌...     

Evapotranspiration and irrigation effeciency of mature orange orchards in Valencia (Spain)

Actual evapotranspiration (ETc) of three mature sweet orange orchards (cv. Salustiana and Washington Navel on sour orange), under border irrigation and typical cultural practices was measured by the water balance method during 1981 to 1984. Soil water content was measured at 7 to 10 day intervals using a neutron meter and soil sampling of the 0–10 cm surface layer. Zero flux plane was calculated by measurements with mercury tensiometers. Irrigation water in these and other 5 similar orchards was measured by broad crested weirs. Rainfall and other climatic data for calculation of reference evapotranspiration by FAO's methods (ETo) were collected in a nearby meteorological station. Average yearly ETc ranged from 750 to 660 mm and mean monthly maximum was 3.7 and 3.2 mm/day in July for Salustiana and W. Navel orchards, respectively.ETo estimates for the different methods used were highly correlated (r ²0.94). Monthly crop coefficients (Kc) based on pan evaporation ranged from 0.5–0.6 in spring and summer to 0.8 in autumn and were about 10% higher than those for Penman or radiation methods. Average annual Kc for the three plots studied was 0.64, 0.61 and 0.51, respectively, and correlated well (r ²=0.99) with tree ground cover. Irrigation efficiency was about 50% for orchards with soils with less water holding capacity and more applied water per irrigation and 70–80% in orchards with deeper soils or with a higher water holding capacity. Increasing irrigation frequency and applying smaller amounts of water per irrigation with good uniformity can improve on-farm irrigation efficiency.