离体毛竹笋纤维素和木质素含量及POD和PAL活性研究

研究了离体后毛竹笋纤维素、木质素含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化.结果显示:笋体纤维素、木质素含量从笋尖到笋基部逐渐增加;PAL、POD活性笋尖明显高于笋基部.离体后贮藏的竹笋纤维素、木质素含量随贮藏时间的延长而增加,在前5 d纤维素的增加速度极快,在后5 d增加速度明显趋缓,但木质素含量随贮藏时间的延长基本呈匀速态势增加;POD、PAL活性随贮藏时间的延长,活性均显著增加.对离体竹笋进行低温处理(4 ℃)可显著降低竹笋的PAL、POD活性,减少木质素和纤维素合成,低温对纤维素的影响高于木质素.     

竹笋采后涂膜保鲜对其木质化的影响

为了给竹笋采后保鲜和竹笋膳食纤维的加工提供理论指导,将采回的毛竹春笋的不同部位在3℃冷藏条件下,进行壳聚糖涂膜保鲜对竹笋中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及纤维素和木质素含量影响的研究.结果表明：从顶部到基部,竹笋各区段部位PAL和POD活性逐渐增强,纤维素和木质素含量增大;与对照相比,各种涂膜保鲜处理均显著降低竹笋的PAL和POD活性及纤维素和木质素的生成,加入亚硫酸钠能延缓竹笋的木质化进程.     

保鲜处理对高节竹笋采后生理的影响

采用壳聚糖的3种保鲜处理方法对高节竹笋进行了试验比较,测定了高节竹笋采收后在贮藏过程中与竹笋老化密切相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,以及纤维素和木质素含量.结果表明:竹笋采收后,随着贮藏时间的增加,PAL和POD活性在短时间内快速地增加,经过一定时间后减少,纤维素和木质素含量随竹笋的老化过程而增加.以壳聚糖涂膜和BCY保鲜剂共同作用的保鲜处理在7 d内各指标的增加速度最慢,保鲜效果最佳.     

雷竹笋采后贮藏生理的研究

研究了雷竹笋采后在常温 (2 5℃ )贮藏期间的相对含水量、粗蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶 (POD)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)活性、木质素含量的相互关系和变化规律 ,结果表明 ,相对含水量和蛋白质含量呈下降趋势 ,POD、PAL等酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势 ,木质素含量不断增加。POD、PAL酶活性的提高与笋体内木质素的增加密切相关     

甜龙竹笋采后不同时间及温度储藏下酶活性的变化

以甜龙竹笋为研究材料,采用植物ELISA检测试剂盒测定不同储藏时间(0、12、24、36、48、60、72 h)和不同储藏温度(0℃、4℃、常温对照)下PAL(苯丙氨酸解氨酶)、PPO(多酚氧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)、CAD(肉桂醇脱氢酶)的变化特征。结果表明:在常温(20~25℃)下,PAL活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,POD、PPO、CAT、CAD呈现波动变化趋势;其次,4℃以下对PAL、POD、PPO、CAD活性存在抑制作用,对CAT活性影响不大。0℃、4℃储藏对采后甜龙竹笋酶活性有降低作用,可通过低温结合其他方法对甜龙竹笋进行保鲜处理,达到延缓甜龙竹笋老化的目的。     

褪黑素处理对高节竹笋低温贮藏过程中木质化的影响

【目的】探讨褪黑素处理条件下,高节竹笋采后低温(4℃)贮藏过程中木质素形成、抗氧化酶活性、转录因子基因表达的变化模式,为阐明褪黑素处理对竹笋采后木质化过程的影响及其调控机制提供参考。【方法】以高节竹笋为试验材料,分析低温(4℃)贮藏过程中(0、3、6、9、12天)褪黑素(1. 0 mmol·L-1)处理组和对照组竹笋硬度、黄度、亮度,木质素、纤维素含量,木质素合成相关的苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸还原酶(APX)活性以及NAC、MYB转录因子基因表达等指标。【结果】与对照相比,外源褪黑素处理减缓笋体变硬和黄化的速度以及木质素和纤维素的积累速度,显著抑制PAL和POD活性,提高了SOD、CAT和APX活性,有效延缓高节竹笋木质化的发生进程;转录因子MYB20、MYB63、MYB85、SND2和VND7的表达随竹笋采后贮藏时间的延长均受到不同程度的诱导,而MYB42、MYB43、NST1和KNAST7的表达量则有所下降。褪黑素处理一定程度上抑制了MYB20、MYB42和KNAT7的表达,促进了MYB43、MYB63、MYB85和SND2的表达。【结论】外源褪黑素处理有效延缓了高节竹笋采后低温贮藏过程中木质化的发生进程,其机制可能是褪黑素处理降低了木质素生物合成相关酶的活性,提高了抗氧化能力。此外,褪黑素也可能参与竹笋木质化的转录调控过程。     

茶多酚处理对采后勃氏甜龙竹笋木质化的影响

为探索生物保鲜剂处理对采后勃氏甜龙竹笋木质化的影响,以采后勃氏甜龙竹笋为研究材料,剥壳鲜笋用不同浓度茶多酚溶液(0.5%、1.5%、2.5%)处理,并用聚乙烯保鲜袋包装,在4℃下进行贮藏,分析0、2、4、6、8 d贮藏期内,处理组和不添加茶多酚对照组的色差值、木质素、粗纤维、还原糖含量,以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等与木质素合成酶系统相关的关键酶活性指标。结果显示：茶多酚处理减缓了采后勃氏甜龙竹笋黄化的速度、还原糖的降解以及木质素和粗纤维的积累速度,有效延缓了木质化的发生进程,显著抑制了PAL、POD、PPO和CAD活性,提高了SOD活性。研究表明,用茶多酚处理竹笋可将采后勃氏甜龙竹笋的保鲜期延长至8 d,以质量分数为2.5%的浓度配比为最佳,贮藏期间最大程度地保留了勃氏甜龙竹笋的营养成分。     

毛竹笋在快速生长期的木质化调控网络

木本竹因其优质材性而成为传统木材良好的替代品。木质化程度和木质素含量影响着木材材性，然而单子叶植物的木质化调控网络尚不清楚。为了阐明毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）木质化的分子调控机制，利用转录组、miRNA和降解组测序，并结合实验对竹笋进行综合分析研究。结果表明：木质化程度和木质素含量随笋高度的增加而增加，而苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和漆酶（LAC）活性则随笋高度的增加表现为先升高后降低。在不同高度笋的代表性节间（第13节）的不同部位中共鉴定了11 504个差异表达基因（DEG），其中与细胞壁和木质素生物合成相关的大部分DEG表达随笋高度上调，而与细胞生长相关的一些DEG表达则下调。通过miRNA测序鉴定出1 502个miRNA，包括已知的1 223个和新鉴定的279个。通过生物信息学预测和降解组分析，共鉴定出691个差异表达的miRNA，共靶向5 756个差异表达基因。据此构建了毛竹笋木质化调控网络，包括11个miRNA、22个转录因子和36个酶基因。另外，根据过表达PeLAC20转基因拟南芥中木质素含量显著增加，提出了一个miRNA介导的‘MYB-PeLAC20’的木质素单体聚合调控模型。研究结果不仅对解析竹子木质素生物合成的调控分子机制具有重要科学价值，而且对理解其他单子叶植物的相关机制具有重要参考价值，有助于制定竹材材性改良策略。     

松材线虫侵染对马尾松苯丙烷类代谢的影响

1.5年生马尾松植株接种松材线虫后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性水平均高于对照,活性高峰通常出现在症状表现前夕,并在植株发病后下降.叶内PAL和POD活性高峰的出现晚于茎,与叶部病害发展一致.茎中酚类物质的含量随着线虫侵染时间的延长逐渐增加,至发病时达到高峰.酚类物质含量的变化与PAL、POD、PPO 3种酶活性的变化趋势基本一致.松材线虫的侵染明显影响寄主植物的苯丙烷类代谢,由此可知,松材线虫病的发生发展与松材线虫诱导感病寄主苯丙烷类代谢的异常变化有关.     

锥栗对栗疫病的抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶的关系

健康的锥栗(Castanea henryi)皮层中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)比活力与抗感病性之间不相关.不同抗病性的锥栗品种接种栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parastttca)后,PAL比活力均上升,接种144 h后,PAL比活力抗病性强的品种比抗病性弱的品种高.接种前以及接种后的各个时间内,木质素含量都是抗病品种比感病品种高.绿原酸的含量与品种的抗病性之间不呈规律性的相关,从绿原酸对栗疫菌菌丝生长影响的测定结果可知,锥栗体内的绿原酸浓度不足以影响栗疫菌.可见,接种后的皮层PAL比活力以及接种前、后的皮层木质素含量可作为衡量锥栗抗病性强弱的指标.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.