岩溶区典型根系地下生境的土壤质量分析

选择岩溶区三种不同的典型根系地下生境类型土壤为研究对象(类型Ⅵ——白云岩水平产状多层空间类型、类型Ⅸ——白云岩倾斜产状多层空间类型及类型Ⅺ——白云岩直立产状多层空间类型),根据不同类型的土壤物理、化学及生物学指标,计算土壤肥力的综合指标值,对其土壤质量进行综合分析评价。结果表明:(1)不同植物根系地下生境类型和不同空间土壤层次的土壤指标值差异极显著;(2)不同类型的土壤质量存在差异,且具有明显的层次性,土壤质量表现为白云岩倾斜产状多层空间类型最好,且三种类型的土壤质量均呈现出随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。该文揭示了根系地下生境的土壤质量差异,这为岩溶石漠化区的植被恢复技术研究和治理均有积极的作用。     

岩溶区根系地下生境对土壤微生物生物量的影响

选择岩溶区3种不同的典型根系地下生境类型土壤作为研究对象(类型Ⅰ——白云岩水平产状多层空间类型、类型Ⅱ——白云岩倾斜产状多层空间类型及类型Ⅲ——白云岩直立产状多层空间类型),分析不同类型及层次对土壤微生物生物量的影响,以及土壤养分、土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:(1)根系地下生境类型和层次对土壤微生物生物量的影响极显著(p<0.01);(2)3种类型的土壤微生物生物量差异极显著(p<0.01),均随土壤层次的下降而降低,类型Ⅰ的微生物环境较差,类型Ⅱ较好,类型Ⅲ居中;(3)类型Ⅰ在一定程度上能促进碳循环,类型Ⅱ利于有机碳的循环、氮的供应,类型Ⅲ利于磷的供应及有机物质的氧化。该研究可为探索岩溶地区的根系地下生境及其土壤条件,并为同等条件的土壤肥力评价、植被恢复技术研究提供参考。     

典型岩溶石漠化区根系生境及其类型研究

在贵州岩溶石漠化区,根据碳酸盐岩分布、地貌类型及岩石类型分布情况,共计调查152个根系生境剖面,利用岩性、产状、根系分布范围内的岩石斑块数、土层深度、裂缝宽度、垂直剖面土壤分布范围、植物根系分布的长宽幅度等指标,采用RDA排序方法,分析根系生长空间类型及其特征;采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法进行快速聚类,划分植物根系生境类型,并进行生境类型命名及类型特征描述.结果表明:1)石漠化区植物根系生长空间分为表层空间、单层空间、多层空间3种类型,植物根系对多层空间类型利用最多;2)贵州岩溶石漠化区根系生境分为18个类型,各类型特征不同.研究成果加深了对岩溶石漠化区植物根系生境的认识,对植物生态修复与石漠化治理均具有重要的意义.     

岩溶区不同土地利用类型土壤无机磷形态分布特征

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初的土壤无机磷分级体系,对桂林毛村岩溶区旱耕地、灌丛、林地、水田土壤的无机磷形态分布特征进行研究。结果表明,岩溶区土壤全磷含量较高,速效磷和无机磷的含量均较低。4种土地利用类型总无机磷含量在49.87～489.80g/kg之间,占全磷的比例在6.08%～56.64%之间。各无机磷形态分布除Fe-P以外,均以水田最高,总无机磷含量水田也为最大。在同一土壤剖面不同发生层次上,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P的含量随着深度的增加而减小,O-P含量随着深度增加而升高,对比各无机磷形态含量大小发现:Ca10-PO-PFe-PAl-PCa8-PCa2-P。对各无机磷形态与速效磷相关性分析表明:Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、O-P与速效磷呈极显著正相关关系;各无机磷形态之间,除Ca2-P与Ca10-P相关性不显著,Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P与O-P、Ca10-P相关性不显著,其余各形态无机磷之间均存在极显著的相关性。4种土地利用类型土壤磷素活化系数(PAC)除了水田耕层为2.5%2.0%外,其余土地利用类型的PAC均小于2.0%,说明岩溶区全磷不易转化为速效磷,有效性较低。     

云南典型非岩溶区和岩溶石漠化区降水特征

为理解岩溶石漠化、气候变化对降水特征的影响,分别以云南典型非岩溶区和岩溶石漠化区各3个站点1959-2017年的逐日降水量数据为基础,采用线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,对比分析气候变化与岩溶石漠化协同影响下的降水特征变异规律.结果 表明:1)除了非岩溶区勐腊站降水量有微弱增加趋势外,其余站点均呈现...     

粤北典型岩溶区石漠化过程中植被退化对土壤有机质和养分含量的影响

以阳山县江英镇为例,通过典型样地调查和取样分析,研究了粤北典型岩溶区石漠化过程中植被退化对土壤有机质及养分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着石漠化程度的加深,石灰岩植被的生境向旱生化和岩生化发展,植物群落结构越来越趋于简单。(2)石漠化过程与土壤养分状况有密切关系,随着土地石漠化的发展,土壤有机质、全N,以及碱解N、有效P、速效K含量呈现出显著下降趋势,土壤逐步贫瘠化。(3)土壤有机质和养分含量下降与植被退化形成正反馈关系,并具有退化方向的一致性和退化过程的同步性。     

渝东南岩溶区典型土壤的系统分类研究

为明确渝东南岩溶区典型土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,以该区域石灰岩发育的典型土壤个体为研究对象,挖掘8个典型剖面,通过野外观测、分层取样与分析,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》进行分类检索,并与发生分类进行参比。结果表明,8个供试剖面分别被划归为3个土纲(淋溶土、雏形土和新成土)、5个亚纲、7个土类和7个亚类等系统分类高级单元;在系统分类基层单元归属上,8个剖面分别被划归为8个土族和8个土系。黄棕壤参比到简育常湿雏形土和酸性常湿雏形土,黄壤参比到简育湿润淋溶土,石灰(岩)土参比到钙质常湿(湿润)淋溶土、钙质湿润雏形土和湿润正常新成土。结合成土环境分析可知,在渝东南岩溶区海拔1 000 m的地区,海拔越高,其水分状况越好,越容易形成黏化层;若海拔大致相同,坡度是影响土壤形成黏化层的首要因素;地形和海拔也与渝东南岩溶区的土壤水分状况、雏形层的形成等密切相关,是影响渝东南土壤系统分类归属划分的重要因素。     

西南岩溶石漠化区水土保持研究新进展

西南岩溶石漠化区水土流失是目前岩溶学领域突出的环境问题和研究热点。2008年6月10～12日在重庆西南大学举办的”西南喀斯特石漠化区水土保持与生态文明学术研讨会”,体现了我国当前岩溶石漠化区水土保持研究的最新进展和最高水平。本文以该会议内容为背景,总结了西南岩溶石漠化区近年来水土流失动态评价及发展成果,包括岩溶区水土流失与生态环境基础研究、岩溶生态重建、水土流失与石漠化综合治理几个方面,并提出今后研冤中要加快岩溶科技创新,建立”数字石漠化”,深入岩溶石漠化基础研究和加强生态环境综合研究。     

桂林毛村岩溶区与非岩溶区几种果树土壤溶解有机碳空间变化

土壤溶解有机碳是当前环境学的研究热点之一。从土壤溶解有机碳的空间变化的角度出发,研究了果树在岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤溶解有机碳的表现。结果表明,不同区域、不同树种、不同取样深度的土壤溶解有机碳的含量均不同,非岩溶区、20cm的土壤溶解有机碳含量较岩溶区、50cm为高,不同树种在不同区域不同深度有不同的表现。低pH对应较高的土壤溶解有机碳含量。     

典型岩溶区板栗树下土壤pH值与盐基饱和度关系研究

为研究岩溶区板栗树下土壤pH值的变化及其与盐基饱和度的关系,以广西隆安县典型岩溶区为研究区,分别测定了旱季与雨季洼地2年生、5年生、10年生板栗树和洼地草地、坡地灌木丛的土壤剖面pH值,土壤在20、50、80 cm深处的交换性盐基总量,交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的含量,阳离子交换量等,并对板栗树下土壤pH值与盐基饱和度和交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的含量作相关性分析,结果表明:板栗树下土壤pH值偏低,呈弱酸性,这可能与板栗树的种植有关;土壤pH值与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,R=0.672),与交换性Ca2+呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,R=0.632),与交换性Mg2+、Na+、K+相关性不明显。     

不同渗灌灌水对土壤酶活性的影响

Various environmental conditions determine soil enzyme activities, which are important indicators for changes of soil microbial activity, soil fertility, and land quality. The effect of subsurface irrigation scheduling on activities of three soil enzymes （phosphatase, urease, and catalase） was studied at five depths （0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 cm） of a tomato greenhouse soil. Irrigation was scheduled when soil water condition reached the maximum allowable depletion （MAD） designed for different treatments （-10, -16, -25, -40, and -63 kPa）. Results showed that soil enzyme activities had significant responses to the irrigation scheduling during the period of subsurface irrigation. The neutral phosphatase activity and the catalase activity were found to generally increase with more frequent irrigation （MAD of -10 and -16 kPa）. This suggested that a higher level of water content favored an increase in activity of these two enzymes. In contrast, the urease activity decreased under irrigation, with less effect for MAD of -40 and -63 kPa. This implied that relatively wet soil conditions were conducive to retention of urea N, but relatively dry soil conditions could result in increasing loss of urea N. Further, this study revealed that soil enzyme activities could be alternative natural bio-sensors for the effect of irrigation on soil biochemical reactions and could help optimize irrigation management of greenhouse crop production.     

黄土丘陵区人工灌木林土壤酶特征

 采用时空互代法,以侵蚀环境下黄土丘陵区不同林龄的人工灌木林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然次生侧柏林为对照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤酶的演变特征,并在此基础上提出了土壤酶综合评价指数,分析了其变化过程。结果表明:侵蚀环境下的坡耕地改造为灌木林后,脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,并随种植年限增长逐渐升高,相同林龄的沙棘林酶活性高于柠条林;多酚氧化酶活性显著降低;淀粉酶活性变化规律不明显。相关性分析表明:除淀粉酶、脲酶外,蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶相互之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著负相关;蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮等主要养分因子的相关性显著。坡耕地由于人为活动干扰,土壤酶指数较低,改造为灌木林后随种植年限的延长显著增加,但是仍显著低于该地区植被破坏前顶级群落(天然次生侧柏林)。土壤酶指数可以表征各种酶活性大小的综合作用,能够全面客观地反映生态过程中土壤酶活性的演变过程。     

中国四川盆地地区侵蚀斜坡土壤酶活性研究

Determining how soil erosion affects enzyme activity may enhance our understanding of soil degradation on eroded agricultural landscapes. This study assessed the changes in enzyme activity with slope position and erosion type by selecting water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes and performing analyses using the ¹³⁷Cs technique. The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that soil loss occurred in the upper section of the two eroded slope types, while soil accumulation occurred in the lower section. The invertase activity increased downslope and exhibited a pattern similar to the ¹³⁷Cs data. The spatial patterns of urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were similar to the ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. On both the eroded slope types, the invertase activity and soil organic carbon content were correlated, but no correlation was observed between the alkaline phosphatase activity and total phosphorus content. Nevertheless, the urease activity was correlated with the total nitrogen content only on the water erosion-dominated slopes. The enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratios indicated high activities of invertase and urease but low activity of phosphatase on the water erosion-dominated slopes compared with the tillage erosion-dominated slopes. Both the invertase activity and the invertase activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio varied with the slope position. Changes in the urease activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio were significantly affected by the erosion type. These suggested that the dynamics of the invertase activity were linked to soil redistribution on the two eroded slope types, whereas the dynamics of the urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were associated with soil redistribution only on the water or tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. The erosion type had an obvious effect on the activities of invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase. Soil redistribution might influence the involvement of urease in the N cycle and alkaline phosphatase in the P cycle. Thus, enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass ratios may be used to better evaluate microbiological activity in eroded soils.     

松嫩平原盐碱草地主要植物群落土壤酶活性研究

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,研究了松嫩平原盐碱草地主要植物群落羊草(Leymus chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)以及盐碱荒地上土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的酶活性值以及垂直分布规律,并对3种酶活性与各理化因子之间进行了相关分析。结果表明:羊草群落的磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性值均为最高,芦苇、虎尾草群落土壤的酶活性值也较高,碱茅群落的土壤酶活性较低,而碱蓬群落土壤酶活性值最低,接近于盐碱荒地上土壤酶活性值。各植物群落的土壤酶活性垂直分布多表现为随着土壤深度的加深而呈现依次递减的规律,且表层(0～10 cm)土壤酶活性在所有根层总酶活性中所占的比例最大,占根层(0～40 cm)土壤酶活性的50%以上。土壤酶与土壤理化因子相关分析表明,土壤的土壤酶活性大多与EC、pH值显著负相关,对土壤酶活性影响较大;土壤酶活性与土壤养分正相关,脲酶与其相关性较大,蔗糖酶与养分的相关关系不是很明显。     

广东省典型土壤类型和土地利用方式对土壤酶活性的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了广东省韶关红壤、广州赤红壤、雷州砖红壤3个典型地带性土壤分布区4种不同土地利用方式(包括林地、果园、草地和农田)对表层(0~20 cm)土壤几种主要酶活性(过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性)的影响。结果表明,不同土壤类型和不同土地利用方式对土壤酶活性均有一定影响,其中土地利用方式影响更为明显。土壤酶活性多表现为果园和林地较高,农田和草地较低;而土壤过氧化氢酶对土地利用方式和土壤类型的响应均较其它几种酶弱。典范相关分析结果表明,全磷、速效磷、速效氮含量是土壤养分因子中影响土壤酶活性的最重要因素,5种酶中纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性与土壤养分因子关系最大,而土壤酶活性之间也存在着一定的共性关系。     

宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤酶活性及其空间变异

采集了同一地点不同土地利用方式,及不同地点不同典型土地利用类型下银川平原的灌淤土样品,在分析了土壤基本理化性质的基础上,用奈氏比色法、苯磷酸二钠比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法,分别测定了宁夏引黄灌区农田不同利用方式下土壤的磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性状况,并对土壤酶活性与土壤的基本理化性质的相关性进行了相关分析。结果表明,土地利用方式对三种酶活性有很大的影响。12年果园磷酸酶活性最高,常年旱田脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高,而盐化旱田及常年淹水的稻田,三种酶活性都很低。脲酶活性与土壤全氮之间显著正相关,全磷与三种酶活性都极显著相关,三种酶之间达到显著或极显著正相关关系。表明磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的大小可以敏感地表征宁夏引黄灌区土壤肥力和生产力的高低。     

Soil amendments with organic wastes reduce the toxicity of nickel to soil enzyme activities

The effects of adding a crushed cotton gin compost (CCGC) and poultry manure (PM) on the biological properties of a Typic Xerofluvent soil contaminated with Ni were studied in the laboratory. Urease, BBA-protease, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase activities were measured in soils containing seven concentrations (100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 and 8000 mg kg⁻¹ soil) of Ni after four incubation times (1 day, 7 days, 15 days and 45 days). The resulting inhibition was compared with that of the enzymatic activities in the same soil containing similar concentrations of the Ni but amended with crushed cotton gin compost and poultry manure. The 50% ecological dose (ED₅₀) values were calculated by the two kinetic models used by Speir et al. [T.W. Speir, H.A. Kettles, A. Parshotam, P.L. Searle, L.N.C. Vlaar, A simple kinetic approach to derive the ecological dose value, ED50, for the assessment of Cr(VI) toxicity to soil biological properties, Soil Biol. Biochem. 27 (1995) 801–810] and by the sigmoidal dose–response model used by Haanstra et al. [L. Haanstra, P. Doelman, J.H. Oude Voshaar, The use of sigmoidal dose response curves in soil ecotoxicological research, Plant Soil 84 (1985) 293–297]. The urease, BBA-protease, β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities were higher in the organic amended soils (76%, >99.7%, >95.7%, >27.6% and >87.2%, respectively) than in the control soil. Also, the enzymatic activities were higher in CCGC-amended soils than in the PM-amended soils (51%, 20%, 11.2%, and 11.3% increase for urease, BBA-protease, β-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase, respectively). For all soil enzymatic activities and at the end of the period of incubation, the ED₅₀ values were lowest in control soil, followed by PM and CGCC-amended soils. This may have been due to the adsorption capacity of Ni being higher in the humic acid (CGCC) than in the fulvic acid-amended soil (PM).     

设施蔬菜轮作和连作土壤酶活性的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究大棚蔬菜(津优1号黄瓜)在轮作(15、18和21年)和连作(2、7年)条件下,对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,轮作土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶的活性显著地高于连作7年的土壤(P0.05);随着连作年限的增加,过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶的活性显著地降低(P0.05),多酚氧化酶的活性显著升高(P0.05)。通过对产量的分析表明,连作2年、7年土壤的黄瓜产量分别为每3盆7.91和3.14.kg,两者差异显著;轮作15、18和21年土壤的黄瓜产量分别为6.65、6.85和7.16kg/3盆,差异不显著;连作2年土壤的黄瓜产量显著高于其它处理(P0.05),连作7年土壤的黄瓜产量显著低于其它处理,黄瓜产量与土壤酶活性的变化趋势基本一致。过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和多酚氧化酶可以作为设施蔬菜敏感的土壤酶学指标。     

Soil organic matter, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical agroforestry system

 The effects of growing trees in combination with field crops on soil organic matter, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils under a 12-year-old Dalbergia sissoo (a N₂-fixing tree) plantation intercropped with a wheat (Triticum aestivum) – cowpea (Vigna sinensis) cropping sequence. The inputs of organic matter through D. sissoo leaf litter increased and crop roots decreased with the increase in tree density. Higher organic C and total N, microbial biomass C, basal soil respiration and activities of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were observed in treatments with tree-crop combination than in the treatment without trees. Soil organic matter, microbial biomass C and soil enzyme activities increased with the decrease in the spacing of the D. sissoo plantation. The results indicate that adoption of the agroforestry practices led to an improved organic matter status of the soil, which is also reflected in the increased nutrient pool and microbial activities necessary for long-term productivity of the soil. However, tree spacing should be properly maintained to minimize the effects of shading on the intercrops. Received: 21 February 1997