Wireworm damage to wheat seedlings: effect of temperature and wireworm state

We describe the results of four laboratory studies designed to measure the effect of temperature and wireworm appetence, weight, and degree of Metarhizium infection on their ability to damage wheat seedlings. Wireworm activity, measured from wireworm speed, increased linearly from 6 to 18 °C and leveled off thereafter. Plant emergence and growth increased exponentially from 6 to 22 °C for wheat cultivars AC Barrie and AC Unity VB. Plant root:shoot ratio at Zadoks 13 was highest at 14 °C and lowest at 22 °C for AC Barrie. Wireworm weight and degree of infection with Metarhizium did not affect their ability to kill wheat seedlings, but wireworms in a feeding state caused significantly more damage than those in a non-feeding state when wheat was grown at 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C. Wireworms (ww) in a feeding state destroyed 1.8 seedlings/ww in 14 days at 22 °C if there were 1 or 2 wireworms in a pot, and 1.5 seedlings/ww if there were 4 wireworms in a pot. If 5 wireworms were placed in a pot, wireworms in a feeding state destroyed 0.3, 1.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.4 seedlings/ww in 46, 32, 25, 25, and 25 days at 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C, respectively. Wireworm mortality from Metarhizium during 60 days of containment in pots in the study was higher in non-feeding than in feeding wireworms, and higher if wireworms were selected from a Metarhizium-infected colony than those selected from a non-infected colony. Some of the implications of these results for wireworm management and laboratory trials are discussed.     

间种不同农作物对杨树速生丰产林幼林的影响

通过间种不同农作物对中林107杨树速生丰产林幼林的影响研究，结果表明，107杨与玉米和西瓜间作对林木生长有促进作用，其原因为间作玉米、西瓜的土壤含水量高；间种玉米和西瓜的施肥量和肥料三要素比例水平，有利于提高杨树的生长量。     

Studies of extraction damage decay in crops of Picea abies in southern England

Studies are described in which the pattern of fungal colonisation was examined in the wood at the base of spruce stems which had been damaged at different times over the previous six years during normal log-extraction operations. The mycoflora of the wood and bark of undamaged stems in similar crop conditions was also examined.     

气候变化对林火时空动态的影响研究综述

在当前全球气候变暖、极端气候事件频繁发生的背景下,林火发生频率加快,重大火灾发生的可能性增加,不同区域的林火时空动态呈不同的变化趋势。从研究方法、研究内容等方面综述了气候变化对林火时空动态的影响,讨论了研究中存在的不足,指出了今后研究的发展方向。     

Dry-season sesbania fallows and their influence on nitrogen availability and maize yields in Malawi

Nitrogen deficiency is widespread in southern Africa, but inorganic fertilizers are often unaffordable for smallholder farmers. Short-duration leguminous fallows are one possible means of soil fertility restoration. We monitored preseason topsoil (0 to 20 cm) ammonium and nitrate, fallow biomass production and grain yields for three years in a relay cropping trial with sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] and maize (Zea mays L.). Sesbania seedlings were interplanted with maize during maize sowing at 0, 7400 or 14,800 trees ha^–1, in factorial combination with inorganic N fertilizer at 0 or 48 kg N ha^–1 (half the recommended rate). After maize harvest, fallows were allowed to grow during the seven-month dry season, and were cleared before sowing the next maize crop. Both sesbania fallows and inorganic N fertilizer resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.01 to 0.05) preseason topsoil nitrate-N than following unfertilized sole maize. In plots receiving no fertilizer N, preseason topsoil inorganic N correlated with maize yield over all three seasons (r ² = 0.62, P < 0.001). Sesbania fallows gave significantly higher maize yields than unfertilized sole maize in two of three years (P < 0.01 to 0.05). Sesbania biomass yields were extremely variable, were not significantly related to sesbania planting density, and were inconsistently related to soil N fractions and maize yields. Short-duration fallows may offer modest yield increases under conditions where longer duration fallows are not possible. This gain must be considered against the loss of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) harvest in the similarly structured maize-pigeonpea intercrop common in the region.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Impacts of climate change on timber production and regional risks of wind-induced damage to forests in Finland

In this work, we studied the impacts of climate change on timber production and regional risks of wind-induced damage to forests in Finland. The work employed: (i) national level forest inventory data, (ii) current baseline climate (1961–1990) and changing climate scenario (FINADAPT A2, 2001–2099), (iii) a forest ecosystem model (SIMA), (iv) a mechanistic wind damage model (HWIND), and (v) currently applied forest management recommendations as a baseline. The results showed that the timber production will increase significantly towards the end of this century under the changing climate, and in a relative sense the most in Northern Finland. At the same time, the share of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) is expected to decrease, especially in southernmost Finland, mainly favoring the presence of birch (Betula spp.), but also Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), when no species preference is given in management. As a result, the proportion of forest area in the two lowest critical wind speed classes (i.e. winds of 11–14 and 14–17 m s⁻¹) will decrease in the autumn (birch without leaves) throughout Finland. However, in summertime (birch is in leaf) the proportion of forest area with such critical wind speeds will even increase in southernmost Finland. Even though, in summertime the risk of damage should be on average relatively low throughout Finland due to a lower occurrence of such wind speeds compared to the windiest time of the year (i.e. from autumn to early spring). The return period of critical wind speeds of 11–17 m s⁻¹ is today about every two years in southernmost Finland. In Northern Finland, the critical wind speeds needed for wind damage are, on average, higher due to the larger share of Scots pine and on average lower height to breast height diameter ratios of trees compared to the south. To conclude, the climate change will affect clearly the forest growth and dynamics and, thus increase the need to manage forests more often and/or heavily (e.g. thinning, final felling), which in addition to species preference, will affect the risks of damages. The consideration of the risk of wind damage is crucial especially in Southern Finland when adapting forest management to the changing climate. This is because the unfrozen soil period is expected to increase significantly in Finland, which decreases tree anchorage during the windiest time of year.     

Correlations between wireworm damages in potato fields and landscape structure at different scales

Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles are world-wide pests of arable and vegetable crops. Many studies have shown that arthropods are influenced by landscape context. Therefore, for successful wireworm risk assessment, it is important to gain more information on relationships between landscape structure and wireworm infestation level. The aim of this study was to investigate if different landscape variables are related to wireworm infestation, represented by the proportion of wireworm damaged potato tubers. Based on aerial photographs and field surveys landscape variables, such as landscape composition, landscape complexity and ecological variables were characterised around 14 randomly selected potato field plots alongside the gradient from the lower warm-dry “Weinviertel” (region 1) to the cool-humid “Waldviertel” (region 2) in the North-East of Austria at three scales (1, 9 and 25 ha). Relationships between landscape variables and wireworm damage ratings were described by Spearman correlations coefficients. Our results showed that wireworm damage was higher in region 2 than in region 1 and tended to be higher in soils with higher sand content. Among the tested landscape variables only landscape composition, especially grassy field margins were significantly positively correlated with wireworm damage at the 25 ha scale. In areas with high proportion of such grassy habitats, farmers should pay more attention to field characteristics, such as sand content in soil, and management, like crop rotation. Further investigations on appropriate management regimes for grassy landscape elements suppressing wireworm populations but ensuring the maintenance of natural pest control should be conducted.     

导致苹果白粉病严重发生的关键气象因素分析

2011—2016年,苹果白粉病在全国苹果主产区的发生呈现出明显的波动,突出表现在2014年和2015年,该病在多个苹果产区发生严重,尤其是2015年有18个试验站发生等级在4~5级。为明确其原因,调查了2011—2016年国家苹果产业技术体系25个综合试验站的气象资料,分析结果表明,自2011至2015年冬季最低温度有明显的升高趋势,有23个站点冬季最低温升高了2~8℃不等;2015年4月份各站平均降雨量显著偏多,达到51.3mm,为6a之最,各站平均降雨天数达到7.8d,明显多于其他年份。综上所述,冬季最低温度升高、春季4月份降雨增多及降雨次数频繁是近年白粉病发生严重的主要原因,建议在防治上暖冬年份要特别注意冬季和春季的清园,以及春季降雨前后的及时用药。     

华北落叶松生长量与立地气候因子关系的研究

３０多年的生产实践表明,华北落叶松在甘肃大部分地区都可引种栽培,但引种效果差异很大。东南部地区引种造林生长速度快,增产潜力大,大夏河、祁连山等地造林效果差,２０龄时平均树高、胸径和材积生长量分别为东南部地区平均生长量的６０％、７０％和２３％。生长量大小与引种地区的立地气候条件关系密切,水分是影响生长量的主要因子,其次是温度;海拔高度与热量有关,海拔增高,温度降低,生长速度也随之减慢。     

Early frost damage on Sitka spruce seedlings and the influence of phosphorus nutrition

A frost on 8 September 1972 caused widespread damage to youngSitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plantations. Inan experiment designed to examine the interaction of climateand P nutrition on the growth of young transplants in southScotland damage was greater on plants growing at low elevationand with high P content. This effect was attributed to theirextended growth period compared to those with low P supply.The lack of low temperatures prior to the frost resulted ininsufficient hardening of tissues to avoid damage from relativelyhigh temperatures. Damage and recovery were assessed by thereduction in height and dry weight increase compared to undamagedplants.     

影响黄连木单株产量的因素分析

为了综合评价黄连木单株产量的影响因素,以太行山区的40株表型优良的黄连木优树为试材,就其13个相关因子对其单株产量的影响情况进行了调查与分析。结果表明:土壤肥力、虫果率、海拔、冠幅、果穗粒数、结果枝率、百果质量这7个因子都与其单株产量显著相关,其中虫果率、土壤肥力、果穗粒数是单株产量的主导影响因子,而树高、胸径、海拔、冠幅等因子对黄连木产量也有较为明显的影响。这一研究结果说明了黄连木果实产量是一个综合数量性状,只有各个影响因子协调作用,才能达到高产的目的。     

Does streptobacillary arthritis reduce house mouse population density,activity and damage to sorghum crops?

An experiment to examine the effect of streptobacillary arthritis on mouse populations was conducted in maturing sorghum crops in mouse-proofed pens. There were three treatment pens and three control pens in which mice with and without clinical signs of streptobacillary arthritis were introduced, respectively. A constant mouse density (533 mice ha⁻¹) was introduced to the pens by releasing 12 mice in each pen. The sex ratio of introduced mice was also constant by releasing in each pen nine males and three females. Mean track index was lower in treatment pens than in control pens, indicating that streptobacillary arthritis reduced the activity of mice. However, this was not translated into a reduction in other population responses. Mean mouse density at harvest, percentage of female pregnant at harvest, yield loss caused by mice and a feeding index (oil card index) did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups. A plausible explanation for these findings was that mice with the clinical signs might be less active but were able to consume as much grains as mice without the clinical signs because food was in abundant supply.     

Review on the decomposition and influence factors of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystem

Coarse woody debris （CWD） is an important and particular component of forest ecosystems and is extremely important to forest health. This review describes the decomposition process, decomposition model and influence factors. CWD decomposition is a complex and continuous process and characterizes many biological and physical processes, including biological respiration, leaching, and fragmentation. All these processes have closed relationships between each other and work synergistically. During decomposition, there are many controlling factors mainly including site conditions （temperature, humidity, and OJCO2concentration）, woody substrate quality （diameter, species and compound） and organism in CWD. The decomposition rate is generally expresses through a constant k which indicate the percent mass, volume or density loss over time, and can be determined by long-term monitoring, chronosequence approach and the radio between input and the total mass. Now using mathematical models to simulate decomposition patterns and estimate the decomposition rate is widely applied, especially the exponential model. We brought forward that managing and utilizing for the CWD in forest was a primary objective on all forest lands. And it is should be intensified to integrate many related research subjects and to carry a comprehensive, long-term and multi-scale research which mainly focus on seven sections.     

木兰林区华北落叶松生长与气候因子的关系

为了科学制定木兰林区内华北落叶松的经营规划,通过分析18株华北落叶松年轮宽值,建立林区华北落叶松标准年表,研究木兰围场地区月平均气温和月总降水量对华北落叶松生长的影响,结果表明:在木兰林区,3、5、6、7、8月份气温与华北落叶松生长呈极显著或显著负相关,其中华北落叶松年轮指数在当年5-7月与气温达到-0.574的极显著负相关,表明月平均气温对其有极显著限制作用;在当年7月,华北落叶松年轮指数与降水量达到0.320的极显著正相关,表明月降水量对华北落叶松生长具有显著促进作用。     

Effects of climate factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest in the riverbank field

Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, China were studied by stepwise regression procedure and grey system theories and methods. A regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of poplar protection forest and climatic factor was developed. The order of grey relevance for the effect of climatic factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest is: light>water>heat, and it could be interpreted that the poplar increment was mainly influenced by light factor, water factor, and heat factor. This result will provide scientific basis for the intensive cultivation and regenration of the poplar protection forest in riverbank field in similar regions in China. Foundation item: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30270250), and a key direction project (No. C12MC-SCMS013) Biography: LI Hai-mei (1975-), female, Ph. D, department of Landscpe Architecture. Art. Laiyang Agricultural College, Shandong Qingdao 266109, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

The influence of damage level in Pinus sylvestris foliage on the performance of diprionid sawflies

I tested the presence of rapid and delayed induced resistance in Pinus sylvestris L. by biotests, rearing three species of diprionid sawflies on defoliated and undefoliated trees. I damaged the pines artificially by cutting mature needles with scissors at the beginning of the growing season. Four levels of defoliation were created on the basis of levels of removed needle biomass. Sawfly larval and cocoon weights were retarded and relative growth rates delayed as a result of an increase in damage level. The larval periods were prolonged at most 2–6 days. The response to the damage was partly species‐specific. The needle water content decreased in the following growing season in connection with low and moderate damage and increased at high damage levels. The nutrient contents of the foliage in the damaged and undamaged trees did not differ significantly. The Scots pine showed damage‐induced changes in food quality after extensive defoliation, which affected, via plant, species using the same host.     

丛生竹扦插育苗影响因素研究进展

简述了近些年关于丛生竹扦插育苗内外影响因素的研究成果。重点针对竹种遗传性状差异和枝条类型、年龄、直径、枝序等扦插取材因素对扦插成活率的影响,合适的扦插时间、基质配比、激素处理等外部因素对扦插材料成活率的影响,以及内源激素、营养物质、酶活性等内部因素与生根的关系等内容进行了论述。     

台风灾害对文昌市的林业干扰影响因子分析

以2011年台风“纳沙”（编号：201117）为例,调查文昌市沿海防护林及各行业的台风受灾情况,并针对性地提出若干对策与建议.结果表明：1）台风灾害存在明显的空间分布规律,受灾重镇集中于东部沿海一线及北部台风路径方向上,比例分别为73.1%和30.8%,重兴、文城二镇尤为严重,直接经济损失共计33338.57万元,比例高达53.3%.2）不同树种受灾程度差异明显,木麻黄和桉树受灾最重,受灾面积分别为1875 hm2和673 hm2,分别占44.1%和15.8%.木麻黄因大量使用水培苗,受灾主要表现为倒伏、掘根;而桉树多表现为折干.椰子灾情最轻,基本无受害.3）混交林的受灾程度显著低于纯林,尤其椰子与木麻黄混交,抗风性能最好,受灾比例均在5%以下,且受害多表现为折枝,弯干等轻度类型.4）地形条件等非生物因子是影响林木受灾的重要因素.处于低洼地势的林木（尤其是1~2年生苗木）更容易遭水淹而致灾.5）农林复合经营是当地特色的经营模式,有利于综合效益的发挥,值得深入研究与大力推广.     

南方重大冰雪灾害对福建省建阳市毛竹林的影响及成因分析

以福建省建阳市毛竹林为研究对象,对2008年重大冰雪灾害中毛竹林受灾的成因、危害方式以及与林分结构特征、地形等的关系及未来的影响进行了调查分析。结果表明,海拔高、坡位低、林型简单、林分密度大的毛竹林受灾严重,受灾毛竹的径级分布呈近正态分布趋势。同时探讨了冰雪灾害对人工林生态系统内病虫害、火灾、林下植被、生境因子和种群变化可能产生的影响。