利用蛋白A免疫组织化学技术检测试验感染山羊组织中的小反刍兽疫病毒抗原

本试验首次利用鸭沙门氏菌蛋白A与过氧化氢酶偶联,用于检测试验感染山羊组织中的小反刍兽疫病毒抗原。山羊用致病性小反刍兽疫病毒进行试验感染,这些病毒分离自2002年在沙特阿拉伯野生瞪羚自然爆发小反刍兽疫的严重疾病。该技术十分迅速,并且优于过氧化氢酶抗过氧化氢酶法（PAP）检测法,不需将组织中原本存在的过氧化氢酶失活,并且广泛用来检测很多种类动物。该技术优于其他免疫标记偶联技术的一个特点是,PA可以特异吸附于IgG的可结晶片段（Fc）,从而使抗原与IgG的抗原结合片段（Fab）结合,使IgG分子能与抗原特异性反应。所以,这并不是与抗原竞争与IgG分子的Fab部位结合。在目前的研究中,PA酶联用于检测试验感染山羊的各个组织中的小反刍兽疫病毒抗原。     

双抗体夹心ELISA检测小反刍兽疫病毒抗原方法的建立及病原流行病学调查

应用表达纯化的小反刍兽疫病毒(peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)N蛋白制备的多克隆抗体,建立了检测PPRV抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA方法,并对吉林省和内蒙古地区羊群感染PPRV进行了调查。方阵法确定了抗PPRV兔源IgG作为捕获抗体的包被量为0.2μg,酶标抗体的最佳稀释度为1∶1 000。对大量小反刍兽疫阴性粪便样品进行检测及统计学处理,确定了双抗体夹心ELISA检测PPRV的判定标准,即被检粪便样品D490≥0.221,判定为阳性。特异性、敏感性等试验结果表明,建立的检测PPRV抗原方法具有特异、敏感和快速等优点。与RT-PCR方法相比,该方法省时省力、简单快速。应用建立的检测PPRV抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA对吉林省和内蒙古不同地区的羊粪样进行检测,发现羊群均存在程度不同的PPRV隐性感染。本研究在国内首次揭示出临床健康羊群携带PPRV,为今后小反刍兽疫的诊断与防控提供了新的流行病学理论依据。     

羊肠道病毒与小反刍兽疫病毒混合感染及流行病学调查

本实验室2014年从吉林省某地暴发严重腹泻的病羊群分离出肠道病毒(CEV-JL14)和小反刍兽疫病毒,表明这2种病毒在该次疫病的暴发中可能发挥重要作用。为进一步了解羊群中小反刍兽疫病毒与羊肠道病毒混合感染情况,本研究应用建立的检测小反刍兽疫病毒抗原的夹心ELISA试剂盒和检测羊肠道病毒抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA试剂盒,对采自吉林省和内蒙古地区的共计1 167份羊粪便分别进行检测,发现被检羊群存在较为严重的小反刍兽疫病毒与羊肠道病毒混合感染。羊群混合感染小反刍兽疫病毒和羊肠道病毒在国内外属首次报道,该发现为今后上述病毒引起的疫病的诊断、防治提供流行病学理论依据。     

小反刍兽疫病毒重组N蛋白抗原制备及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

将编码小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)N蛋白的基因全长克隆到pBacPAK9载体中,并在昆虫细胞中进行表达。对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,并用PPRV阳性血清进行了Western blot鉴定。用Ni-IDA亲和柱对组氨酸融合表达的N蛋白进行了纯化,并对纯化产物进行了理化性质和抗原活性分析。最后以表达的N蛋白作为包被抗原,建立间接ELISA检测方法,临床检测137份山羊血清并与IDvet公司的商品化PPRV抗体检测试剂盒进行比较。结果表明,制备的PPRV N蛋白抗原在溶液中以单体形式存在,具有非常好的抗原活性。用该蛋白建立的间接ELISA检测方法与IDvet试剂盒符合率为956%。本研究为小反刍兽疫病毒重组N蛋白抗原制备相关质量标准的建立奠定了基础,同时建立的ELISA抗体检测方法可以很好地用于小反刍兽疫的临床诊断。     

小反刍兽疫实验室诊断

为了对小反刍兽疫疑似病例进行实验室确诊,采集疑似小反刍兽疫病羊材料,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法以及一步法RT-PCR检测方法进行检测,并针对小反刍兽疫N基因序列设计引物扩增N基因并进行克隆测序及序列分析。试验结果可见,疑似小反刍兽疫病羊临床剖检表现为胃肠道及肺部出现坏死,肠道出现线状出血。实时荧光定量RT-PCR和一步法RT-PCR方法检测结果显示均为小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)核酸阳性。N基因测序结果 China-GZ株与小反刍兽疫4个支系毒株序列比对显示,核苷酸同源性为89.0%~97.3%。本试验通过临床症状表现和实验室分子生物学诊断确诊该病例为小反刍兽疫病毒感染所致。     

小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在羊体内代谢消长规律的研究

为研究小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在羊体内的代谢消长规律,试验通过建立小反刍兽疫N蛋白双抗原夹心ELISA抗体检测方法、H蛋白阻断ELISA抗体检测方法与血清中和抗体试验方法,分别检测了羊免疫疫苗后体内N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在每个免疫阶段的代谢消长变化。结果表明:羊免疫小反刍兽疫疫苗后,血清内的N蛋白抗体与H蛋白抗体在6~8周时血清抗体效价较高,对应的羊体内中和抗体效价为1∶512,且效价至少可以持续到10周以上,2种抗体具有一定消长代谢规律的相关性。该研究结果也为以N抗原与H抗原为基础建立相应的抗原捕获ELISA方法、竞争ELISA检测方法、间接ELISA检测方法以及双抗原夹心ELISA检测方法奠定了一定的理论依据。     

小反刍兽疫磁微粒化学发光抗体检测方法的建立

小反刍兽疫（Peste des petits ruminants,PPR）是由副黏病毒科麻疹病毒属的小反刍兽疫病毒（Peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV）引起的一种山羊和绵羊的急性、烈性、致死性、高度接触性传染病。目前小反刍兽疫抗体检测方法主要有胶体金试纸条、酶联免疫ELISA、板式化学发光。本试验利用小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白和单克隆抗体,建立了小反刍兽疫磁微粒化学发光抗体检测方法,将整个反应过程缩短至15 min。为大批量临床检测小反刍兽疫病毒抗体提供了一种高效便捷的方法。     

小反刍兽疫病毒核衣壳蛋白抗原性与特异性的比较

为筛选建立小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白双抗原夹心ELISA抗体检测方法的抗原原料,本研究通过优化大肠杆菌密码子、优化蛋白表达与纯化条件等方法,分别在pET-30a与pET-32a两个不同原核表达载体中成功获得了可溶性的小反刍兽疫核衣壳蛋白(N)。分别对重组大肠埃希氏菌pET-30a-(N)-BL21(DE3)株与pET-32a-(N)-BL21(DE3)株种子批的P7代与P20代进行蛋白诱导表达与抗原提取纯化,共获得6批小反刍兽疫病毒pET-30a-(N)蛋白与pET-32a-(N)蛋白,并对蛋白的浓度、纯度、抗原性和特异性进行检验。结果表明两个纯化后的重组抗原与羊小反刍兽疫病毒阳性血清有明显反应,具有较好的反应性,而与羊痘病毒阳性血清、羊口蹄疫病毒阳性血清、山羊关节炎/脑炎病毒阳性血清等特异性血清均无交叉反应,具有较好的特异性。本研究结果为今后以N蛋白为基础建立相应的抗原捕获ELISA方法,竞争ELISA检测方法、间接ELISA检测方法以及双抗原夹心ELISA抗体检测方法打下了坚实的基础。     

原核载体表达的小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白的保存期与相关抗原性、特异性研究

为明确使用原核表达载体pET-32a表达纯化的小反刍兽疫病毒核衣壳蛋白(N)的最佳保存期,检测其相关抗原性与特异性,通过优化N抗原序列的密码子和蛋白表达纯化条件,在大肠杆菌表达系统中成功获得了3批次高效表达的小反刍兽疫病毒可溶性重组N蛋白。将3批次小反刍兽疫病毒N蛋白放置2～8℃保存,分别于1、2、3、6、9、12、15个月检验蛋白性状、蛋白浓度、纯度、抗原性和特异性等指标。经分析,各个时期蛋白的抗原浓度、抗原性、特异性等要素均符合标准,N蛋白保存15个月后,依然具有较强的检测抗原性与特异性。该研究结果为今后以小反刍兽疫N蛋白为基础建立相应的抗原捕获ELISA方法以及双抗原夹心ELISA抗体检测方法奠定了坚实的基础。     

小反刍兽疫病毒特异性IgY抗体的制备及双抗夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

本研究制备了针对小反刍兽疫PPRV全病毒特异性卵黄抗体,利用PPRV N蛋白特异性单克隆抗体和PPRV IgY为主要材料,建立了PPRV双夹心ELISA检测方法检测小反刍兽疫病毒。用该ELISA方法分别检测小反刍兽疫病毒、蓝舌病病毒、鹿流行性出血病病毒、水泡性口炎病毒、赤羽病病毒、口蹄疫病毒,结果表明该ELISA方法可以特异性检出PPRV而与其他病毒间无交叉。用该ELISA和RT-PCR同时检测162份临床样品,结果表明ELISA的特异性和敏感性分别为99.2%和93.7%,两种方法的符合率为98.1%。该方法的建立为小反刍兽疫病毒的初筛检测及小反刍兽疫流行病学调查提供了经济、快速、有效的方法,适用于设备条件不足的基层实验室。     

Development of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies against Peste-des-petits-ruminants Virus in Small Ruminants

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. A polyclonal antibody based indirect ELISA was developed for detection of antibodies to PPR virus in the serum samples of goats and sheep using purified PPR viral antigen propogated in Vero cell culture. A threshold (cut-off) value was set as twice the mean of the negative population based on the distribution of known negative serum samples in respect of PPR virus antibodies in the test. A total of 1544 serum samples from goats and sheep were screened by indirect ELISA and competitive ELISA. The indirect ELISA compared very well with competitive ELISA, with a high degree of specificity (95.09%) and sensitivity (90.81%). When compared with virus neutralization test, the present assay had 100% specificity and 80% sensitivity. With serum samples, the assay could clearly differentiate animals from the infected population from uninfected ones. These results suggest that the indirect ELISA may be a good alternative tool to competitive ELISA for seroepidemiological surveys.     

Goat serums for fluorescent antibody conjugates to chlamydial antigens.

Serums from goats hyperimmunized with Chlamydia psittaci consistently produce antichlamydial fluorescent antibody conjugate of high titer. The titer of the fluorescent antibody conjugate prepared from a given serum correlated well with the titer obtained by agar gel precipitin, but not with the complement fixation. The agar gel precipitin test can be used to predict whether a given serum is satisfactory for use in production of a conjugate for direct fluorescent antibody tests. Serums with an agar gel precipitin titer of 1/8 or higher generally produce a usable fluorescent antibody conjugate. Labeling gamma globulins with fluorescein isothiocyanate at a ratio of 1/150 resulted in satisfactory fluorescent antibody conjugates. Cultures of Vero cells infected with chlamydiae were found to be suitable for titration of the fluorescent antibody conjugates.     

Development of a monoclonal antibody based competitive-ELISA for detection and titration of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile, viral, disease of small ruminants with great economic importance. A competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) test was developed for detection of antibodies to PPR virus in the sera samples of goats and sheep. The test uses monoclonal antibody to a neutralizing epitope of haemagglutinin protein of the virus. Based on the distribution of known negative sera samples (n=933) in respect of PPR virus antibodies in the test, a cut-off value was set as 38%. This value was the result of mean of negative population added with two times the standard deviations. A total of 1668 sera samples from goat and sheep and 32 sera from cattle were screened by c-ELISA and virus neutralization test (VNT). Efficacy of c-ELISA compared very well with VNT having high relative specificity (98.4%) and sensitivity (92.4%). The sensitivity of c-ELISA for PPR sero-surveillance could further be increased (95.4%), if the target population is non-vaccinated. c-ELISA test correlated well with VNT (r=0.845) for end-point titration of PPR virus antibody in 64 goat sera samples. It could clearly separate infected population from uninfected in field sera. Using c-ELISA test paired sera samples from 13 goats provided a clear diagnosis of PPR virus infection. Furthermore, antibodies to PPR virus could be successfully detected during 1 year after vaccination in four goats inoculated with an experimental PPR vaccine. Findings suggest that the c-ELISA test developed can easily replace VNT for sero-surveillance, sero-monitoring, diagnosis from paired sera samples and end-point titration of PPR virus antibodies.     

Peste des petits ruminants infection in domestic ruminants in Sudan

The existence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in domestic ruminants and camels in Sudan during 2008–2012 was investigated. Lung tissues and serum samples were randomly collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and camels at different areas of Sudan. A total of 12,384 serum samples were collected from clinically healthy 7413 sheep, 1988 camels, 1501 cattle, 1459 goats, and 23 gazelles at different areas in the Sudan. They were examined for PPR antibodies using competitive ELISA (cELISA). The overall detected seroprevalence of PPR in tested sera was 49.4%; seroprevalence values within species were 67.1, 48.2, 25.8, 2.1, and 21.7% in sheep, goat, cattle, camels, and gazelles, respectively. The highest seroprevalence (68.1%) was observed in sera collected from Darfur states, then the central states (54.3%). A total of 1276 lung tissue samples (623 sheep, 324 cattle, 220 camels, and 109 goats) were collected. The majority of lung samples were collected from clinically healthy animals that showed lesions on PM in slaughterhouses (95%) and during PPR outbreaks; samples were tested for PPR antigen using immunocapture ELISA (IcELISA). PPR antigen was detected in 233 out of the 1276 tested samples (18.3%). Positive results were observed in samples collected from clinically healthy and diseased animals. The observed prevalence values in each species were 33.6, 21.1, 15.4, and 12.3% in camel, goat, sheep, and cattle, respectively. PPR antigen was detected in samples from different areas; however, the highest prevalence (63.9%) was found in samples collected from the eastern states, then Khartoum state (28%). Trials for virus isolation were done in different cell cultures. Out of 30 IcELISA-positive samples inoculated in primary bovine and ovine kidney cells, Vero cells, the PPR virus was successfully isolated from 15 (eight sheep, five camels, and two goats) samples in the three cell culture types. Using RT-PCR, PPRV nucleic acid was detected in all 25 IcELISA-positive tested samples.     

Antibody seroprevalences against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in camels, cattle, goats and sheep in Ethiopia

A questionnaire-survey data indicated that 26% of 276 farmers reported the presence of respiratory disease in their herds in 2001. The incidence was perceived as "high" in small ruminants and camels, but as "low" in cattle. Simultaneously, 2815 serum samples from camels (n=628), cattle (n=910), goats (n=442) and sheep (n=835) were tested. The peste des petits ruminants (PPR) antibody seroprevalence was 3% in camels, 9% in cattle, 9% in goats and 13% in sheep. The highest locality-specific seroprevalences were: camels 10%, cattle 16%, goats 22% and sheep 23%. The animals had not been vaccinated against rinderpest or PPR. Antibody seroprevalences detected in camels, cattle, goats and sheep confirmed natural transmission of PPR virus under field conditions.     

The detection of antibody against peste des petits ruminants virus in Sheep,Goats, Cattle and Buffaloes

Monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) has been used for the specific measurement of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses in sheep, goats, cattle and Buffalo. Serum samples from sheep (n = 232), goats (n = 428), cattle (n = 43), buffalo (n = 89) were tested. The animals had not been vaccinated against rinderpest or PPR. Findings suggested that the sero-positive cases were significantly higher in sheep (51.29%) than in goats (39.02%) (P = 0.002). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in small ruminants was 43.33%. The PPR antibodies seroprevalence was 67.42% in buffalo and 41.86% in cattle which was significantly higher in buffalo (P = 0.005). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in large ruminants was 59.09%. Cattle and buffalo sera showed a high prevalence of antibody against PPR virus which may explain the difficulty experienced in achieving high post-vaccination immunity levels against rinderpest. Because antibodies against PPR virus are both cross-neutralizing and cross-protective against rinderpest virus, further vaccination in the presence of antibodies against PPR virus may be a waste of national resources. It was also suggested that antibodies to PPR virus could prevent an immune response to the rinderpest vaccine. This paper presents serological evidence for the transmission of PPR virus from sheep and goats to cattle and buffalo and highlights the need to include PPR serology in the sero-monitoring programme to give a better indication of national herd immunity of sheep and goats against PPR.     

Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in cattle and buffaloes from Southern Peninsular India

This study describes seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in cattle and buffaloes carried out during the period 2009–2010 using the randomly collected serum samples from different parts of Southern peninsular India. The report presents the results of PPR virus (PPRV)—specific antibodies in situations where either the subclinical or inapparent or non-lethal infection was there in cattle and buffaloes. A total of 2,548 serum samples [cattle = 1,158, buffaloes = 1,001, sheep = 303 and goat = 86] were collected and screened for PPRV antibodies by using a PPR monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Analysis of 2,159 serum samples indicates an overall 4.58% prevalence of PPRV antibody in cattle and buffaloes. The presence of PPRV-specific antibodies demonstrates that cattle and buffaloes are exposed to PPR infection naturally, and the transmission mode may be direct or indirect. Further, it implies the importance of bovines as subclinical hosts for the virus besides widespread presence of the disease in sheep and goats in the country.