大豆田一次性化学除草技术研究

本文报道了三年来对12种大豆田除草剂的筛选结果,并从中优化出一次用药即可防除大豆田全生育期杂草的配方:1、稀禾定+氟磺胺草醚+表面活性剂;2、稀禾定+普杀特;3、甲羧除草醚+乙草胺。上述三个配方小区试验除草效果(施药后65d)分别为95.4％,93.6％和91.4％,较大面积田间示范除草效果(施药后65d)分别为95.6％,95.5％和93.1％。对氟磺胺草醚及甲羧除草醚的二次药害和残留量进行测定,确定了两种除草剂对后茬作物的安全用量。建立了整地(翻、耙)——播种(结合施肥)——用药——中耕培土(一次)——收获的栽培模式。试验结果证明,利用除草剂一次性防除大豆田全生育期杂草危害,并免去人工除草和两次中耕的少耕栽培方法是可行的。     

玉米地化学除草试验研究

用芽前处理药剂和苗后茎叶处理药剂对玉米地杂草防除试验。96%金都尔EC、50%乙草胺EC、50%丁草胺EC播后苗前土壤处理防除玉米地禾本科杂草防效较好,对阔叶杂草防效较差,田间用药量以72 g(a.i.)/667m2、50 g(a.i.)/667m27、0 g(a.i.)/667m2为佳。25%宝成DF、4%玉农乐RS茎叶喷雾能有效防除玉米地禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,田间用药量以1.125 g(a.i.)/667m22、.6 g(a.i.)/667m2为佳。     

Effects of Human Trafficking on Household Farm Labor Availability Among Arable Farming Households in Delta State,Nigeria

Trafficking in persons,especially women and girls has been on for long and is still going on.Persons in the female group constitute the mostly trafficked humans.This study was conducted to determine the effects of human trafficking on household farm labor needs available among farming households.Arable farming households involved in human trafficking were identified and purposively selected for this study with the aid of key informants in purposively selected communities.This led to the selection of 60 arable farming household heads in Delta North Agricultural zone,65 farming household heads in Delta Central Agricultural Zone,and 36 arable farming household heads in Delta south agricultural zone to give a total of 151 respondents.Data for the study were collected with the utilization of questionnaire and interview schedule.The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis with the application of frequency counts,percentages and means derived from 4-point likert-type scale.The hypothesis was tested using Tobit regression analysis.Human trafficking was found to be age and sex selective and the causes of human trafficking included both push and pull factors,such as high income in destination countries poverty,low risk profit,nature of trafficking in persons,ease in control and manipulation of vulnerable women and girls,low risk involved in working in destination countries,lacking of legitimate and fulfilling employment,sex selective migration policies,less access to information and peer pressure.Shortage of household farm labor was experienced by farming households in clearing and brushing of farm land,sowing,weeding,harvesting and processing/storage.Human trafficking was found to affect household labor availability in clearing/brushing of farm land,sowing,weeding,harvesting and processing/storage of farm produce.It is recommended that poverty alleviation programs should be specially organized for poor women,government and NGOs and international agencies should develop strategies to mitigate human trafficking.The government needs to collaborate with community based organizations and law enforcement agencies to create anti-trafficking committee in farming communities.Community education should be created for the farming communities to emphasize anti-human trafficking with the use of change agents;extension agents should integrate anti-trafficking messages in their interaction with farmers.     

Impact of Tillage and Herbicides on Weed Density,Yield and Quality of Cotton in Wheat Based Cropping System

Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are infesting the crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Conyza canadensis, Tribulus terrestris, and Cyperus rotundus, etc. Recent studies indicate that conventional tillage (CT) is more productive than zero tillage (ZT)/reduced tillage (RT). Performance of cotton under three tillage systems, viz., ZT, RT and CT; and five herbicides, i.e., haloxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC (108 g a.i. ha^?1), lactofen 24 EC (168 g a.i. ha^?1), haloxyfop 10.8 EC + lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, and weedy check were evaluated during 2010-2011 at Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Pakistan, to explore the best management option for effective weed control, enhanced yield and quality of cotton grown after wheat. The results revealed that hand weeding and Haloxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with Lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Excessive rainfall and cooler temperature limited cotton growth and yield in 2010. The adverse weather conditions had more adverse effect on boll weight under ZT and RT than CT. Haloxyfop + lactofen produced higher seed cotton yield in RT than ZT, however, it could not exceed CT. Broad-spectrum herbicides × CT produced the highest number of bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Fiber quality and net returns were also the highest in broad-spectrum herbicides × CT. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under CT were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I. Khan.     

3种除草剂对大麦田杂草防除效果及产量效应

通过田间药效试验,比较6.9%大膘马、5.8%双氟磺草胺和5%唑啉草酯3种除草剂及其混剂对大麦田杂草的防效以及对大麦的安全性和增产效果。结果表明:6.9%大膘马单剂(禾本科杂草)、5%唑啉草酯1 800 m L/hm~2(禾本科杂草)和5.8%双氟磺草胺150 m L/hm~2(阔叶类杂草)对相应大麦田杂草都有较好的防控作用,鲜重防效率达到91.3%以上,而5%唑啉草酯1 200 m L/hm~2和5.8%双氟磺草胺120 m L/hm~2防效一般,鲜重防效率分别为86.90%和87.1%;6.9%大膘马与5.8%双氟磺草胺混配两类杂草防除效果显著,但对大麦产生3级药害,5%唑啉草酯和5.8%双氟磺草胺混配药效持久,对大麦安全,杂草的鲜重防效率达到92.97%以上,且增产率分别达到9.91%和11.9%。     

几种除草剂防除玉米田杂草的田间药效对比

为选择能防除玉米田杂草且对玉米安全的理想除草剂,促进玉米高效安全生产,对40%乙.莠.氰草津SC、15%甲基磺草酮SC等5种除草剂进行玉米田杂草防除药效试验。结果表明:40%乙.莠.氰草津SC、23%烟嘧.莠去津SC对玉米田单、双子叶杂草有较好的防效,防治效果分别达90.76%、91.60%。两种除草剂杀草谱广,持效期长,对玉米苗安全,是理想的玉米地除草剂。     

黄河三角洲地区除草剂对紫花苜蓿产量及杂草群落影响的初探

针对紫花苜蓿田杂草,选用咪唑乙烟酸、精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵和乙氧氟草醚4种除草剂,研究了不同除草剂和浓度对苜蓿产量和杂草群落特征的影响。结果表明,喷施咪唑乙烟酸、高效氟吡甲禾灵均能提高苜蓿产量,咪唑乙烟酸2000mL·hm^-2、高效氟吡甲禾灵700mL·hm^-2增产效果最好,喷施乙氧氟草醚明显抑制苜蓿生长;咪唑乙烟酸、精喹禾灵、乙氧氟草醚能明显降低杂草种类。从物种重要值来看,马唐、马齿苋、稗草等属于较难防除杂草;喷施除草剂对杂草群落产生了影响,物种多样性指数随药剂浓度的增大均呈下降趋势。从试验结果综合判断,除草剂最佳选择为咪唑乙烟酸2000mL·hm^-2,其次为高效氟吡甲禾灵700mL·hm^-2。     

常用茎叶处理剂对直播稻田杂草的防除效果初探

为探讨杂草常用茎叶处理剂在直播水稻田中的安全性及对杂草的防除效果,进行了直播水稻田杂草的田间药效试验。结果表明,⑴稻杰和农美利一样,对直播水稻田稗草、鸭舌草、陌上菜、异型莎草等杂草具有较好的防除效果;⑵千金对直播水稻田千金子高效,对稗草的防除效果较好;⑶沙稗丰对直播水稻田稗草高效,对鸭舌草、陌上菜和异型莎草有一定的防除效果;⑷优丹对直播水稻田鸭舌草、陌上菜和异型莎草的防除效果较好;⑸这5种供试药剂均对直播水稻安全。建议直播水稻田防除杂草时,在水稻播后3叶期以上,杂草2~4叶期,茎叶喷雾处理。     

19种芽后除草剂对田间杂草的控制和对高羊茅种子生产的影响

为了筛选出适合高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb)种子生产田施用的除草剂,于2015年在上海闵行地区进行了田间试验。以手工除草和不除草处理为对照,对常用的和近5年内推出的共计19种市售除草剂在除草效果和对高羊茅种子生产的影响上进行了比较。试验结果表明,苯磺隆、谷欢和春杰处理的高羊茅种子产量与手工除草对照的相比没有显著差异,产量下降不到10%,与其他除草剂相比减产幅度较小。该3种药剂处理的种子发芽率均大于90%,与稻欢处理的最高发芽率(96%)相比无显著差异。此外,该3种药剂杀草谱广、见效快,主要防除苦苣菜(Sonchus oleraceus L.)、小飞蓬[Conyza canadensis(L.)Cronq.]、猪殃殃[Galium aparine L.var.tenerum Gren.et(Godr.)Rebb.]、婆婆纳(Veronica didyma Tenore.)、大巢菜(Vicia gigantea Bge.)和葎草[Humulus scandens(Lour.)Merr.]等杂草。因此,苯磺隆、谷欢和春杰是适合在高羊茅种子田施用的安全、高效阔叶杂草除草剂。     

除草剂对燕麦田杂草的防效及其对燕麦产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了13种除草剂对燕麦田杂草控制及产量的影响.结果表明:10种苗期茎叶处理除草剂中,皮燕麦和裸燕麦田用药后30d,株防效和鲜重防效均以40%二甲.辛酰溴最高,分别为97.5%、99.0%和90.5%、98.0%;3种土壤处理除草剂以仲丁灵效果最佳;麦草畏对燕麦有轻微药害.除草剂对燕麦产量有显著影响,不同除草剂效应不同,皮燕麦、裸燕麦对除草剂的反应也不尽相同;裸燕麦在相同除草剂处理下产量增幅小于皮燕麦;除草剂的防效是影响燕麦产量的最主要因素,其次为小穗数、穗粒数、株高、穗长、千粒质量.     

几种马铃薯除草剂配方对一年生杂草防治效果及产量的影响

为探讨马铃薯种植过程中最佳的田间除草剂配方,以荷兰15为供试品种,筛选了6个除草剂配方,研究其对杂草施药后15d株防效、30d株防效和45d鲜重防效。结果表明:不同的除草剂配方均可以有效地控制田间杂草,增加田间产量,其中富薯(砜·喹·嗪草酮)处理与嗪酮·乙草胺+噻吩处理对田间杂草控制效果及增产效果最好。     

不同除草剂对冬油菜田间杂草控制和产量的影响

采用一锄、乙草胺、油力和草除·精喹混剂、10.0%油力以及17.5%草除·精喹EC 5种除草剂分别对大田冬油菜进行处理.研究不同除草剂对冬油菜田间杂革的控制作用及对田间透光率和油菜产量的影响.结果表明,17.5%草除·精喹EC对油菜田杂草具有较好的防除效果,苗期杂草的总体防效达到95%以上,随着时间的延长药效略有下降,成熟期时控草效果仍可达90%以上.各除草剂处理均能提高油菜产量(增5.1%～36.4%).其中以一锄和17.5%草除·精喹EC处理产量增幅最高,并能显著提高油菜田间的透光率、植株的一次有效分枝数、主花序有效角果数以及单株有效角果数.     

贵州省黔西县旱耕地质量状况评价

为了给测土配方施肥提供基础数据,对黔西县项目区的旱耕地的土壤质量进行了初步评价。黔西县旱耕地质地主要以壤土为主,土壤pH 5.5~8.5,比较适宜作物生长。旱耕地营养状况:土壤肥力水平中等,总体上普遍缺氮,中度缺磷,钾较丰富,钙、镁、硫、铁含量极丰富;锰含量比较丰富,但分布不均,变异较大;铜10%调查点缺乏,锌20%左右调查点缺乏,硼80%以上调查点缺乏。     

农用地分等成果在耕地占补平衡中的应用

依据农用地利用等级作为评价等级,分析利用等指数与标准粮产量的关系,依据各等别对应标准粮产量进行各等别折算系数的计算。并以沈阳市康平县为例,利用农用地分等成果,确定康平县各类耕地的利用等指数与标准粮之间的函数关系及等别间折算系数。     

基于耕地压力分析的河北省粮食安全保障策略

为了给政府粮食安全保障策略的相关决策提供一定的理论支持和参考,在耕地-粮食-人口系统动态分析的基础上,对河北省1980—2007年耕地压力指数的动态变化及成因进行了分析。结果表明:1980年以来河北省耕地面积及其人均量持续减少;粮食总产量及人均产量呈现增加—减少—增加的变化趋势;最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数呈现减小—增大—减小的相似变化趋势。并探讨了缓解耕地压力的调控策略,即为保持区域内一定数量的耕地和种植高产作物是缓解耕地压力的重点。     

海南琼中热带农田土壤养分分布特征研究

为阐明热区农田土壤养分性状分布特征,以海南琼中农田土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,通过对2 168个土壤样品的分析测定,综合分析海南热区耕地土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH、交换性钙、交换性镁和有效锌的含量、分布及成因,揭示热带农田土壤养分的分布特征。结果表明：琼中耕地土壤总体呈酸性反应,土壤pH为4.50.5;土壤有机质和碱解氮含量较丰富;有效磷和速效钾相对较缺乏,其平均含量分别为7.4和39.7 mg/kg。土壤交换性钙、镁含量分别为508.9和82.8 mg/kg,均相对较缺乏,且空间分布不均;土壤有效锌含量丰富,其平均含量为4.72 mg/kg,但由于耕地土壤酸性较强,存在锌污染风险。     

赫章县水塘乡耕地类型区耕地地力等级评价试验

耕地是农业生产的重要生产资料,对耕地进行分等定级,是查清耕地质量状况的必要手段。耕地地力划分标准的编制采用综合归纳法、专家经验法和限制因素法。该文试图通过对赫章县水塘乡农区的耕地进行地力调查、分等、定级、评价等方面的阐述,为更加有效的保护耕地、合理开发利用和新增耕地的定级提供依据。     

除草剂“玉宝”防除玉米地杂草的效果——Ⅱ.不同使用剂量的除草效果

新型了除草剂玉宝在延边地区玉米3叶期使用时，适宜使用剂量为900－1100g ai/hm^2。在适宜剂量条件下对藜、苋科类、鸭跖草、风花菜的防效达100％，对禾本科杂草稗草防效在90％以上，对禾本科杂草马唐与菊花科杂草刺儿菜防效在70％以上，综合毁草防效可达90％。     

几种药剂防除直播稻田水三棱草初探

[目的]探讨几种药剂防除直播稻田水三棱草的效果。[方法]设计克草绅、灭草松、克草绅+灭草松3种组合防除直播稻田水三棱草。试验期间正常管理。[结果]在直播稻田水稻5叶期后,采用10%克草绅450g/hm2可有效防除6叶期以下的水三棱草,14d后株防效为91.64%,21d后株防效为86.21%,鲜重防效为94.72%。[结论]10%克草绅可以作为在江苏省淮安地区水稻5叶期后防除水三棱草的药剂值得大量推广。     

慈溪市耕地土壤环境质量现状及其评价

通过对慈溪市耕地284个土壤样品的分析、测定,按有关土壤环境质量标准进行了评价。结果表明,慈溪市耕地土壤环境质量总体良好,适宜于发展无公害农产品和绿色食品。