发酵液体饲料在断奶仔猪和生长育肥猪的应用

<正>发酵液体饲料(FLF)作为一种新型饲料在欧洲已广泛使用,并成为当前研究的新热点(李军,2001)。FLF较传统干料和液体饲料在应用上有很多优势:①可以使用食品发酵工业副产物,大大降低饲料成本;②通过有益菌的发酵可提高动物对饲料的消化利用率,改善动物     

不同水料比液体饲料对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

湿饲法允许使用低端的的干物质副产品,因此能够显著降低生产成本,且在某种程度上,能在夏季高热环境下提高动物福利（scott等,2007）。与干饲法相比,湿饲法具有提高生长速度、减少上市时间、提高饲料转化率等优点（Braude,1967,1971;Jensen等,1998;Canibe等,2003）。饲喂非发酵型液体饲料的新生断奶仔猪平均日增重比干饲组提高了12％±9．4％（Jensen等,1998）;猪饲喂通过乳酸酸化的液体饲料能够达到与饲喂发酵型液体饲料相同的生长效果（Geary等,1999）。     

长期饲喂发酵全价饲料对猪生长、粪便臭味物质、血清抗氧化及免疫性能指标的影响

本试验旨在研究长期饲喂发酵全价饲料对生长猪生长性能、粪便臭味物质、血清抗氧化及免疫性能相关指标的影响。试验以地衣芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌为混合发酵菌剂制备发酵全价饲料。选择90头22 kg左右的约荣二元杂交猪,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,分别饲喂无抗饲料(对照组),含抗生素的饲料(抗生素组)和发酵全价饲料(发酵组)。饲喂2个月后,测定各试验组猪的生长性能、粪便pH、挥发性臭味物质的含量及血清抗氧化指标、免疫球蛋白水平。结果显示:①全价饲料经发酵后,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)极显著提高(P<0.01),还原力和羟自由基清除力均有升高趋势(P>0.05)。②饲喂两个月发酵全价饲料对各组猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)、料重比(F/G)影响均不显著(P>0.05)。③各组猪的粪便pH及对甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但发酵组的异戊酸含量显著低于抗生素组(P<0.05)。④各组猪的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,T-AOC及丙二醛(MDA)含量差异均不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,发酵组血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)水平有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),补体蛋白4(C4)含量显著升高(P<0.05),这两项指标与抗生素组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合试验结果,长期饲喂发酵全价饲料对猪生长,粪便pH,粪便主要臭味物质含量及血清抗氧化指标、IgG、IgM水平没有显著影响,没有延续短期饲喂的优势。     

发酵蛋白饲料对生长育肥猪抗氧化能力和免疫能力的影响

本试验探讨了在日粮中使用发酵蛋白原料替代普通蛋白原料对生长育肥猪抗氧化能力和免疫能力的影响。结果表明,饲料日粮中添加发酵豆粕、发酵棉粕显著提高了育肥猪血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物歧化酶活性(GSH-Px)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),显著降低了育肥猪血清丙二醛含量(MDA)(P<0.05);显著提高了育肥猪血清IgA含量和IgM含量(P<0.05),极显著提高育肥猪血清IgG含量(P<0.01)。育肥猪采食添加发酵豆粕、发酵棉粕的饲料日粮后,机体抗氧化能力增强,并能刺激机体的体液免疫反应,从而提高猪的抗病能力。     

生长猪饲粮中添加发酵桑叶粉对生长性能和血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响

为研究发酵桑叶粉作为饲料来源，其不同添加水平对生长猪生长性能和血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响，选取体质量30 kg左右的三元杂交生长猪48头，随机分成4组，对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加2%、4%、6%的发酵桑叶粉进行饲喂试验。结果表明：饲料中添加发酵桑叶粉，试验组生长猪平均日采食量低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组之间采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加发酵桑叶粉使生长猪血清中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组尿酸含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);发酵桑叶粉的添加对血清中的葡萄糖含量有下降趋势作用，试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清中的葡萄糖含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。抗氧化能力随着发酵桑叶粉添加水平的提高，血清中的丙二醛含量极显著降低(P<0.01);过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶含量，试验组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),说明生长猪饲粮中添加4%～6%发酵桑叶粉不影响其生长性能，有利于增强机体抗氧化能力。     

纤维素酶对生长猪的生长效果试验

选 ( 1 8 9± 2 2 )kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪 96头。随机分成 4个处理 ,每个处理 4个重复 ,每个重复 6头猪。以玉米 豆粕 + 1 5 %麦麸为基础日粮 ,试验组在基础日粮的基础上添加 0 2 %的发酵所复合酶制剂 ,0 2 %的发酵所单一纤维素酶制剂和 0 2 %的赤峰宝山复合酶制剂。试验结果表明 :添加酶制剂在一定程度上可以促进生长 ,改善饲料利用率。与对照组相比 ,发酵所复合酶制剂组平均日增重提高 9 1 % (P >0 0 5 ) ,料重比提高 7% (P >0 0 5 ) ;发酵所单一酶制剂组平均日增重和饲料转化率分别提高 7 3% (P >0 0 5 )和 4 1 % (P >0 0 5 ) ;赤峰宝山复合酶制剂组平均日增重和饲料转化率分别提高 2 % (P >0 0 5 )和 3 3% (P >0 0 5 )。     

发酵液体饲料在猪日粮中的应用

发酵液体饲料是利用微生物对饲料进行发酵后的液体饲料。与使用酸化剂相比饲料发酵能产生更多的酸和有益中间产物。因此,饲喂前的精细发酵已经成为液体饲料研究的一个新进展。现代饲料生产中,利用悬浮技术将配合饲料加工成均匀分散的液态饲料。同时,使用有益微生物对饲料进行发酵,最终得到发酵液体饲料。     

发酵液体饲料不同的调制方法

所谓发酵液体饲料(FLF)一般认为应具备下面几个特点:pH<4.5;乳酸菌>9CFU/mL;乳酸质量浓度>150mmol/L;乙酸质量浓度<40mmol/L;并且乙醇质量浓度<0.8mmol/L(Van Winsen等,     

发酵液体饲料的研究进展

发酵液体饲料在欧洲已广泛使用 ,并成为当前人们研究的新热点。本文仅从发酵液体饲料对猪的生产性能、胃中酸度及肠道菌群的影响、发酵液体饲料的发酵控制 ( p H、温度、水料比及日粮组成、发酵促进剂 )和发酵液体饲料的应用现状及存在的问题几个方面的研究进展进行论述     

草秆粉发酵饲料喂生长猪可行性试验

试验比较了用草秆饲料制作剂发酵的草秆粉饲料饲喂生长育猪对增重，饲料报报酬，经济效益的影响。结果指出，用草秆粉发酵饲料分别替代基础饲粮的２０％和３０％，其日增重，饲料报酬和头均日效益分别比饲喂基础饲粮的对照组降低１４．５２％、３５．０５％、１９．３１％、４９．８３％、１０４％、５２．６０％。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.