氢氧化钙与尿素复合处理对小麦秸营养品质的影响

通过化学成分分析、活体外消化率测定和绵羊饲养试验，研究了2％尿素与氢氧化钙复合处理对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明，秸秆中氮保留率直接受氢氧化钙的影响（P〈0．01），氢氧化钙大于6％时，氮保留率可达到98％。2％尿素和氢氧化钙复合处理，氢氧化钙为4％时，提高营养价值效果与单纯6％尿素处理相当；氢氧化钙为6％时，效果与4％NaOH处理相当。羊的饲养试验表明，2％尿素和6％氢氧化钙复合处理小麦秸效果最好。     

补氮碱化处理提高小麦秸营养价值的研究

通过化学成分分析、体外消化率测定,研究了单纯尿素处理、2%尿素与氢氧化钙复合处理对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明,秸秆中氮保留率除受尿素剂量影响外,也直接受氢氧化钙剂量的影响(P<0.01),氢氧化钙剂量大于6%时,氮保留率可达到98%。2%尿素和氢氧化钙复合处理,氢氧化钙为4%时,提高营养价值效果与单纯6%尿素处理相当;氢氧化钙为6%时,效果与4%NaOH处理相当。     

复合化学处理麦秸对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为了研究复合化学处理麦秸对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响,试验采用2因素3水平完全交叉试验设计,将尿素和氢氧化钙均按麦秸干物质质量2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共9个试验组,1个对照组(原麦秸),通过短期人工瘤胃技术研究不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理麦秸对瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)质量浓度的影响。结果表明:不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理麦秸对瘤胃液pH影响不显著;对NH3-N质量浓度影响显著或极显著,但均在正常范围内;在MCP产量方面,8、9和10组极显著高于对照组及2、3、4、5、6和7组,分别比对照组高33.73%、34.94%和31.33%,8、9和10组3个组间无显著差异;在乙酸、丙酸和丁酸3种VFA总质量浓度上8、9和10组极显著高于对照组和其余6个试验组,比对照组分别高73.55%、76.50%和64.24%,8组和9组显著高于10组,且无显著差异。在试验设计条件下,尿素和氢氧化钙复合处理麦秸时最适宜的添加水平分别为其干物质质量的4%和2%。     

复合化学处理麦秸的效果研究

为了研究复合化学处理对麦秸营养价值的影响,试验采用氧化钙(不添加和按麦秸风干重的2%、4%添加)-尿素(不添加和按麦秸风干重的2%、4%添加)-氯化钠(不添加和按麦秸风干重的0.5%、1%添加)复合处理麦秸,通过对麦秸处理前后营养成分进行分析,以及利用体外产气法对复合化学处理的麦秸进行了产气性能和降解率的测定。结果表明:只添加氧化钙和氯化钠而没有添加尿素的处理组出现了发霉状况,添加尿素的各处理组良好;添加尿素的复合化学处理组的粗蛋白(CP)水平显著高于未添加尿素的试验组和原料组(P0.05),复合化学处理组的有机物降解率(OMD)显著高于对照组和其他试验组(P0.05)。说明在本试验条件下,2%氧化钙+4%尿素+1%氯化钠共同处理是最适宜的麦秸复合化学处理法。     

复合化学处理秸秆饲喂肉牛的效果

本文对用尿素、氢氧化钙和食盐 (简称“三化”)复合化学处理稻草 (麦秸 )、碱化与氨化复合处理稻草 (麦秸 )和氨化与盐水法结合处理稻草 (麦秸 )的化学成分进行了分析研究 ,同时选择 1.5～ 2 .0岁左右、体重 370kg左右的西门塔尔和夏洛来杂种牛 36头 ,进行了饲喂处理秸秆的饲养试验。结果表明 :①与未处理麦秸、稻草相比 ,“三化”复合处理的中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)分别降低 8.97% (P <0 .0 5 )和 12 .35 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ;与氨化麦秸、稻草相比 ,NDF分别下降了 4 .2 6 % (P >0 .0 5 )和 6 .95 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ;与复合处理相比 ,NDF分别降低了 1.4 1% (P >0 .0 5 )和 2 .6 0 %(P >0 .0 5 )。②“三化”复合处理秸秆可显著提高肉牛对秸秆的采食量。③喂“三化”复合处理组牛的日增重比对照组、氨化盐水组和复合处理组分别提高 4 8.10 % (P <0 .0 1) ,18.18% (P <0 .0 5 )和 4 .4 6 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ;精料 /增重和秸秆 /增重分别比对照组、氨化盐水组和复合处理组降低了 32 .5 9%和 16 .4 4 % ;15 .4 7%和 7.6 1% ;6 .5 7%和 2 .5 4 %。     

不同处理的小麦秸在绵羊体内的消化率及其对瘤胃液pH 值、NH-N 浓度的影响

从整体消化和瘤胃消化的角度出发,研究了复合处理(尿素 石灰)对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明:①复合处理优于尿素处理;②复合处理可使小麦秸的干物质消化率(DM-D)、有机物消化率(OMD)、能量消化率(ED)和中性洗涤纤维消化率(NDFD)分别提高10.8%,21.4%,23.4%,43.8%。     

氢氧化钙与尿素混合物处理大麦秸对绵羊采食量及其消化率的影响

发展中国家已广泛采用氢氧化钙来处理秸秆.以前的试验表明:氢氧化钙处理大麦秸会引起发霉,从而导致采食量下降.本试验中,向氢氧化钙中同时加入尿素以防止发霉,并可提供氮源,试验中对不同应用量的尿素和氢氧化钙的处理效果进行了检查.将切短(5cm)的大麦秸与尿素和氢氧化钙的     

麦秸微贮的营养价值及对育肥羊增重的效果分析

该研究旨在评价麦秸秆微贮后营养价值及对育肥羊增重的效果,为充分利用麦秸资源提供理论依据。在麦秸中添加复合菌酶制剂,发酵后通过常规养分测定评定营养价值变化;通过饲养试验研究对育肥羊的增重效果。结果表明,麦秸秆经微贮处理后粗蛋白质、粗灰分分别提高1.18%和2.82%;干物质、粗纤维比未处理的麦秸秆分别降低0.79%和7.38%。试验羊在同等饲养条件下,麦秸秆微贮+精料育肥羊60 d,多浪羊增重10.5 kg/只、山羊增重8.63 kg/只,较麦秸+精料多浪羊多增重2.58 kg/只、山羊多增重2.26 kg/只。麦秸经复合菌酶制剂发酵后,可有效提高其营养价值,改善育肥羊增重,增加养殖效益。     

复合化学处理对玉米秸干物质和瘤胃降解率的影响

为了研究复合化学处理对玉米秸干物质和纤维瘤胃降解率的影响,试验将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸风干质量的2%、3%和4%分别添加,对玉米秸进行复合化学处理,9个试验组,1个对照组为原玉米秸,通过短期人工瘤胃技术测定不同处理玉米秸干物质和纤维瘤胃72 h降解率。结果表明:干物质瘤胃72 h降解率,9组(4%尿素+4%氢氧化钙)极显著高于对照组和其他试验组,比对照组提高21.4%;中性洗涤纤维瘤胃72 h降解率,9组除与4组(3%尿素+2%氢氧化钙)无显著差异外,均极显著或显著高于对照组和其余试验组,比对照组提高16.36%;酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃72 h降解率,9组高于7组(4%尿素+2%氢氧化钙),差异显著,极显著高于对照组和其余试验组,比对照组提高20.6%。结果说明:在试验设计条件下,以9组,即用占秸秆风干质量4%的尿素+4%的氢氧化钙共同处理是最适宜的玉米秸复合化学处理法。     

玉米秸秆的复合处理

试验旨在探讨玉米秸秆的氨化-碱化-盐化复合处理对其营养价值的影响。试验采用3因素2水平完全交叉实验设计,即尿素的添加量分别为2%和4%,氢氧化钙的添加量为2%和4%,泌乳奶牛生长所必需的7种微量元素添加与不添加。结果表明:与未添加任何物质的对照组相比,复合处理玉米秸秆的NDF和ADF分别下降9～18和8～14个百分点,粗蛋白含量平均提高了一倍,钙、磷含量也有升高的趋势;微量元素对秸秆营养价值无明显影响,但添加微量元素有防止霉变的作用。     

Performance of sheep offered ammonia, or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw as an only feed

The effect of ammonia (AS) and urea‐calcium hydroxide (US) treated rice straw as a sole diet on the voluntary intake, digestibility of feed components, nitrogen retention, rumen parameters and microbial nitrogen yield of Suffolk ewes, were compared in a double 2 × 2 latin square design. The digestibility of feed components was not differed in sheep offered either AS or US. Dry matter intake was higher in AS (28 g/kg BW^0.75) than US (22 g/kg BW^0.75). Although there was high nitrogen intake in sheep given AS diet, this did not result in higher nitrogen retention compared with US diet. No difference was observed in purine derivatives or microbial nitrogen supply between the two groups. The rumen ammonia‐N of sheep offered AS or US exhibited a similar trend in diurnal change with the peak at 1.5–2.5 h after feeding and decline gradually thereafter. However, volatile fatty acid production peaked at approximately 8 h after evening feed and then steadily declined. AS and US diets led sheep to lose weight. In conclusion, urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw can be used for sheep as an alternative to ammonia treated straw. Without supplementation, ammonia or urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw was not sufficient even for the maintenance of sheep.     

Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology,microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle

Four rumen‐fistulated beef cattle were randomly assigned to four treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to study the influence of urea and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] treatment of rice straw to improve the nutritive value of rice straw. Four dietary treatments were as follows: untreated rice straw, 50 g/kg urea‐treated rice straw, 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw and 30 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw. All animals were kept in individual pens and fed with concentrate at 0.5 g/kg of BW (DM), rice straw was fed ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for four periods, and each period lasted for 21 days. During the first 14 days, DM feed intake measurements were made while during the last 7 days, all cattle were moved to metabolism crates for total faeces and urine collections. The results revealed that 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw improved the nutritive value of rice straw, in terms of dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acids, population of bacteria and fungi, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis. Based on this study, it could be concluded that using urea plus calcium hydroxide was one alternative method to improve the nutritive value of rice straw, rumen ecology and fermentation and thus a reduction of treatment cost.     

不同水平尿素、氢氧化钙对玉米秸纤维含量的影响

为探讨不同水平尿素、氢氧化钙对玉米秸纤维含量的影响,本试验将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸风干重0%、2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共16组,其中原玉米秸组为对照组,通过测定各组玉米秸的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量来确定尿素和氢氧化钙最适宜的添加水平。结果表明,试验组在中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量上均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),大部分试验组间也存在极显著或显著的差异(P<0.01或P<0.05)。在本试验设计条件下,尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸时最适宜的添加水平分别为玉米秸风干重的4%和2%。     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

小麦秸秆处理方式对绵羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵性能及经济效益的影响

文章旨在评估不同小麦秸秆处理方式对干物质体外降解动力学及绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵性能的影响。试验将平均初始体重为（51.26±0.07）kg的24头绵羊随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头羊。3组绵羊每天采食体重1%的基础浓缩料,对照组自由采食未处理的小麦秸秆,处理组绵羊分别采食2.5%氨水处理的小麦秸秆和5×108 CFU酵母菌处理的小麦秸秆,试验共进行10周。结果：氨化秸秆与酵母处理秸秆组干物质体外降解动力学参数B较小麦秸秆组分别显著提高11.04%和13.63%（P＜0.05）,而氨化秸秆组干物质体外降解动力学参数A+B较小麦秸秆组显著提高11.45%（P＜0.05）。氨化秸秆组干物质降解效率显著高于未处理的小麦秸秆组（P＜0.05）。与小麦秸秆组相比,氨化秸秆和酵母秸秆组绵羊的平均日增重分别显著提高9.12%和13.11%（P＜0.05）。氨化小麦秸秆组绵羊的能量和蛋白质摄入量最高（P＜0.05）。氨化小麦秸秆组绵羊瘤胃发酵0～8 h的氨氮浓度均最高（P＜0.05）,而酵母秸秆组绵羊瘤胃液体外发酵2 h后的挥发性脂肪酸浓度较小麦秸秆组显著提高32.84%（P＜0.05）,体外发酵4 h后的挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。结论：氨水和酵母菌处理提高小麦秸秆的水不溶性物质（B组分）降解率和绵羊的平均日增重,同时氨水处理小麦秸秆提高了绵羊代谢能、蛋白质摄入量和瘤胃氨氮浓度。     

提高氨化处理秸秆粗蛋白含量的适宜方法研究

为提高秸秆粗蛋白含量,以氢氧化钠、过氧化氢、生石灰、熟石灰、尿素为处理剂,进行不同浓度和不同组合方式处理小麦秸和莜麦秸的试验.结果表明:尿素与氢氧化钠的组合对提高秸秆粗蛋白含量极为有效,5%以上的生石灰与尿素组合提高效率最高,为单纯5%尿素氨化法的4倍.建议生产中根据需要确定尿素剂量.     

不同厌氧碱化处理方法对鲜麦秸感官指标及营养成分的影响

本试验旨在研究不同厌氧碱化处理对新鲜麦秸感官指标及营养成分的影响,为秸秆饲料化处理提供理论依据。试验将新鲜麦秸分别用2.5%碳酸氢钠、4%尿素以及2.5%碳酸氢钠+4%尿素(复合处理)厌氧处理,时间为10、20、30、40、55、70 d,分析不同处理对麦秸感官指标及营养成分的影响。结果表明:碳酸氢钠组有霉变现象,尿素组及复合处理组感官指标良好;尿素组、复合处理组较碳酸氢钠组极显著提高了粗蛋白(CP)含量(P0.01),复合处理组极显著高于尿素组(P0.01);尿素组和复合处理组较碳酸氢钠组显著降低了中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量(P0.05),极显著降低了半纤维素(HCEL)含量(P0.01),复合处理组的效率优于尿素组;3种处理对酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、纤维素(CEL)影响较小。综上可知,碳酸氢钠-尿素复合处理鲜麦秸可改善秸秆营养品质,提高尿素处理秸秆的效率。