Occurrence and genotype characterization of Giardia duodenalis in goat kids from the Canary Islands, Spain

Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis) is a wide-spread intestinal protozoa of both humans and animals. Although giardiosis in goat is commonly asymptomatic, young kids may bear an enteric disease associated with persistent diarrhoea and delayed weight gain. In the present study we have analysed the occurrence of Giardia in 315 young goat kids (2–6 months old) from Gran Canaria Island (Spain) through visualization of faecal cysts. The identification of genotypes of G. duodenalis among the farms was attained by nested PCR of the triophosphate isomerase (TPI) and single PCR of β-giardin genes and subsequent sequencing. Positive samples were found in 42.2% of the animals and 95.5% of the farms. Goat faecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. duodenalis assemblage E genotype for both TPI and β-giardin genes. The genetic analysis of these two loci revealed the presence of different haplotypes among the farms included in the survey and high homology with homologous genes from cattle and sheep. Altogether, the data presented here provide additional information to the prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia isolates. The absence of assemblages A and B in this study suggests that zoonotic transmission of Giardia from goats could be of low epidemiological significance, although these findings should be validated in studies including other geographical areas, age groups and larger number of samples.     

广东省猪十二指肠贾第虫感染现状和分子特征分析

【目的】 了解广东省不同地区猪源十二指肠贾第虫(Giardia duodenalis,简称贾第虫)的流行现状和分子特征,并评估其人兽共患风险。【方法】 从广东省10个地区采集新鲜猪粪样品,采用显微镜镜检,并应用巢式PCR对贾第虫谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase,gdh)基因进行扩增,根据扩增结果计算不同地区和生长阶段猪贾第虫的阳性率。对所有的PCR阳性产物进行测序,将获得的贾第虫gdh基因序列进行BLAST比对,确定贾第虫的基因型;运用Mega 7.0软件的最大似然法构建进化树。【结果】 贾第虫包囊呈椭圆形,囊壁较厚,大小为(10~14)μm ×(7~10)μm,具有明显纵向轴柱,细胞核分布于轴柱两侧。521份受检样品中共检测出94份PCR阳性样品,阳性率为18.04%(94/521),其中茂名和清远的阳性率较高,分别达40.00%(10/25)和35.06%(27/77);肇庆和韶关的阳性率较低,分别为3.90%(3/77)和8.57%(3/35);佛山、江门、阳江、河源、广州和惠州的阳性率分别为11.11%(2/18)、15.31%(15/98)、11.43%(4/35)、13.33%(4/30)、9.38%(3/32)和24.47%(23/94)。不同饲养阶段的猪群的阳性率调查发现,母猪的贾第虫阳性率(24.55%)显著高于断奶仔猪(13.30%)(P<0.05),与育肥猪的贾第虫阳性率(19.23%)差异不显著(P>0.05)。基于gdh基因序列的基因分型和系统进化分析共发现5种贾第虫亚集聚体,即集聚体AⅠ和集聚体E的4种不同亚型,包括集聚体E1、E2、E10和E13,其中61.70%(58/94)测序阳性样品属于集聚体AⅠ,38.30%(36/94)属于集聚体E的不同亚型。【结论】 广东猪源贾第虫的感染较普遍,不同地区和不同生长阶段的猪感染率存在一定差异。其中,人兽共患性集聚体AⅠ为优势亚集聚体,表明广东省猪源贾第虫存在人兽跨物种传播的风险,应重视该病可能引起的公共卫生问题。     

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada

Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are intestinal protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of host species, including humans. Molecular characterization of these parasites has demonstrated that a number of genotypes and species are common to both humans and animals, and that zoonotic transmission may occur. Numerous studies have reported a high prevalence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle, particularly calves, and these animals are frequently associated with zoonotic transmission. In the present study, a total of 143 faecal samples from adults, heifers and calves were collected from two dairy cattle farms in eastern Ontario, Canada. The prevalence and molecular characteristics of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in these animals were determined in order to investigate the potential for transmission between cattle and humans in this region. Following DNA extractions from faecal samples, nested-PCR protocols were used to amplify fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and the heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70) gene for determining the prevalence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections, respectively. Genotypes of G. duodenalis, and species of Cryptosporidium, were determined by means of DNA sequencing of amplicons, and subsequent sequence alignment. Cattle on both farms showed a high prevalence of G. duodenalis (42.0%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (27.3%). G. duodenalis infections were more prevalent in calves and heifers than in adults, and Cryptosporidium spp. infections were only observed in calves and heifers. The zoonotic genotype, G. duodenalis Assemblage B was isolated from 24.5% of the cattle tested, while G. duodenalis Assemblage E was found in 17.5% of the cattle tested. The overall prevalence of the zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum in the animals tested was found to be 21.7%, while only 1.4% were infected with C. bovis. These findings suggest that there is a potential risk of zoonotic and/or zooanthroponotic transmission of G. duodenalis and C. parvum infections between cattle and humans in eastern Ontario, likely by means of contaminated water or food, or through direct faecal-oral transmission in the case of farmers and veterinary staff.     

Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium in three cattle husbandry systems in Zambia

To determine the prevalence of Giardia genotypes in 12–24 month old dairy heifers, fecal specimens were collected from two farms each in Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida. Specimens, cleaned of fecal debris and concentrated using CsCl density gradient centrifugation, were subjected to PCR and DNA sequence analysis. Prevalence of Giardia infection, ranged from 11% to 75% on 14 farms with an average prevalence of 36% (204 positive cattle out of 571 examined). DNA sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed 91% of the 204 Giardia isolates were Assemblage E, and 9% were Assemblage A. The prevalence of these genotypes varied greatly from farm to farm, with four farms having exclusively Assemblage E Giardia. Overall, Assemblage E was present in 33% of all animals tested and Assemblage A was present in 3% of the animals. Thus, while many of the heifers were infected with a genotype that is not known to be infectious for humans, 1–2 year old heifers on 10 of 14 farms did harbor zoonotic Assemblage A Giardia. Therefore, heifers cannot be overlooked as a potential source of human infectious cysts in the environment, with some farms representing a much higher risk than others.     

Determining the zoonotic significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Australian dogs and cats

In a recent study of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats in Australia, Giardia was found to be the most prevalent parasite in dogs. The aim of the current study through the use of molecular tools was to determine the zoonotic significance of the Giardia and Cryptosporidium isolates recovered from dogs and cats during the Australian study. Of the isolates successfully amplified all but one of the Giardia from dogs was either Assemblage C and/or D, with one Assemblage A. Of the cat samples amplified all but one were Assemblage F, with one Assemblage D. We hypothesize that the lack of zoonotic Giardia Assemblages recovered is a result of their being a low prevalence of Giardia in the human population. The Cryptosporidium recovered from dogs and cats was determined to be C. canis and C. felis, respectively, a finding which supports growing evidence that Cryptosporidiumin companion animals is of limited public health significance to healthy people.     

Frequency of Giardia intestinalis assemblages isolated from dogs and humans in a community from Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico using beta-giardin restriction gene

The assemblage of 37 Giardia intestinalis samples was determined, 19 obtained from puppy feces, 12 from stools of different human subjects under 3 years of age and 6 from axenic culture. The assemblages were classified according to the restriction pattern of beta-giardin gene with Hae III enzyme. Results showed that dog assemblages were grouped AI (52.6%) and AII (47.4%), while 41.7% human samples belonged to genotype AI and 58.3% to genotype AII. All axenic cultures belonged to assemblage AI; types AI and AII were both found in dog and human feces by Hae III restriction enzyme assay, suggesting a similarity between human and dog parasites. These results suggest that domestic animals infected with Giardia could produce cysts potentially infective for humans.     

High prevalence of Giardia detected in cats by PCR

Microscopy, PCR and a Giardia CELISA test were used to determine the prevalence of Giardia in 40 faecal samples obtained from domestic cats in the Perth metropolitan area. A prevalence of 5, 80 and 60% was found by the tests, respectively. The results show that more sensitive techniques such as PCR may be necessary, and may yield more reliable results, in the detection of low levels of Giardia in domestic cats.     

Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in three areas of Norway

A study was undertaken to determine the prevalences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in dairy calves less than 6 months of age in Norway. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 1386 calves, between 3 and 183 days of age, in 136 dairy farms from three different areas of Norway. Faecal samples were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts after concentration and immunofluorescent staining.

Giardia was found in 93% (127 out of 136) of the farms and in 49% (679 out of 1386) of the calves. Cryptosporidium was found in 53% (72 out of 136) of the farms and in 12% (167 out of 1386) of the calves. The level of Giardia and/or Cryptosporidium was low in the majority of the infected calves.

Infection peaked in the age group 2–3 months for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The prevalences of both parasites were higher in samples taken during winter than in samples taken during summer, and statistically significant differences were found when prevalences in different age groups of calves were compared between the three areas. A significantly lower prevalence of Cryptosporidium was found in calves housed in shared pens that were thoroughly washed more than three times a year than in calves from pens washed less often. For Giardia there was a trend for decreasing intensity of infection with increasing age in the sampled calves. For Cryptosporidium there was a trend for increasing herd prevalence with increasing number of calves in the herd, but this trend was not statistically significant. Other parameters which were investigated such as housing, feeding or management routines were not associated with prevalence or intensity of infection with either parasite.     

不同磷水平下丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对狗牙根生长与再生的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了3个施磷水平(20,40,100 mg/kg)下,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)菌种摩西球囊霉和聚丛球囊霉对刈割后狗牙根生长与再生的影响。结果表明,1)狗牙根根系能与摩西球囊霉和聚丛球囊霉形成良好的共生关系,其中单一接种聚丛球囊霉菌种处理的侵染率最高。2)狗牙根地上部氮、磷浓度呈极显著正相关,暗示着氮、磷积累可能存在协同效应。3)4次刈割条件下,与AMF共生的狗牙根具有较高的再生速度和较大的生物量,表明菌根化有利于增强刈割后狗牙根的再生能力。4)施磷水平对狗牙根的生长与再生产生显著影响,尤其是土壤施磷量40 mg/kg比20或100 mg/kg更能显著增加刈割后地上部生物量的积累,并加快再生生长的速度。因此,建议在日常养护管理中,可根据狗牙根再生特性和养分吸收情况来接种AMF菌剂并进行适当施肥,以保证狗牙根的生长和增强其刈割后的再生能力。     

灵芝漆酶在黑曲霉中的重组表达及发酵条件优化

【目的】 在黑曲霉（A.niger）中重组表达灵芝L菌漆酶基因，并对其发酵条件进行优化，旨在获得一株高产灵芝漆酶的黑曲霉基因工程菌。【方法】 从灵芝L菌克隆漆酶基因Lac-L，并根据黑曲霉密码子偏好性进行优化。选用黑曲霉糖化酶启动子（PglaA）、信号肽及终止子为表达原件，以米曲霉pyrG基因为筛选标记，构建漆酶表达盒，采用聚乙二醇-CaCl₂法将其转化至黑曲霉X1（ΔpyrG）原生质体中。对转化子进行PCR验证及固态发酵酶活测定，筛选高产漆酶重组菌株，并对阳性转化子固态发酵培养基碳源、无机与有机氮源比例、Cu²⁺浓度及发酵时间进行优化。【结果】 经尿嘧啶缺陷及含2，2'-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2，2'-azinobis （3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt），ABTS）培养基筛选获得25株重组漆酶转化子，酶活复筛获得灵芝漆酶异源表达6号重组菌株，发酵72 h酶活可达3 532.6 U/kg，宿主菌株的酶活仅为58.37 U/kg。重组6号菌优化后的最适固态发酵条件为：以麸皮为基础培养基，添加2%麦芽糖、2%（NH₄）₂SO₄、0.25 g/L CuSO₄，发酵60 h时重组菌株产漆酶活力最高，达到6 255.47 U/kg。【结论】 在黑曲霉中成功实现灵芝L菌漆酶基因Lac-L的异源表达。     

外膜蛋白W与鸭源鸡杆菌抗渗透应激相关

为了解外膜蛋白W（outer membrane protein W,OmpW）在鸭源鸡杆菌抗渗透应激中的作用,分析了鸭源鸡杆菌RZ及其ompW基因缺失株ΔompW在渗透应激环境中的生存能力和生长性能差异;并通过SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析了两者外膜蛋白在不同盐度下的表达差异,并用实时定量PCR分析了OmpW mRNA的表达。结果显示：相对于鸭源鸡杆菌RZ,ΔompW在高渗透环境中（3% NaCl）的生存率较低（95.17% vs 83.50%,P<0.05）,且其生长性能受渗透应激影响更大;在高盐BHI中培养时,鸭源鸡杆菌RZ OmpW的表达被上调,且OmpW mRNA的表达被上调至正常盐度（0.5%）时的1.19倍（P>0.05）。本研究表明OmpW与鸭源鸡杆菌抗渗透应激有关。     

三种药用甘草种子对盐渍环境的萌发响应及其适宜生态种植区

根据西北地区盐碱土的盐分组成特点,选择NaCl、Na₂SO₄、NaHCO₃ 3种单盐,通过盐胁迫下3种药用甘草种子萌发特性、萌发进程、胚生长、种子活力及复水后萌发率的差异分析,比较3种药用甘草种子对不同土壤盐分的萌发响应、耐盐阈值及其适宜盐碱地种植区,为盐碱地种植药用甘草适宜生态区的选择提供理论参考。结果表明,3种单盐胁迫不同程度降低了药用甘草种子的萌发率,延长种子的萌发时间,抑制胚轴伸长生长,盐害强弱顺序为:NaHCO₃＞Na₂SO₄ ＞NaCl。NaCl和Na₂SO₄对药用甘草种子萌发的抑制效应主要为渗透效应,盐胁迫解除复水后种子萌发恢复率为50.6%～78.5%;NaHCO₃ 对药用甘草种子萌发的抑制效应主要为离子毒害,种子萌发恢复率仅为5.1%～21.5%;胀果甘草耐盐性最强,适宜在以氯化物-硫酸盐为主的总盐量为0～1.3%的区域种植,光果甘草耐NaHCO₃最强,可在含小苏打的弃耕低盐地种植,乌拉尔甘草耐盐性最弱,种植地土壤的总盐量范围在0～0.7%为宜。     

Babesia divergens-like organisms from free-ranging chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) and roe deer (Capreolus c. capreolus) are distinct from B. divergens of cattle origin - an epidemiological and molecular genetic investigation

In 2005 and 2006, three adult female chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) were found dead with signs of acute babesial infection in the eastern Swiss Alps. PCR on DNA extracted from blood or spleen of the carcasses revealed sequence identity of the amplified part of the 18S rRNA gene with GenBank entries attributed to Babesia divergens of cattle origin or B. capreoli of wild ruminant origin which have never been described before in this region. Examination of 424 blood samples from 314 head of cattle from this area by IFAT, microscopy and PCR provided no evidence for babesial infection. Six of 887 ticks collected from cattle were PCR-positive, and sequencing revealed Babesia sp. genotype EU1 in five and B. divergens/B. capreoli in one of them. A Babesia isolate of chamois, two isolates of roe deer from the same region and one isolate of a roe deer from the north-western Swiss Alps were genetically compared with two Swiss B. divergens isolates of cattle origin by analysing the genomic rDNA locus. Whereas the near full length sequences of the 18S rRNA gene were virtually identical among all six isolates (>99.4% identity), distinct differences between the two isolates from cattle on the one hand and the four isolates from free-ranging ruminants on the other hand were observed in the sequences of the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1, ITS2) and part of the 28S rRNA gene. These results indicate that, albeit genetically very closely related, these babesial organisms from cattle and from free-ranging ruminants indeed are distinguishable organisms with different host specificities, and they support the use of the discrete species name B. capreoli for the B. divergens-like organisms from chamois and roe deer.     

天山南麓中段戈壁区裸果木种群空间异质性特征

裸果木（Gymnocarpos przewalskii）是戈壁区植被的重要建群种之一，研究其种群空间异质性特征对戈壁区生态恢复及其可持续发展具有积极意义。本研究通过野外试验调查，并采用地统计学方法分析了裸果木种群空间异质性特征。结果表明：扇顶裸果木种群空间分布表现为斑块状分布，扇中、扇底均表现为带状分布；从扇顶到扇底，裸果木种群植株高度和冠幅均表现为先减小后增大的变化趋势；扇顶、扇中和扇底植株高度均值依次为33.13 cm，21.71 cm，31.25 cm，植株冠幅均值依次为0.38 m²，0.23 m²，0.37 m²；裸果木种群植株高度和冠幅在扇顶、扇中半变异函数最优拟合模型均为指数模型，在扇底均为线性模型；扇顶、扇中由空间自相关导致的空间异质性高于扇底，空间分布格局比扇底简单；从扇顶到扇底，较小空间尺度内各向异性逐渐显著；裸果木种群植株高度与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。土壤水分对裸果木种群空间异质性分布至关重要。     

Investigation of Co-infection of PPV7 and PCV2 and Genetic Variation Analysis for PPV7 Cap Gene in Fujian and Guangdong

【Objective】 To investigate the co-infection situation of Porcine parvovirus (PPV7) and Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)in Fujian and Guangdong, and to understand the molecular genetic characteristics of PPV7 Cap gene.【Method】 The blood sample of 432 infected pigs from 69 pig farms in Fujian and Guangdong were collected to detect PPV7 and PCV2 by PCR.The PPV7 Cap gene of positive samples was cloned and sequenced.The DNAStar software was used to analyze the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of PPV7 Cap gene, and Mega 7.0 software was used to draw the genetic evolution tree.【Result】 The results showed that the positive rate of PPV7 was 21.99% (96/432), the positive rate of farms was 53.62%(37/69), and the positive rate of PCV2 was 54.17% (234/432), and the co-infection rate of PCV2 and PPV7 was 13.43% (58/432).The 17 PPV7 Cap gene sequences were amplified using PCR.Nucleotide homology analysis revealed that the homology of the 17 PPV7 Cap gene sequences was 85.6%-100%, and the homology with reference strains was 85.8%-99.0%.Amino acid sequence comparison analysis revealed that the amino acid homology of the 17 PPV7 Cap protein sequences was 87.6%-100%, and the amino acid homology with reference strains was 82.6%-98.7%.Phylogenetic analysis of Cap gene showed that PPV7 could be divided into five main evolutionary branches of PPV7a-PPV7e, among which 9 isolates belonged to PPV7a subtype, 3 isolates belonged to PPV7b subtype, 4 isolates belong to PPV7c subtype, and only 1 isolates isolates belonged to PPV7e subtype.【Conclusion】 This study indicated that PPV7 was widely prevalent in Fujian and Guangdong regions, and had a high co-infection rate with PCV2, which might be the pathogenic factor of Porcine circovirus associated disease(PCVAD).The genetic diversity of PPV7 isolates was abudant in both regions, and PPV7a was the dominant strain at present.The findings of this study provided theoretical basis and data reference for PPV7 prevention and control and vaccine research.     

青海草原毛虫气味结合蛋白基因与生物信息学分析

青海草原毛虫(Gynaephora qinghaiensis)是危害青藏高原高寒草甸最重要的害虫之一。本研究通过第二代高通量测序技术对青海草原毛虫4龄幼虫、雌雄成虫进行转录组测序并进行基因功能注释，同时筛选获得其气味结合蛋白基因(GqinOBPs)并进行生物信息学分析。结果表明：转录本经过组装之后总计得到63 335条unigenes,在全部unigenes中筛选并鉴定出17个GqinOBPs基因，通过生物信息学分析发现这些气味结合蛋白为热稳定性蛋白，亚细胞定位主要在胞外，二三级结构主要由α螺旋和无规则卷曲组成，多序列比对显示GqinOBPs具有昆虫OBPs的半胱氨酸模式识别序列；系统分析表明，GqinOBPs基因与同是鳞翅目昆虫的桃蛀螟、小线角木蠹蛾和沙棘木蠹蛾亲缘关系较近。该研究首次公开并分析青海草原毛虫转录组数据，同时挖掘出其气味结合蛋白基因，为进一步研究青海草原毛虫的基因功能奠定基础。     

氟马西尼联合肾上腺素对钩吻中毒的解救作用

旨在研究氟马西尼联合肾上腺素对钩吻中毒大鼠的解救效果,并验证钩吻可能的毒性作用靶点,为钩吻中毒机制探讨及解救钩吻中毒病例提供参考.构建钩吻大鼠中毒模型,将60只大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照组、氟马西尼解救组、肾上腺素解救组、联合用药(氟马西尼+肾上腺素)解救组,记录各组大鼠中毒及死亡情况,并监测各组大鼠血压、心率,评价...     

副猪嗜血杆菌血清7型菌株毒力及耐药性分析

【目的】了解河南地区副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)血清7型流行菌株的毒力及耐药情况。【方法】以Hps血清7型参考菌株为对照,对6株Hps血清7型临床分离菌株进行16S rRNA基因扩增、序列分析、毒力基因检测、致病性试验和药敏试验研究。【结果】16S rRNA基因测序及相似性比对结果显示,菌株1436与参考菌株0007相似性为100%,菌株1565、1624与参考菌株0007相似性均为98.6%。系统发育树分析表明,菌株1436与参考菌株0007亲缘关系最近;菌株1624与参考菌株0007亲缘关系最远。6株临床菌株与参考菌株表现为2种毒力基因型,菌株均携带有vta1、vta2、vta3、wza、nanH、cdtA、cdtB、cdtC和espP2毒力基因,其中5株临床菌株还携带ompP2毒力基因。豚鼠致病性试验结果显示,临床菌株毒力较参考菌株表现出不同程度的增强,参考菌株不能感染豚鼠发病,未表现任何临床症状;临床菌株可感染豚鼠发病,表现出一定的临床症状,发病率为20%~40%,死亡率为0。参考菌株和临床菌株均对头孢他啶和头孢噻呋敏感,对强力霉素、氟苯尼考中介,对新霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、红霉素、替米考星等耐药,且均表现出多重耐药现象。【结论】Hps血清7型临床菌株有一定的致病性,但毒力较弱,对头孢类药物敏感,有明显的多重耐药现象,临床上应注意对该血清型的防控。本研究为Hps血清7型流行病学、致病机制研究奠定了基础,为Hps血清7型的临床防控提供了参考依据。     

沙葱萤叶甲GdHsp70-2,GdHsp70-3的克隆鉴定与表达谱分析

为明确沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica热激蛋白70 (Heat shock protein 70,Hsp70)基因的序列结构及其系统进化关系,本研究通过PCR技术克隆沙葱萤叶甲Hsp70基因cDNA全长序列与基因组序列,并进行生物信息学与表达谱分析。结果显示,克隆获得了沙葱萤叶甲2条Hsp70基因GdHsp70-2(GenBank登录号：MZ853083)和GdHsp70-3(Genbank登录号：OK585088),基因全长分别为2 410 bp和2 242 bp,各自编码657和646个氨基酸,均含有3个保守的HSP70家族特征序列,预测蛋白三维结构均由N-端ATPase功能域和C-端底物结合功能域所组成;系统发育分析表明GdHSP70-2,GdHSP70-3分别与松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)MaltHSC70-1、玉米根萤叶甲(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) DvirHSP70-2的亲缘关系最近;基因组DNA克隆获得GdHsp70-2的两段内含子序列,GdHsp70-3则不含有内含子;表达谱分析结果表明GdHsp...     

Characterisation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) associated with colisepticaemia compared to faecal isolates from healthy birds

A total of 114 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates were collected from cases of colisepticaemia occurring in broilers (77) and layers (37) within Ireland. In addition 45 strains isolated from faeces of healthy birds were included for comparison. All isolates were serogrouped, and examined for known virulence factors, mostly by PCR. The O78 serogroup represented 55 and 27% of broiler and layer colisepticaemic isolates respectively. All isolates were positive for curli fimbriae (crl, csg) and negative for afimbrial adhesin (afa). S-fimbrial (sfa) sequences were present in 8.8% of septicaemic isolates and 8.9% of healthy bird isolates. The majority of E. coli from cases of colisepticaemia (97.4%) and healthy bird (95.6%) isolates were positive for aerobactin (aer), and temperature sensitive haemagglutinin (tsh) was similarly detected in high numbers in 93.9 and 93.3%, respectively. In comparison to E. coli isolates from the faeces of healthy birds, a significantly higher percentage of isolates from septicaemic cases possessed Type 1 fimbriae (fimC) and increased serum survival (iss) gene sequences. Forty-seven (41.2%) isolates from septicaemic birds possessed P-fimbriae (pap) gene sequences, compared with only 15.6% from E. coli isolated from healthy birds. Haemolysin (hlyE) sequences were detected in 46.7% of isolates from healthy birds in comparison with 6.1% of septicaemic isolates. Sequences encoding colicin V (cvaC) were detected in 99.1% of septicaemic isolates and 82.2% of isolates from healthy birds. The K1 capsule was only present in two septicaemic isolates, both taken from layers. Motility was detected in 36.8% of E. coli isolated from cases of septicaemia, compared with 93.3% of isolates from healthy birds. These results demonstrate the presence of 11 virulence genes in E. coli isolated from cases of colisepticaemia within Ireland, and indicate the prevalence of iss and fimC.