巨桉种子园家系及其杂交子代家系遗传变异分析与选择

对巨桉种子园10个自由授粉子代及巨桉与邓恩桉、柳桉10个杂交子代的测定林进行生长性状、抗逆性状和形质性状及其遗传变异分析,结果表明:参试桉树在树高、胸径、材积生长性状上存在极显著差异,耐寒指数存在显著差异;抗风和干形、分枝指数无显著差异。以5 a生单株材积、胸径和4 a生耐寒指标选出4个优良家系,平均树高、胸径、单株材积分别为13.2 m、15.3 cm、0.128 14 m~3,年均生长量分别为2.61 m、3.06 cm、0.025 63 m~3,遗传增益分别为4.42%、15.55%、33.48%;平均耐寒指数为4.75。     

桉树种间杂种的比较和选择研究

对 13个尾叶桉×细叶桉杂种、10个尾叶桉×赤桉杂种、1个尾叶桉× (尾叶桉×细叶桉 )杂种、1个尾叶桉种内控制授粉子代、5个尾叶桉母本的自由授粉子代和 1个尾叶桉×细叶桉F1自由授粉子代的比较研究表明 ,家系间树高、胸径和材积的差异均达 0 0 1显著水平。选择出优良杂种和子代 14个以及优良单株 12株。优良单株可以作为无性系比较试验的材料 ,优良杂种的优良单株可以用于建立下一世代的育种群体。这为优良杂种单株的无性系化和进一步的桉树杂交育种提供了有效的遗传材料。     

海南岛东部地区桉树树种/种源试验*

在海南岛东部进行的桉树１１个树种７９个种源试验，５年的结果表明，不同树种种源间生长差异极显著，来自印度尼西亚Ｍｔ．ｍａｎｄｉｒｉ的尾叶桉１２８９５种源是所有参试树种／种源中表现最好的，树高、胸径和每公顷材积分别为１３．８２ｍ、１２．５４ｃｍ和１２８．３４ｍ３。同一树种种源间生长差异也极显著，最佳种源的每公顷材积与最差种源相比，尾叶桉为８．４６：１，细叶桉５．８６：１，赤桉５．３２：１和巨桉３．０４：１。细叶桉、赤桉和巨桉种源树高、胸径和材积生长与原产地纬度显著负相关，尾叶桉种源与原产地海拔高极显著负相关。本文提出了适合海南岛东部地区生长的树种和种源。     

尾巨桉杂种F1与抗风性关联的性状分析及其选优

[目的]通过对尾巨桉杂种F1抗风性状分析及选优,为今后桉树抗风良种选育提供依据和奠定基础。[方法]对36个尾叶桉×巨桉杂种F1代的抗风值、生长性状、形质性状和材质性状进行遗传相关性分析,并根据育种目标分别采用独立淘汰法与主成分分析进行选优。[结果]尾叶桉×巨桉杂种的抗风性优于母本对照;抗风值、生长性状和形质性状以及材质性状中的纤维宽在杂种组合间均呈显著或极显著差异,在区组间均差异不显著。单株材积与材质性状均呈不显著遗传相关,与木材基本密度、纤维宽、纤维长宽比以及木质素含量间呈显著或极显著表型正相关;杂种抗风值与生长性状呈不显著遗传负相关及呈极显著表型负相关;抗风值与纤维长、纤维宽呈显著遗传负相关,与其他材质性状呈不显著遗传相关,抗风值与纤维长、纤维宽、纤维长宽比呈显著或极显著表型负相关,与半纤维素含量呈显著表型正相关。[结论]尾巨桉杂种的抗风性优于尾叶桉母本,且杂种的抗风值与纤维长、纤维宽呈显著遗传负相关;采用独立淘汰法选出3个优良抗风杂种组合,采用主成分分析法选出7个生长、材质、形质且抗风兼优的杂种。     

桂北桉树生长与材性的比较研究

以广西黄冕林场的几个桉树树种为研究对象,对比分析不同树种生长、立木材性以及林分密度对其影响。结果表明：各树种的生长（树高、胸径、单株材积、冠幅、树皮厚度）和材性（立木Pilodyn值、应力波波速、基本密度）性状均差异显著。比较3种不同林分密度的邓恩桉发现,林分密度对其生长、材质形成等产生显著影响,适宜的林分密度有利于林木生长和材性形成。对各性状采用主成分分析法进行了树种评价,结果表明：巨桉林木生长量大,大花序桉和本沁桉生长量相对较少,但木材材质相近,表现为坚硬,而粗皮桉、柳桉、邓恩桉均低于对照尾巨桉。从林木生长、立木材性方面看,适合于该地区发展的树种有巨桉、大花序桉和本沁桉,其中巨桉最适宜。     

桉树纸浆材生长、材性指标近交退化和杂种优势分析

以尾叶桉 (EucalyptusurophyllaS .T .Blake)自交F1子代、尾叶桉株间杂交F1子代、尾叶桉自由授粉F1子代和尾×巨桉 (E .urophylla×grandis)种间杂交F1子代林为试材 ,讨论分析了桉树生长、材性指标的近交退化和杂种优势规律性 .结果如下 :①尾叶桉近交退化现象呈现自交子代比自由授粉子代显著 ,生长性状比材质性状显著的规律性 .②尾叶按自交子代树高、胸径和材积具有显著至极显著的近交退化 ;生材含水率、木材基本密度和树皮厚度无近交退化 .③尾叶桉自由授粉子代树高、胸径和材积有一定程度的近交退化 ,但不甚显著 ;生材含水率、木材基本密度和树皮厚度无近交退化 .④尾叶桉与巨桉种间杂交子代的树高、胸径和材积可获得显著的杂种优势 ,但不同杂交组合的杂种优势率大有差别 ;子代的生材含水率、木材基本密度和成熟材纤维长度无杂种优势 ;子代的树皮厚度和 1%NaOH抽提物含量呈显著性降低     

尾叶桉生长调查小结

调查结果表明:1.尾叶桉在雷州地区的生长显著比其他的一些引种桉树速生:(1)尾叶桉和13个树种(种源)(以窿缘桉作对照)的引种生长比较,1年生、2年9个月生和3年2个月生,尾叶桉的树高、胸径、材积均高于13个树种(种源)和对照;(2)尾叶桉与雷林1号桉(50号)、刚果12号桉、窿缘桉(对照)等进行造林对比试验,3年半生,尾叶桉的树高、胸径和材积生长均居几个树种之首,分别为对照的164.2％、161.3％和435.3％。2.尾叶按的抗风力较强。3～5年生的3片尾叶桉林,1984年和1985年受到两次阵风10～11级的强台风袭击,风害率为10.1％～19.6％,而同龄的窿缘桉、小帽桉、葡萄桉等风害率高达26.1％～55.3％。     

在杨瑞斌、王端宝、李辉、杨品高4位英雄追授命名大会上的讲话

桉树，属桃金娘科桉树属，有800多个种。曾在亚洲、南美洲的多个地方发现桉树的花粉化石，但它现今的自然分布仅限于澳大利亚及其附近岛屿。据统计，桉树树种已被引种到120多个国家和地区，其栽培面积占全世界人工林总面积的13%。桉树在我国也发展很快，现已成为我国南方最重要的工业原料林树种，素有北“杨”南“桉”之称。一、桉树的基本特性1.生长迅速。桉树是世界著名速生树种，大面积的人工林年生长量每公顷可达50~80立方米。桉树不仅材积增长快，而且木材致密硬重，是材积增长和木材比重结合得最好的树种。2.轮伐期短。桉树的速生特性…     

海南岛西北部地区桉树无性系选择研究

海南岛西部地区桉树无性系选择研究结果表明19个无性系树高、胸径、蓄积量、冠幅及生根能力差异显著,包含的8个品种材积生长排序尾×细杂交桉＞尾×赤杂交桉＞斑皮桉＞赤桉＞尾叶桉＞细叶桉＞刚果12号桉＞雷林1号桉.综合评价,杂交桉TH9113、TH9117、TH9211、TH9224、赤桉XLY01、斑皮桉9401、尾叶桉U9101 7个无性系生长快,扦插生根能力强,可列为重点发展的桉树优良无性系.     

热带桉树种、种源选择及生长

我国引种桉树已有百年历史，早期引种的桉树大部分作为庭园观赏树木，５０年代初试种桉树人工林，现在南方１６个省区栽培，栽培面积约为１５５万公顷，主要桉树栽培区集中在广东、广西、海南，即华南地区，其次为西南（云南、四川等地）。桉树作为速生纸浆材、用材及薪材树种受到世界广泛重视，桉树和杨树、松树一起被誉为世界三大速生树种。它适应性广，不同桉树种对气候及立地条件要求也有所不同。此次重点调查热带桉树，以尾叶桉、刚果桉、细叶桉、赤桉为主，旨在了解８０年代在广东、海南等不同气候区引种桉树及不同种源的生长及适应（如抗风等），为在本地区发展桉树的“适地、适树、适种源”提供科学依据。     

桉树杂交种生长及抗风性状的遗传分析和选择

为了筛选出优良家系及单株,为桉树良种改良提供优质的遗传材料,对27月生30个桉树杂种家系试验林的生长和抗风能力进行分析和遗传评估.结果表明:试验林的树高(H)、胸径(D)、材积(V)、抗风指数(WR)在家系水平上、家系×重复交互作用水平上均存在极显著的差异(P＜0.01),在家系水平上4个性状均受到较高程度的遗传控制,单株水平上H、D、V3个性状受到较高强度的遗传控制,而WR受到较弱程度的遗传控制.遗传相关分析表明H、D、V、WR4个性状两两之间都呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),其中,在生长性状中,D与V之间的相关关系最为密切;在抗风能力方面,WR与D之间的相关关系最为密切.通过构建性状选择指数方程,按照选择标准选出8个优良家系,39个优良单株,入选率分别为26.67％、5.65％.其中优良家系的遗传增益在H、D、V和WR上分别达到了8.24％、9.99％、25.24％和3.76％,优良单株的遗传增益在H、D、V和WR上分别为22.55％、13.45％、105.49％和1.90％.     

Methods of inoculation and evaluation of Erwinia psidii in eucalypt

The dieback and wilting caused by Erwinia psidii are emerging eucalypt diseases that have been observed since 2014 in the south and central‐south regions of Brazil. Field observations have shown variability in disease severity resistance among Eucalyptus spp. clones and species. It is hypothesized that this variability is due to genetic resistance. To confirm this hypothesis, inoculations in genetically distinct eucalypt plants are necessary. However, lack of an inoculation method and disease assessment makes difficult to select resistant genotypes for use in commercial plantations or genetic breeding programmes. Three inoculation methods were tested on eight clones of Eucalyptus spp. Among them, inoculum deposition with bacteria‐impregnated toothpick on the axillary buds was the simplest and most effective, capable to reproduce the disease symptoms observed under conditions of natural infection. We also developed a rating scale for disease assessment. Among eight clones tested, only Clone 1 (Eucalyptus saligna) and Clone 2 (Eucalyptus urophylla) were resistant.     

Screening of Corymbia and Eucalyptus species for resistance to Calonectria pteridis leaf blight

Calonectria leaf blight (CLB), caused by Calonectria pteridis, is a major foliar disease of eucalypt plantations in warm and high rainfall regions in Brazil. The use of resistant genotypes is the best method for disease control in the field, so identification of sources of resistance is strategic for the long‐term genetic breeding programmes of eucalypt. In this study, resistance of 13 species of Eucalyptus and 3 species of Corymbia to CLB was evaluated by spray inoculation of a spore suspension (1 × 10⁴ conidia ml^?1) of the pathogen, under controlled conditions. Eucalyptus brassiana, E. saligna, E. scias and E. agglomerata were the most resistant, while E. robusta, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. longirostrata and C. toreliana were moderately resistant and E. cloeziana, E. pellita, E. tereticornis, E. pilularis, C. maculata, E. grandis, E. dunnii and C. citriodora were the most susceptible. The broad inter and intraspecific variability of the species tested demonstrates the potential for introgression of resistance genes into valuable genotypes as a strategy for the breeding programmes and commercial plantation of eucalypt.     

The potential for gene flow from exotic eucalypt plantations into Australia's rare native eucalypts

Hybridisation through pollen dispersal from exotic plants is increasingly recognised as a threat to the genetic integrity of native plant populations. Its genetic impact can be greater in rare taxa, due to their vulnerability to pollen swamping by more abundant congeners. We assessed the likelihood of pollen dispersal from exotic eucalypt plantations into all of Australia's rare native eucalypts, and conducted a case study of Eucalyptus perriniana, which is rare in Tasmania. The Australia-wide study involved spatial analyses of the locations for each rare species superimposed on distributions of eucalypt plantations, which were combined with known taxonomically based reproductive barriers. Of the 74 nationally listed rare eucalypt taxa, 22 had locations within 10 km of plantations of the same genus, and eight were within 1 km. These eight proximal taxa are considered priorities for monitoring. In the most extreme case, 30% of point locations originating from herbarium records and field surveys for Eucalyptus conglomerata were within 1 km of exotic plantations. In the case study, E. perriniana revealed considerable reproductive compatibility with adjacent recently established Eucalyptus nitens plantations. However, F₁ hybridisation between these species was limited, with 0.2% of the 18,625 seedlings grown from 100 single-tree open-pollinated seedlots being hybrids. For now, the probability of exotic gene flow into E. perriniana appears to be low, however this probability is likely to increase as more E. nitens flowers in the surrounding landscape. These studies suggest that understanding the breeding system and biology of these populations may reveal surprising resistance to such exotic hybridisation as well as identifying high risk situations to focus conservation management.     

两种桉树与厚荚相思混交的生长效应研究

对尾叶桉和雷林１号桉与厚荚相思的两种混交方式混交林的生长、抗风力进行了研究,结果表明：以桉树为主要目的树种的混交林,所选用桉树的生长量大于相思时,其增产效应显著,尾叶桉与厚荚相思带状混交能明显提高尾叶桉的生长量,以４行带效果最好,适宜在风害不严重的地区采用。尾叶桉与厚荚相思行间混交能降低厚荚相思的风害率并能明显增加混交林单位面积的木材产量,在沿海台风多发地区是有推广价值的一种混交方式。     

桉树杂交育种技术在雷州林业局的应用

雷州林业局是我国第一个以桉树为主营树种的林业单位,50余年来一直以桉树的种植、加工、利用和出口为核心业务。依靠桉树新品种培育等成果,雷州林业局的桉树生长量由1990年代初的10m3·hm-2提高到2002年的20m3·hm-2,在同行业中保持强的竞争力。本文从桉树种质资源的收集、矮化杂交圃的建立、人工杂交技术等方面简述了雷州林业局以杂交育种为主的桉树育种资源研究、利用工作,分析了存在的问题和解决的办法。     

阳江沿海地区桉树林分台风风害调查

针对阳江地区2006年第6号强台风“派比安”对2004-2006年种植的桉树林分风害程度进行了调查。从桉树林分地点、坡位、无性系、林龄等因素综合分析,结果发现：台风对桉树林分风害存在一定的区域性,不同无性系间的桉树林分风害率存在差异,风害程度的大小顺序为：DH32-29〉广林,〉DH201-2〉U6,林龄是桉树林分风害的重要影响因子,随着林龄增长,林分风害指数减少。     

Advances in reproductive biology and seed production systems of Eucalyptus: the case of Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus globulus is the main eucalypt species grown in Australian plantations. The focus on seedling deployment systems, coupled with exploitation of large, open-pollinated base populations for breeding purposes over the last two decades, has required a detailed understanding of the reproductive biology of this species. We review our research on the reproductive biology of E. globulus, with a focus on its breeding system and advances made in seed production systems. While most improved seed is still obtained from open-pollinated seedling or grafted seed orchards, the development of the one-stop/single-visit pollination procedure has revolutionised the breeding and deployment of this species. The reduced costs of controlled pollination has meant full pedigree-control can now be maintained in large advanced-generation breeding populations and E. globulus is one of the few eucalypt species where large-scale production of manually pollinated seed for family forestry is being undertaken.     

植物矮化和桉树矮化育种研究进展

利用矮化技术对各种植物进行矮化,可以在保留其优良遗传特性的同时有效地降低植物的生长高度,缩短培育周期,并提高产量。本文就该技术应用的历史沿革,国内、外现状以及在桉树人工林培育方面的初步应用进行了综述,并对该技术在桉树方面的应用前景进行了总结和展望。