胶体作用下饱和土壤中Cd运移的数值模拟

通过室内土柱出流实验探讨了饱和壤砂土中Cd在SiO2胶体作用下的运移行为,并用对流-弥散方程(Convection-Dispersion Equation,CDE)对实验结果进行了数值模拟.结果表明,土壤中SiO2胶体的存在抑制了Cd的运移,使Cd穿透时间较晚,出流浓度较低,土壤对Cd的吸附以动力学反应为主.耦合Freun-dlich等温吸附的单点非平衡模型(One Site Nonequilibrium Model,OSM)能较好地模拟Cd在壤砂土中的运移,模拟得到的吸附特性参数β较小,表明壤砂土吸附表面的不均一性较强.SiO2胶体的穿透时间较早,耦合沉淀-释放反应的CDE模型可以很好地描述SiO2胶体在壤砂土中的运移.胶体作用下的CDE模型成功地模拟了SiO2胶体存在时Cd的运移;同时,参数敏感性分析结果表明,胶体对Cd的吸附速率系数κamc、κaic越小,解吸速率系数κdmc、κdic越大,越有利于Cd的运移.     

胶体存在时不同质地土壤对锌镉的吸附试验研究

以重金属离子Zn和Cd及胶体为对象,通过等温静态批量平衡吸附试验,分析了3种不同质地土壤对Zn、Cd单一吸附和等量竞争吸附特征,胶体对土壤吸附Zn、Cd的影响,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明,随着平衡液中Zn2+、Cd2+浓度的增加,土壤对Zn、Cd的吸附量逐渐增大;3种质地土壤对Zn、Cd吸附量顺序为砂壤>粉壤>壤砂土;Zn2+、Cd2+共存时,土壤对这两种离子的吸附量比单一离子存在的情况下明显下降;胶体存在时抑制了土壤对Zn的吸附,促进了土壤对Cd的吸附;就本试验来说,Freundlich方程拟合效果优于Langmuir方程。     

不同质地土壤中镉运移的数值模拟与预测

通过室内土柱实验,采用溶质运移的对流-弥散方程,模拟了饱和条件下重金属镉在不同质地土壤中的运移.结果表明,化学非平衡单点模型(One-site model,OSM)能较好地模拟镉在粉壤土、壤砂土中的运移(R2分别为0.810和0.901),而对镉在砂壤土中运移的模拟效果较差(R2=0.542).OSM模型准确地模拟了土柱中镉运移的穿透时间,但是对穿透曲线拖尾部分的拟合效果欠佳.土壤对镉运移的阻滞作用与土壤理化性质有关,但是其机理还需要进一步研究.由于上层砂壤土对镉的强烈吸附,使镉的穿透时间较晚(10 pv),且不同土层界面处镉的浓度和吸附量变化明显.     

饱和非均质土壤中溶质大尺度运移的两区模型模拟

目前,用于模拟土壤中溶质运移过程的两区模型(TRM)的研究均集中在实验室的短土柱上,涉及的尺度较小。本研究分别应用两区模型(TRM)、对流-弥散方程(CDE)和分数微分对流-弥散方程(FADE)对1 250 cm长一维非均质土柱中NaCl的运移过程进行模拟,并分析了TRM模型参数的变化特征。结果表明:实验土柱中存在一定的不动水体,与CDE和FADE相比,TRM能更好地描述土柱中不同位置处溶质穿透曲线的提前穿透和拖尾特征,表明TRM对较大尺度条件下非均质土壤中溶质运移的模拟具有更高的精度;应用TRM研究长土柱中溶质的运移问题依然存在弥散系数的尺度效应问题,但TRM的弥散尺度效应小于CDE;TRM中的可动水体含量可以由土壤的有效孔隙率与总孔隙率的比值来确定;而质量交换系数则与对流时间(x/vm)之间存在幂函数的相关关系。     

不同pH值和离子强度下土壤Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+的运移特征

为探究锌、镉及铵态氮在土壤中的运移特征,该文通过室内土柱混合置换试验,分析了不同 pH 值和离子强度对锌、镉、铵态氮（Zn2+、Cd2+、NH4+）在土壤中运移的影响;获得了示踪剂Br和Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+的穿透曲线（breakthrough curves,BTCs）,并对试验结果进行了模拟。研究表明：Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+在土壤中运移时,运移速度：NH4+＞Zn2+＞Cd2+,pH 值越高,Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+的出流时间越晚,峰值越低;离子强度越大,出流时间越早,峰值越高。描述溶质运移的非平衡两点模型（two-site model,TSM）能够较好地模拟 Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+在土壤中的运移,pH值越高,模拟得到的分配系数Kd值越大（以Zn2+为例,由3.853增大到4.386）,f值越小（以Zn2+为例,由0.231减小到0.006）,分形系数β值很小且无明显变化规律;离子强度越大,模拟得到的分配系数Kd值越小（以Zn2+为例,由4.023减小到到3.381）,f值及分形系数β值均很小且无明显变化规律。该研究对深入了解Zn2+/Cd2+/NH4+在土壤中的运移机理、提出污染土壤修复措施提供科学依据。     

一种耦合化学反应的溶质运移模型的应用

土壤中的化学作用对溶质运移具有重要影响．离子交换和络合反应是土壤中常见的化学反应。利用室内土柱出流实验对这两种作用下的土壤溶质运移进行了探讨，用CXTFIT软件模拟了不考虑化学反应时的常规溶质运移；用水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC进行了耦合离子交换和络合反应运移模型的模拟。结果表明，耦合模型的模拟精度更高，从而也初步证明了耦合模型是成功的。     

土壤容重对红壤水分溶质运移特征影响的试验研究

通过测定南方第四纪红壤不同土壤容重条件下,土壤水分水平入渗过程和溴化钾溶液穿透曲线,分析了土壤容重对入渗速率、土壤饱和导水率的影响;根据CDE模型、运用CXTFIT软件对溴离子的穿透曲线(BTC)进行拟合.并求其运移参数.结果表明:土壤水分运移速率和土壤饱和导水率随着红壤容重增大而减少;随着容重增大,Br-的水动力弥散系数D增大,阻力因子R也增大.     

长江三角洲地区典型土壤对镉的吸附及其与有机质、pH和温度的关系

土壤重金属吸附-解吸反应影响重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和潜在毒性,研究土壤重金属的吸附-解吸过程及其机制对土壤污染评价、修复及环境容量预测至关重要。本文研究了长江三角洲地区四种典型土壤对Cd的吸附行为及有机质、pH和温度对土壤Cd吸附的影响,并运用热力学参数K°、ΔG°、ΔH°和ΔS°解释了土壤镉的吸附机制。研究结果表明,在本实验条件下,四种典型土壤镉吸附反应均很好地符合Fre-undlich模型。土壤镉吸附Kf值大小为:滩潮土(石质淡色潮湿雏形土)(238.8dm3kg-1)>乌黄土(底潜铁聚水耕人为土)(115.4dm3kg-1)>青紫泥(普通潜育水耕人为土)(54.40dm3kg-1)>黄泥砂土(铁聚潜育水耕人为土)(10.74dm3kg-1),滩潮土镉吸附Kf是黄泥砂土的24倍。土壤镉吸附量随溶液初始pH和土壤pH升高而增大;去除有机质后的土壤对镉的吸附量降低。吸附反应热力学表明,K°和ΔS°随温度升高而增大,ΔG°随温度升高而降低。ΔG°为负值表明镉吸附反应为自发反应,ΔH°为正值表明土壤镉吸附为吸热反应。     

Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中的迁移实验及模拟

通过稳定流混合置换实验,研究了孔隙水流速和pH变化对Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中迁移行为的影响,获得了示踪剂Br-和Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡实验获得吸附系数,进而计算出阻滞因子Rd。基于这些实验结果,借助CXTFIT2.1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br-的BTCs,得到了弥散系数D;在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在不同流速和pH条件下的BTCs,并预测了平行实验和不同埋深处Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd浓度的动态变化。结果表明,Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移能力随流速的增大而增强,而随pH的增大而降低;化学非平衡的两点模型能较好地模拟本文实验条件下Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移过程。     

不同CDE模型对硒在黄绵土中运移特性的模拟研究

污染物在土体运移是影响土体和地下水污染的一个重要的因素。为了研究不同因素对亚硒酸根离子在土体中运移的影响,在室内不同实验条件下,采用垂直土柱易混置换法对亚硒酸根离子在黄绵土土柱中的运移进行了研究,获得了不同容重及不同土柱高度条件下亚硒酸根离子的穿透曲线,通过STANMOD软件,应用确定性平衡CDE数学模型和确定性非平衡两区模型对穿透曲线进行拟合,研究结果表明:容重增大,阻滞因子R值减小,弥散系数D值则是先增大后减小;随着土柱高度的增加,弥散系数D值减小,而阻滞因子R变化不大。非平衡两区模型对于亚硒酸根离子运移参数的拟合优于平衡模型。穿透曲线能较好地反映出离子在土壤中运移的参数值,曲线越靠近y轴、初始穿透时间越小则弥散系数D越大;曲线越平缓则R值越大。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.