HPLC法测定头孢噻呋钠混悬注射液含量

头孢噻呋是动物专用抗生素,具有超广谱强效抗菌作用。市场上已经有了盐酸头孢噻呋混悬注射液和注射用头孢噻呋钠的剂型。本文拟采用空白注射液辅料添加头孢噻呋钠原料的方法组建新剂型即头孢噻呋钠混悬注射液,并针对此剂型建立HPLC法的含量测定。在建立HPLC法的含量测定时,参考了国内现有盐酸头孢噻呋混悬注射液和注射用头孢噻呋钠等相关标准,但这些标准中混悬液前处理复杂,流动相组分多且配制繁琐,检测波长不是最大吸收波长。所以我们在参考这些标准中含量测定方法的同时,对新方法作进一步调整。这个测定方法能够为头孢噻呋钠混悬注射…     

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0．2g注射用头孢噻呋钠；0．1g注射用头孢噻呋钠；恩诺沙星注射液;恩诺沙星注射液;复合酚溶液     

HPLC法测定头孢噻呋钠原料含量

建立了测定头孢噻呋钠原料含量的HPLC方法。此方法准确度、精密度、线性、耐用性等指标良好，而且本方法简单、快速，结果准确、可靠，可用于头孢噻呋钠原料中头孢噻呋含量的测定。     

头孢噻呋钠对家禽常见细菌感染病的临床疗效研究

为了评价头孢噻呋钠对鸡白痢病、鸡大肠杆菌病、鸡葡萄球菌病的治疗效果,用头孢噻呋钠对人工诱发鸡白痢病、鸡大肠杆菌病、鸡葡萄球菌病进行临床治疗试验。结果显示:头孢噻呋钠对鸡白痢病的治愈率比氨苄西林混悬注射液、硫酸粘杆菌素、氟苯尼考分别高20％、13.4％、26.7％,死亡率分别低20％、3.4％、16.7％;头孢噻呋钠对鸡大肠杆菌病的治愈率比硫酸庆大霉素高72.5％,死亡率低55.5％;头孢噻呋钠对鸡葡萄球菌病的治愈率比氨苄青霉素高12.5％,死亡率低10％。结论:头孢噻呋钠对三种疾病的治疗效果在死亡率、有效率和治愈率的指标比较上,均显著高于对照药物(P<0.05)。头孢噻呋钠组的平均增重均显著高于对照药物组(P<0.05)。     

奶牛乳房内灌注头孢噻呋钠的消除动力学研究

在奶牛乳房内灌注头孢噻呋钠后,采用超高效液相色谱一串联质谱法测定牛乳中头孢噻呋的浓度,对其消除动力学进行了研究。3头实验奶牛按每个乳房0．3g头孢噻呋灌注,牛乳中药物达到的最高浓度Cmax=107．89μg／mL,达峰时间Tmax=8h,药物半衰期T1/2=13．97h。在乳房内用药后的最初56h内,头孢噻呋浓度快速下降;最后一次给药88h后,所有乳腺中头孢噻呋的浓度都低于允许限量（0．1μg／mL）。故建议头孢噻呋在牛奶中的休药期为4d。     

农业部最新批准的兽药

农业部最新批准的兽药：氯前列醇钠、氯前列醇钠注射液、头孢噻呋钠原料、山楂乳房注入剂、蛋氨酸碘粉、蛋氨酸碘溶液、蛋氨酸碘、注射用头孢噻呋、头孢噻呋、注射用头孢噻呋钠、头孢噻呋钠原料。     

头孢噻呋混悬液和头孢噻呋钠冻干粉对人工诱发猪大肠杆菌病的疗效

作者研究了头孢噻呋混悬液和头孢噻呋钠对人工诱发猪大肠杆菌病的疗效.对人工诱导发病的35日龄仔猪分别肌注头孢噻呋混悬液和头孢噻呋钠冻干粉(每种药设3和5 mg/kg2个剂量组),分别在第0、12、48、72 h给药,3 d共给药4次.同时设氨苄西林混悬注射液、Tinknium注射液以及健康和感染对照组.用药14 d后结果表明,头孢噻呋组有效率、治愈率及增重相对比显著高于氨苄西林和Tinknium组,头孢噻呋混悬液和头孢噻呋钠各剂量组之间死亡率、有效率、治愈率和增重相对比差异不显著.头孢噻呋混悬液和头孢噻呋钠冻干粉以3 mg/kg 3 d给药4次的治疗方案是可行的.     

头孢噻呋混悬剂治疗人工感染仔猪传染性胸膜肺炎的效果观察

将头孢噻呋混悬剂分为高、中、低(10、5、2.5 mg/kg体重)3个剂量组分别肌肉注射治疗仔猪传染性胸膜肺炎,每36 h用药1次,连用2次;同时设头孢噻呋钠注射液对照组,按10 mg/kg体重给药,2次/d,连用3 d。结果表明,头孢噻呋混悬剂3个剂量组和头孢噻呋钠注射液对照组对仔猪传染性胸膜肺炎均有明显的治疗效果,成活率可达80％～100％,极显著高于感染对照组(P<0.01)。头孢噻呋混悬剂中、高剂量组成活率极显著高于头孢噻呋混悬剂低剂量组及头孢噻呋钠注射液组 (P<0.01)。本试验结果表明,头孢噻呋混悬剂能减少胸膜肺炎放线杆菌人工感染引起的临床症状,降低死亡率。作为注射剂治疗仔猪传染性胸膜肺炎,以5～10 mg/kg体重的剂量为佳。      

硫酸头孢喹肟对仔猪黄白痢临床疗效试验

为验证增效硫酸头孢喹肟对仔猪黄白痢的临床疗效,选用自然感染黄白痢患病仔猪为试验对象,以头孢噻呋钠的疗效为对照.结果显示,硫酸头孢喹肟高、中、低剂量组对仔猪黄白痢的治愈率分别为93.3％、90.0％、0％,总有效率分别为100％、100％和6.7％;头孢噻呋钠对照组的治愈率为40.0％、总有效率为60.0％;试验药物高、中剂量组对仔猪黄白痢的治愈率与对照药物相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).表明硫酸头孢喹肟对仔猪黄白痢的临床疗效显著优于头孢噻呋钠,建议推荐剂量为3 mg/kg,每天1次,连用2d.     

免疫不当继发蓝耳病、副猪嗜血杆菌病

1真假头孢噻呋钠的鉴别头孢噻呋钠为碱性．在酸性溶液中不溶解。鉴别步骤：用硫酸庆大霉素（酸性）或白醋稀释需要鉴别的头孢．若头孢为酸牛奶样不溶解则为真头孢：若溶液溶解则假头孢。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -