四倍体番茄低稔性胚胎学研究

本试验通过详细观察四倍体番茄自交受精过程及胚胎发育,对四倍体番茄稔性低的原因进行了初步探讨,得到以下结果:(1)四倍体自交时,花粉萌发率低,花粉管生长较慢且不整齐;(2)受精前,四倍体有个别胶囊结构外观异常的胚珠,但这不是导致受精胚珠率低的主要原因;(3)四倍体自交时,受精正常,只是受精时间略迟,有花粉管进入的胚珠数明显比二倍体自交的低;(4)受精胚珠能正常发育成饱满种子.分析表明,四倍体番茄稔性低的主要原因是胚珠受精率低.本文还对受精率低及导致低稔性的原因进行了探讨.     

油松花粉离体萌发及萌发特征研究

为了加强油松有性杂交,为种子园育种研究奠定基础,对油松花粉离体萌发的适宜条件及萌发特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,油松花粉在无蔗糖培养基中仍具一定萌发能力,蔗糖的添加可显著促进花粉萌发,但高浓度蔗糖可抑制花粉管的生长;油松花粉管易形成分枝,蔗糖浓度与分枝花粉频率呈正相关;硼酸的添加在培养初期可有效加速花粉萌发,但过高浓度的硼酸对花粉萌发具抑制作用;Ca2+对花粉萌发的影响较小,不同浓度Ca2+处理均可获得较高的萌发率;培养温度对花粉萌发的促进作用明显,但温度的持续升高将抑制花粉萌发。综合萌发率、花粉管生长及分枝花粉管频率,油松花粉萌发的最适液体培养基组成为：2.00%蔗糖+0.075%硼酸+0.005% Ca2+,26℃下光照培养,72 h时萌发率可达(96.10±0.47)%。     

花粉中微管与花粉管伸长及其胞质颗粒运动的关系

采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分离花粉中的微管蛋白。并用间接免疫荧光技术观察到花粉管中存在微管,这些微管呈束状形成花粉管伸长方向分布。花粉培养在含不同微管解聚剂的培养液中,发现这些药剂对花粉萌发均有抑制作用,但其抑制的有效浓度不同。以植物微管特效解聚剂甲基氨草磷抑制的有效浓度为最低。用ＡＰＭ处理已萌发的花粉,还发现它能减缓花粉管中胞质颗粒运动的速度,甚至使运动停止。但这种抑制是可逆的。以上结果表明花粉管中存     

苹果花粉萌发生理影响因子的研究

选用‘红星’、‘美红’、‘荷红’、‘全家红’4个品种的花粉作为试材,分别通过染色法（TTC、过氧化物酶法）和离体萌发法来测定苹果花粉的生活力,并通过花粉离体萌发、生长试验,观察其在不同培养条件下的萌发生长状况。结果表明：染色及离体培养试验中,品种间花粉活力存在较大差异,其中‘红星’花粉生活力最高,‘美红’、‘荷红’次之,‘全家红’最低;离体萌发试验中,不同培养条件下各种花粉的萌发及花粉管生长随温度、浓度的增加均呈先增后减趋势;不同温度条件下,花粉萌发生长最适培养基浓度不同,高浓度（15%、20%）的培养环境对花粉的萌发生长有一定抑制作用;试验还发现,各花粉最高萌发率与花粉管最大长度生长条件不一致,花粉管的生长最适温度及培养浓度均高于萌发最适条件,这可能与花粉管萌发生长时新陈代谢旺盛有关。     

植物生长调节物质对黄金梨花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响

目的:研究不同质量浓度的6-BA、NAA、2,4-D、多效唑等4种植物生长调节物质对黄金梨花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。方法:配制含有不同浓度的生长调节物质的花粉液体培养基,对采集的黄金梨花粉进行培养,研究不同浓度植物生长调节物质对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果:在所使用的植物生长调节物质的浓度范围内:(1)较低浓度的6-BA和2,4-D能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但超过一定浓度时起抑制作用;(2)NAA和多效唑均对花粉萌发和花粉管的生长表现出抑制作用。结论:6-BA和2,4-D促进黄金梨花粉萌发与花粉管生长的最适宜浓度分别为10mg/L和5mg/L。     

珍稀濒危物种大别山五针松花粉离体萌发的研究

为了研究大别山五针松濒危的原因,并为人工杂交育种和保护该物种提供理论依据。本试验采用花粉离体萌发法,设置正交试验,研究了蔗糖、硼、钙对其萌发率及花粉管生长的影响。结果表明：蔗糖是影响大别山五针松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的关键因子,其次是硼酸,氯化钙对其影响最小;蔗糖的添加,明显促进花粉萌发,但高浓度蔗糖花粉管的生长有很大的抑制作用;适当添加硼酸可以促进花粉萌发,但不利于花粉管的生长;氯化钙对花粉萌发影响最小,不同浓度的氯化钙均可以获得较高的萌发率。综合萌发率、花粉管生长,大别山五针松花粉萌发的最适培养基为：4%蔗糖+0.05%硼酸+0.025%氯化钙。     

红宝石海棠花粉萌发和花粉管生长的特性

为明确红宝石海棠花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长的特性,以新鲜花粉为材料,采用液体培养法,研究不同浓度的蔗糖、氯化钙、硼酸、PEG-6000及不同培养时间对其萌发率及花粉管生长的影响。结果表明,蔗糖、氯化钙、硼酸和PEG-6000均对红宝石海棠花粉萌发和花粉管生长影响显著,最适钙和硼酸浓度均为0.1 g/L,蔗糖浓度为150 g/L,PEG-6000为50 g/L,最佳培养时间为2 h,花粉萌发率达92.31%,花粉管长度达582.96μm。本试验探讨液体培养基中不同组分对红宝石海棠花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响,筛选出红宝石海棠花粉离体萌发的最佳培养基组合,为海棠的新品种选育及理论研究提供了科学依据。     

麻疯树花粉管荧光染色及生长过程的研究

花粉管的生长是完成植物受精的重要生理过程,观察花粉管生长首先需要对雌蕊组织进行软化透明。本研究探索适合麻疯树雌蕊结构的透明方法,并利用苯胺蓝染色技术,在荧光显微镜下观察授粉后麻疯树花粉管的萌发和生长过程。结果表明:麻疯树雌蕊组织可采用NaOH溶液软化透明,较优的条件是2 mol·L-1的NaOH,50℃恒温箱内软化3~4 h;麻疯树授粉2 h后花粉管开始萌发,10 h后花粉管穿过花柱基部,11 h后在子房中观察到花粉管。麻疯树授粉后,花粉管进入子房至少需要11 h,完成受精则需要更长的时间。     

植物生长调节剂对旭日桃花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

【研究目的】研究赤霉素、6-BA、2,4-D、奈乙酸和多效唑等5种生长调节物质对旭日桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响;【方法】采集花粉,配制成含不同浓度赤霉素、6-BA、2,4-D、奈乙酸、多效唑的培养液,用花粉液体培养法培养花粉,研究不同浓度植物生长调节剂对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响;【结果】较低浓度的赤霉素、6-BA、2,4-D能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但超过一定浓度时起抑制作用,最适宜花粉萌发和花粉管生长的浓度范围是赤霉素25-100mg/L、6-BA12.5mg/L、2,4-D0.5-5mg/L;奈乙酸和多效唑对花粉萌发有抑制作用,抑制程度随浓度的增大而增强,但在一定浓度范围内对花粉管生长却有促进作用,最适宜花粉管生长的浓度为萘乙酸0.5mg/L、多效唑50-200mg/L,超过该浓度范围表现抑制作用;【结论】赤霉素、6-BA和2,4-D促进旭日桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的浓度范围分别是25-100,12.5和0.5-5mg/L;奈乙酸和多效唑抑制旭日桃花粉萌发,但在0.5mg/L,50-200mg/L浓度范围内促进花粉管生长。     

阔叶杨桐花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长特性的研究

研究了不同浓度的蔗糖和硼酸,在不同温度和培养时间内对阔叶杨桐花粉萌发率和花粉管生长的影响,以期为阔叶杨桐的繁殖育种研究提供依据.结果表明:1)不同浓度的蔗糖和硼酸处理组之间存在显著性差异,蔗糖和硼酸都能促进杨桐花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,但超过一定浓度则会起到抑制作用;2)随着培养温度的升高,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度呈先升后降的趋势;3)随着培养时间的延长,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度逐渐增加,但最初的前12h内花粉萌发快,在培养的前9h内花粉管生长较快.4)实验显示:阔叶杨桐花粉培养的最适培养基是15％蔗糖和0.02％硼酸,最适培养温度为25℃,培养24 h后花粉萌发率为84.32％,花粉管长达2 003.51 μm.     

Evaluation of the High-temperature Tolerance of Floral Organs in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The development of floral organs in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is related to squares and yield formation. The germination percentage of pollen grains, the rate of anther dehiscence and the length of filaments and styles of 11 upland cotton cultivars were determined before and after high-temperature periods by pollen grain culture in vitro. We aimed to analyze the effects of high temperature on pollen germination in styles and on stamen characteristics. The number of pollen tubes in styles and cytological structure of anthers were also tested under simulation of high temperatures by paraffin sectioning of cotton anthers. We found that the germination percentage of pollen grains and rate of anthers dehiscence of Ke 1053, Simian 4 and the male parent of Xiangzamian 3 were greater than those of other cultivars under high field temperatures. There was no significant difference in the length ratio of filaments and styles and filaments length between 11 upland cotton cultivars under high field temperatures. After high-temperature periods in the field, the difference in pollen germination percentage, anther dehiscence, style and filament length between the 11 cultivars was not significant. The number of pollen tubes in Ke 1053, Simian 4 and the male parent of Xiangzamian 3 was greater than those of other cultivars under the high simulation temperature. The number of deformed pollen grains in anthers was also less than those of other cultivars. These results were consistent with the field conditions. This experiment indicated that germination percentage of pollen grains and the rate of anther dehiscence are useful as indicators for screening high-temperature tolerance. The length ratio of filaments and styles and the filaments length could be used as parameters for screening high-temperature tolerance cultivars.     

植物生长调节剂对‘秦冠’苹果花粉管生长和花粉萌发的影响

研究吲哚乙酸、萘乙酸、赤霉素、2,4-D、6-BA5种植物生长调节剂对苹果花粉管生长和花粉萌发的影响。以贮藏6个月的‘秦冠’花粉为材料,配制不同浓度梯度植物生长调节剂的固体培养基培养花粉,研究不同浓度植物激素对花粉管生长和花粉萌发的影响。结果表明,当吲哚乙酸≤1 mg/L、萘乙酸≤1 mg/L、6-BA≤5 mg/L、赤霉素≤10 mg/L时对花粉萌发有轻微促进作用,当浓度增大时抑制作用较突出;2,4-D对花粉萌发存在明显抑制作用;当赤霉素、2,4-D、吲哚乙酸、萘乙酸、6-BA浓度分别达到50、30、30、15、25 mg/L时,花粉遭受浓度迫害出现畸形扭曲。吲哚乙酸、萘乙酸、赤霉素、2,4-D、6-BA对‘秦冠’花粉管生长和花粉萌发均无明显促进作用,并且随浓度增大抑制作用较明显,人工辅助授粉时用于添加剂效果不理想。     

濒危植物珊瑚菜花粉生活力的测定

采用花粉离体萌发法,对珊瑚菜的花粉进行了生活力测定。结果表明:珊瑚菜初花期的花粉萌发率最高,为89.7%;在恒温25℃条件下,以0.6%琼脂+10%蔗糖+0.1%硼酸为离体培养基进行培养,有利于珊瑚菜花粉的萌发;低温（4℃）条件可延长珊瑚菜花粉的寿命,将其进行短期贮藏。     

Incompatible pollen tube growth and protein composition in styles of Japanese pear following high temperature treatments

Summary Immersing the excised-prepollinated styles of self-incompatible Japanese pear, Pyrus serotina Rehd., into distilled water at 45°C for 1.5–2.5 min promoted the growth of self-pollen tubes; both the number of styles penetrating the pollen tubes through styles to cut ends and of pollen tubes protruding from cut ends were increased. The subsequent growth of the protruded pollen tubes on agar media was also enhanced by the treatments. Treatments at 40°C did not promote the growth of self-pollen tubes and those at 50°C led the styles to necrosis. In the stylar proteins analyzed by isoelectricfocusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several changes in banding pattern were found following the heat treatment; one of the bands was a glycoprotein that increases in quantity in developing styles as self-incompatibility of the style becomes stronger (Hiratsuka et al., 1986). This protein band was stained more weakly by Coomassie Brilliant Blue-G250 dye. Antigenic substances in the styles examined by immunodiffusion seemed not to be denatured by high temperature treatments.Abbreviations IEF-PAGE isoelectricfocusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - CBB Coomassie Brilliant Blue     

纳米磁珠介导牡丹花粉转基因技术的初步分析

磁性纳米颗粒(magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)可以吸附DNA,作为一种新型基因载体应用于转基因育种。本研究旨在探索MNPs介导外源基因进入牡丹花粉,为利用携有外源基因的花粉进行授粉,获得转基因种子提供依据,本研究制备了MNPs与DNA的复合物;利用扫描电子显微镜与透射电子显微镜观察了牡丹花粉的形态结构;用花粉离体萌发法测定了供试牡丹花粉磁转染前后的生活力。结果表明:MNPs与DNA的质量比为1:1~1:10时,MNPs均可以与DNA稳定结合,并可以保护DNA免受酶的消化作用;牡丹花粉为长球形,萌发孔为三孔沟类型,位于萌发沟内;‘凤丹’牡丹、‘京红’牡丹及紫斑牡丹的花粉均具有较高的萌发力,且经磁转染后的三种牡丹花粉萌发力保持在50%以上,能够用于正常杂交授粉。本研究首次采用四氧化三铁纳米磁转化技术介导牡丹花粉转基因,弥补了花粉介导牡丹转基因方法研究的空白,从而有助于牡丹分子育种进程的推进。     

芒花粉的生活力及测定方法比较

本研究先后采用了花粉离体萌发法、FDA染色法和I2-KI染色法测定了芒离体花粉的生活力。结果表明：在离体萌发法中,离体花粉在培养5 min后即开始萌发,培养30 min后花粉管平均长度达到了145.77 μm。芒离体花粉的平均初始萌发率为82.6 %,但花粉生活力下降很快,室温保存90 min的花粉其萌发率已下降至3.0 %。因此利用离体萌发法能够准确有效地测定芒花粉生活力的变化规律。而利用FDA染色法和I2-KI染色法测定的芒花粉初始生活力与离体萌发法的结果基本一致,分别为84.6 %和86.6 %,但这两种染色法不适合用于跟踪测定花粉生活力的变化。     

In vitro pollen germination and tube growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its relation with plant growth

Summary In vitro pollen germination at 10°C, 14°C and 22°C of four groups of two pure line tomato varieties was compared with their plant growth at 19°C D/10°C N under controlled environmental conditions. Generally, pollen germination was slow at 10°C but after 6 h the percentage of germination was similar to that at 22°C. Maximum germination was obtained at 14°C already after 4 h. The longest pollen tubes occurred at 22°C. The two varieties within each group differed significantly from each other for percentage of pollen germination. For one group, this difference was greater at 10°C than at 22°C. The varieties in two groups also differed significantly for pollen tube growth. These differences in pollen tube growth rate were greater at 22°C than at 10°C. There was no clear relationship between pollen germination, pollen tube growth and plant growth in any of the four pairs of varieties. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of pollen selection at low temperature in order to improve the efficiency of breeding for growth at low temperature.     

同源四倍体水稻与假稻杂交结籽的胚胎学机理研究

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术对同源四倍体水稻与假稻杂交结籽的特殊生殖现象进行了研究.研究结果表明,假稻的花粉粒不能在二倍体水稻的柱头上萌发,因而二倍体水稻与假稻的生殖隔离很严格.然而,假稻的花粉粒在同源四倍体水稻的柱头上能萌发,前者的花粉管能在后者的花柱中伸长并能将雄配子送入胚囊内.在同源四倍体水稻与假稻的     

The progamic phase in Cichorium intybus L. Pollen tube growth in the style,incompatibility reaction and gametophytic competition

Summary Pollen germination and tube growth were studied following compatible, incompatible and pseudo-compatible pollinations in chicory. Pollen germination begins 3 minutes after compatible pollinations. The earliest pollen tubes reach the ovary 17 minutes later. Many of the later germinating pollen tubes are arrested and burst at the stigma papillae. In the transmitting tissue inhibitional effects due to negative interactions between pollen tubes are frequently observed. Complete self-incompatibility results in total inhibition of germination. In case of pseudo-self-compatibility, some pollen germinate but germination and stigma penetration are delayed and often result in pollen bursting. There is no self-incompatibility reaction in the transmitting tract but if the pollen tubes reaching this tissue are relatively numerous, negative interactions between them occur as after compatible pollinations. An hypothesis is presented which attributes the negative interactions between pollen tubes to the diffusion of a substance from the growing pollen tubes. This substance would also provoke pollen bursting on the stigma.