环渤海湾地区主要梨园树体矿质营养元素状况研究

 以叶片矿质营养元素含量作为树体营养诊断的依据,对环渤海湾地区有代表性的203个梨园树体矿质营养状况及相应土壤养分状况进行了研究,结果表明：（1）该地区81% ~ 97%的梨园叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量处于适宜状态,26% ~ 40%的梨园叶片N、K、Zn含量偏低。（2）除Mg、Zn外,不同梨树品种间叶片中矿质营养含量差异明显。与其它品种相比,苹果梨N、P含量较高,而K含量偏低;莱阳茌梨N含量较低,而P、K含量较高;砀山酥梨N、P、K含量均偏低。（3）初步筛选出N/P、Mg/P、Zn/P、K/Mg、Ca/Mg、Zn/Mg作为该地区梨园营养诊断与施肥建议综合法的营养诊断参数,低产梨园各元素需肥顺序大致为Mg > P > Ca > K > Zn > N > Fe。（4）土壤pH与梨树叶片中Ca、Mg含量呈极显著正相关,与Zn呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质含量与梨树叶片中N、Mg含量呈极显著正相关;叶片N、K、Ca、Mg、Zn含量与其所对应的土壤有效态养分均呈极显著或显著正相关。     

Standardization of leaf-sampling technique for mineral composition of leaves of mango cultivar ‘Chausa’

The effects of leaf age, leaf position on the shoot, sampling-direction and sampling-height of leaves of mango cultivar ‘Chausa’ on their mineral composition were studied. The P and K contents decreased, while Ca, Mg, S and Mn contents increased significantly with advancing age of leaves. In general, N, P, Mg, S, Zn, Mn and Fe contents were stable in 6- to 7-months-old leaves. P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe contents varied with sampling-direction, while K, Ca, S, Zn, Cu and Fe contents were significantly higher in the leaves from the lower portion than from the upper portion of the tree. A continuous increase in Ca and Mg contents and decrease in K and Mn contents of leaves were observed from basal to terminal leaves on a shoot. It was concluded that 6- to 7-months-old leaves from the middle of non-fruiting shoots, sampled from all directions and heights, were most suitable for assessing the nutritional status of a mango tree.     

Yield prediction in intercropped versus monocropped citrus orchards

Pooled data analysis for intercropped versus monocropped citrus orchards showed superiority of monocultured (68.5 kg tree⁻¹) over intercropped (51.4 kg tree⁻¹) orchards. But, intercrop specific analysis revealed that citrus orchards with legumes as intercrop (soybean and chickpea), produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher fruit yield (72.2 kg tree⁻¹) compared to orchards without intercrops (68.5 kg tree⁻¹). These legume-based intercropped orchards maintained much higher levels of leaf nutrient (2.35% N, 0.13% P, 2.08% K, 86.5 ppm Fe, 71.1 ppm Mn, 22.2 ppm Cu, and 22.0 ppm Zn) than the orchards without intercrops (2.29% N, 0.13% P, 2.47% K, 79.2 ppm Fe, 63.8 ppm Mn, 21.7 ppm Cu, and 23.2 ppm Zn). Intercrop yield prediction through regression models in relation to leaf nutrient status were further investigated.     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。     

苹果叶营养元素含量的影响因素分析

 通过采样分析及肥料定位试验, 研究了采样时期、品种、砧木、产量、施肥等因素对苹果叶营养元素含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果叶营养元素含量的季节性变化明显; 富士、秦冠、红星、金冠、嘎拉等5个苹果品种间的叶N、P、Ca、B、Mn、Zn含量存在显著差异; M9、M26、M7、MM106矮化中间砧(新疆野苹果基砧) 和新疆野苹果乔化砧上, 苹果品种间叶营养元素含量存在差异, M9的K、Fe高而其余元素含量偏低, M26的Mg、Mn、Zn高而K、Fe低, M7的N、P、Cu、Fe、Zn较高, MM106的N、Mn高而K低, 乔化砧的Fe高而Cu、Zn低; 不同产量水平果园间叶营养元素含量不同, 高产果园较低产园N、Mg、Zn元素含量高而P、K含量低; 施肥提高叶K含量效果明显, N次之, P效果缓慢。     

三峡重庆库区甜橙叶片矿质营养丰缺状况调查

 为了解三峡重庆库区甜橙叶片矿质营养丰缺状况,2009年对库区5个甜橙主产县200个甜橙园4 ~ 6月龄营养性春梢叶片营养元素进行了分析测试。结果表明,三峡重庆库区甜橙叶片营养明显失衡,N和Fe含量很高,P、Zn和Mo比较适宜,K、Ca、Mg、Cu和Mn含量较低,而B含量严重不足。叶片N、P、K、Ca和Mg的平均含量分别为（27.34 ± 5.92）、（1.40 ± 0.21）、（11.00 ± 3.04）、（25.27 ± 8.53）和（3.34 ± 0.89）g · kg^-1,Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、B和Mo的平均含量分别为（125.00 ± 40.55）、（5.38 ± 2.59）、（33.69 ± 6.33）、（34.30 ± 17.91）、（23.68 ± 14.24）和（0.79 ± 0.49）mg · kg^-1,且N和Fe处于高量及以上水平的比例分别为39.5%和53.0%,P、Zn和Mo在适宜范围的比例分别为75.5%、83.5%和70.5%,K、Mn和Mg处于低量水平的比例分别为50.3%、37.5%和20.0%,B、Ca、K、Cu在低量及以下水平的比例分别为76.5%、64.0%、57.3%和51.0%。库区大部分橘园叶片B含量严重不足,生产上需要重视补充B肥;同时生产上需根据甜橙叶片营养诊断结果,适量补充Ca肥和K肥,以满足柑橘营养平衡施肥。     

地方柑橘良种（贡柑）新建果园土壤和树体养分分布特征

测定、分析广东省肇庆地区五和镇新建贡柑果园土壤养分、树体矿质元素含量及分布特征和相关性。结果表明：供试果园土壤pH值偏低,有机质含量中等偏低,土壤缺乏交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硼等元素。叶片中矿质元素含量与土壤养分之间有一定的相关性,春梢和秋梢叶片中不同矿质元素含量分布规律不同,并受土壤相关元素丰缺度、矿质元素在树体内的分配与再分配特性等因素的影响。     

The nutrient levels in fruiting and non-fruiting terminals of three mango cultivars

The leaf nutrient status of 3 mango cultivars, determined in fruiting and non-fruiting terminals after fruit harvest (June 1976) from 20 orchards, were compared. N, P and Ca contents were significantly higher in ‘Dashehari’ than in ‘Chausa’ and ‘Lucknow Safeda’. The reverse was true for K, S and Zn contents. Mg and Mn contents were more or less at par in all the 3 cultivars. Leaves collected from non-fruiting terminals contained significantly higher amounts of N and P in all the 3 cultivars, but K, Ca, S and Zn only in 2 cultivars, as compared to those from fruiting terminals. Mn and Fe contents in both kinds of terminals were more or less at par in all the 3 cultivars.     

Wie viele Nährstoffe werden mit dem Mulchen der Fahrgassen in den Baumstreifen einer Obstanlage verfrachtet?

The objective of this PhD project was to investigate the nutrient translocation associated with the mulch from the grass alley to the tree strip. Therefore, a historical, approved 40-year fertiliser trial with apple cv. ‘Gloster’ on M9 rootstock at a spacing of 4 m?×?1.5?m was employed at Klein-Altendorf Research Centre, University of Bonn, Germany, which comprised mineral nutrition (1?t/ha??CaO? $ + $ ?NPK), an organic plot (10?t??FM/ha pig manure) and an unfertilised plot as control. Grass alleys were mowed 5?× in 1995 and 3?× in 1996 as commonly practised in fruit orchards; foil was spread on the tree strips to capture the biomass transferred with the mulching. Overall, ca.??60% of the grass mulch dry matter (mowed at 2?cm height) remained in the grass alleyway, while ca.??40% was translocated to the tree strips, which amounted to 550?kg??DM (Dry Matter) in the unfertilised plot and 800?kg??DM/ha/year in both fertilised plots with the five mulches in the wet year 1995. Grass mulch contained 2–3%??N and 2.2–2.9%??K in the unfertilised control plot or 2.1–3.9%??N and 2.7–4.1%??K on per leaf dry matter in both the inorganic NPK and organically fertilised plot; the nitrogen content of the grass mulch increased during the growing season in the wet year 1995, but remained low and constant at 2.5%??N in the dry year 1996. By contrast, calcium was decreased from 0.5–0.7%??Ca in the unfertilised plot to 0.3–0.6%??Ca in the organic plot. Overall, 25–50% of the grass mulch was translocated from the grass alleys (ca. 4,000 m²) into the tree strips, representing an organic fertilisation of 10–25?kg??N, 2–4?kg??P, 15–25?kg??K, 3–5?kg??Ca and 1–2?kg??Mg per hectare and year. This would theoretically be equivalent to ca 50% supply of??N,??P and??K and??10% of calcium as required nutrients by fruit trees depending on rate of nutrient availability. Its subsequent partial availability reported of 54%??N within??90 days after mulching and large nutrient content are discussed with respect to the low nutrient content in leaves dropped from the fruit trees in the autumn, where the nutrients had been previously translocated into the woody perennial parts of the tree. This nutrient cycling should be integrated in environmental-friendly sustainable fertilisation strategies for fruit orchards.     

Soil and Leaf Sampling in Apple Orchards

In an investigation to determine the best ways in which to take soil and leaf samples characteristic of an orchard, 40 commercial orchards of Cox’s Orange Pippin, selected at random from the major fruit growing areas of England, were examined over a period of three years. It was found that:

1. 24 cores should be taken at random throughout an orchard in such a way that rows and alleyways contribute equally. The cores should be bulked, thoroughly mixed, and a single sub-sample taken for analysis. In any given season 80 per cent, confidence limits on the resulting determinations will be ±0.24 pH units, ±4·7 p.p.m. of P, ±24·1 p.p.m. of K, and ±13·3 p.p.m. of Mg.

2. For leaves taken from the middle third of current year’s extension growths in late August, a total of 100 leaves should be picked from at least five randomly selected trees. The leaves should be dried, ground, thoroughly mixed, and a single sub-sample taken for analysis. In any given season the 80% confidence limits on the resulting determinations will be ±0·22% N, ±0–01% P, ±0·17% K, ±0·18% Ca, and ±0.03% Mg, all in terms of dry matter.

It was noted that according to soil and leaf analyses the nutrient levels in the majority of the orchards were at least adequate for fruit growing. There was no relationship between any single nutrient concentration in soil or leaf and tree performance.     

Sampling for mineral content in leaves of guava cultivar ‘Lucknow-49’

A continuous increase in dry matter content in leaves of guava (Psidium guajava L.) was observed when their age increased, and also from the base to the top of the shoot. While the N, P, K, Zn and Cu content decreased, the levels of Ca, Mg, Na and Mn increased when age of leaf increased. With regard to position of leaves on the shoot, the levels of N, Ca and Mg increased from base to top, while the reverse was true for P, K, Na, Zn and Mn. No definite pattern was observed for Cu. Stabilization of all constituents was observed in 5-months old leaves borne on position V from the base of shoot. Thus, while considering the nutrient status of a tree as a whole, leaves of this age and position should be sampled. However, in certain cases the range of period and position for leaf sampling varied with the different elements, e.g. for Ca, 1- to 2-months old leaves should be sampled, while for Mn, leaves should be taken from positions II–IV of the shoot.     

Floral analysis cannot be considered as an alternative to the foliar diagnosis in the olive

Correlations between macro and micronutrient concentration of olive leaves and those obtained in floral buds at five development stages, were studied in order to evaluate the utility of floral analysis for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Bella de España’ and ‘Picual’ cultivars were taken during July of 2002 and 2003. Samples of floral buds were collected at five development stages: closed bud (E), petal fall (G), G + 15 days, G + 30 days and pit hardening (H). Results showed a lack of signification of the correlation coefficients between leaf and floral analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Na in both years of the experiment. The few significant correlations obtained were not repeated in both years. Therefore, the results indicate that floral bud mineral analyses cannot substitute the foliar diagnosis to establish the nutritional status of the olive orchards.     

阿月浑子叶片矿质营养质量分数的季节变化

对引自美国、以色列和伊朗的3个阿月浑子品种的成年树在生长过程中的叶片营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Fe)质量分数进行测定分析,结果表明,3个阿月浑子品种叶片矿质营养元素质量分数季节变化规律一致,从5月到9月,随叶龄的增加,N质量分数逐渐下降,Ca、Mg、Mn、K质量分数逐渐递增,其中Ca增加3倍,最为明显,而P、Cu、Fe质量分数变化不显著;7月中下旬营养元素质量分数相对稳定,为阿月浑子营养诊断的最佳采样时期;试验地总盐量在0～20cm和20～40cm土层分别为666.6mg·kg-1和900mg·kg-1,为强碱性土壤,导致阿月浑子P、Fe亏缺,叶片缺素症状明显,由于灌溉水含盐量高达2670mg·kg-1,到坚果成熟期部分叶片盐害症状明显,叶片中的Cu质量分数相对较高,但未发现明显的Cu害症状;阿月浑子叶片各营养元素质量分数的相关分析表明,不同元素间存在一定的相关性,其中N和Ca质量分数存在极显著的负相关关系,Mg和Cu质量分数存在极显著的正相关关系。     

Vector analysis in the study of the nutritional status of Philodendron cultivated in compost-based media

Compost (CP) made from 70% ligno-cellulosic compounds and 30% sewage sludge was studied as a component of growing media in a 6-month Philodendron cultivation. CP's agronomic viability was evaluated via four plant-growth media containing 25–50–75–100% CP and white sphagnum peat (WP) in comparison to a commercial substrate with white and black peat. Plant nutrition conditions were investigated by determining macro- (TKN, P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na) and heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb) in roots and shoot tissues. Data were compared by vector analysis against control. Even if no leaf injuries were visible after 6-months’ growth, a CP ratio of up to 50% caused growth depression of canopy tissues, as attested by the 37 and 36% reduction in total leaf dry weight and leaf area, respectively. Root growth decline was also notable at 25% CP, where 38% root dry weight reduction implied a significant increase (46%) in shoot–root dry weight ratio. The investigation on nutrient tissue content showed high accumulation of Ni, Fe, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn, Mg and P in roots; Mg appeared related to K deficiency. Above-ground nutritional status showed a severe lack of P, Mg and Mn. Vector analysis suggests the sewage sludge CP in Philodendron pot cultivation produces many such effects like direct toxic action and antagonistic action, resulting in a general nutrient imbalance in plants.     

毛叶枣的矿质营养特性

以2～3年龄毛叶枣(ZizyphusmauritianaLam.)品种高朗一号为试材,采用大田调查分析和数理统计方法,研究毛叶枣矿质营养特性,结果表明,3年龄毛叶枣在整个生长季节每株树需要纯N156.6g,P14.3g,K194.5g,Ca102.1g,Mg29.0g,B0.25g;不同物候期毛叶枣叶片养分含量存在着差异,N、P以营养缓慢生长期、硬核期含量较高,K含量一直在下降,Ca以采果前后期较高,Mg变化不大;毛叶枣果实养分积累为双S型;高产区叶片N、P含量在营养生长旺盛期、花芽分化初期显著高于低产区。     

苹果营养诊断新方法

应用营养元素在树体内的移动原理,比较同一新梢不同部位叶片营养元素含量的差异,判断营养元素是否发生迁移,进而诊断营养的丰缺状况。通过对10多个生产园的取样分析,对这一诊断方法的可行性进行了初步探索。结果表明,对易流动营养元素来说,此法有较好的适用性。     

Effects of pruning intensity on the biochemical status of shoot buds in three mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars planted at high density

Summary

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees grown at high density show a decline in flowering and fruiting after good fruiting years as a result of various factors. Annual pruning can restore production and productivity in such trees. Chlorophyll, total sugars (TS), total phenolics (TP), and proline contents as well as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, were measured in the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons in shoot buds with a few leaves in three mango cultivars (‘Amrapali’, ‘Mallika’, and ‘Dashehari’). Trees were grown at high density in an orchard and the aforesaid parameters were measured 1 month after different degrees of pruning (Stage I) and after subsequent fruit bud differentiation (FBD; Stage II). Severely-pruned mango trees had the highest contents of chlorophyll a, while chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents were found to be highest in moderately-pruned trees. Lightly-pruned trees had the highest contents of reducing sugars (RS), whereas TS contents were highest in severely-pruned trees. The contents of RS and TS increased in shoot buds during the FBD stage. A moderate intensity of pruning significantly increased TP contents, while the lowest TP contents were recorded in non-pruned trees. ‘Off’-year shoots had higher TP contents than ‘on’-year shoots. Irrespective of pruning intensity, shoot buds of ‘Mallika’ trees had the highest PPO activities, with lower levels in ‘Amrapali’ and ‘Dashehari’ shoot buds. PPO activities were reduced at the FBD stage in ‘on’-year shoots. Severely-pruned trees had the highest PPO activities, while the lowest PPO activities were recorded in lightly-pruned trees. Shoot bud proline contents were found to be highest in non-pruned trees, and decreased with increasing pruning intensity. Thus moderate pruning can be adopted in high density orchards to obtain sustainable production with improved maintenance of canopy architecture.     

陕西地区苹果叶营养元素标准范围的确定

 对苹果叶营养水平状况研究表明, N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B 等6 种元素的取值遵从正态分布,Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 近似X² 分布。对于符合正态分布的元素可用4 点5 分段的概率分级法, 使1～5 级分别对应叶营养元素含量标准值中的缺乏、低值、正常值、高值、过高5 个数值范围, 各级出现的叶样概率分别为10 %、20 %、40 %、20 %和10 % , 其中处在第3 级的叶样占总样本的40 % , 叶分析值在( X - 0.5246S )～ ( X + 0.5246S) 可作为标准值中的正常值范围, 这与通过高产水平果园叶分析值制定的正常值非常接近。对于不符合正态分布的元素, 可参考高产水平果园的叶分析值对概率分级法进行矫正。据此制定出陕西苹果叶营养元素含量标准值, 与国内外标准相比, 陕西标准值表现出N、Ca、Mg、Cu 水平高, P、Zn、Fe、K水平低, Mn、B 基本一致的特点。     

黄土高原富士苹果叶片矿质养分与果实品质相关性分析

2012和2013年,对黄土高原12个主产区108个典型富士苹果园叶片养分和果实品质进行调查分析,应用典型相关分析方法,筛选影响果实品质因子的主要叶片养分因子,求解富士苹果优质的叶片养分含量优化方案,指出被调查果园叶片养分存在的问题。研究结果表明：黄土高原富士苹果品质整体优良,但果实硬度偏低,可滴定酸含量变异稍大。典型相关分析获得了影响苹果品质的主要叶片养分因子,单果质量为：钾 > 磷 > 镁 > 铁 > 钙;果实硬度为：镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 钙 > 铁;果实可溶性固形物含量为：镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 锌 > 钙;果实可滴定酸含量为镁 > 钾 > 氮 > 锌;果形指数的大小顺序为镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 铁 > 钙。线性规划求解出富士苹果优质的叶片养分含量优化方案为：全氮21.5 ~ 26.6 g ? kg-1、全磷1.18 ~ 1.86 g ? kg-1、全钾5.5 ~ 11.6 g ? kg-1、全钙13.6 ~ 26.1 g ? kg-1、全镁4.8 g ? kg-1、全锌15.0 ~ 75.0 mg ? kg-1、全铁100.0 ~ 180.0 mg ? kg-1,在优化条件下苹果单果质量可以达到382.5 g、果实硬度8.59 kg ? cm-2、可溶性固形物含量19.11%、可滴定酸含量0.157%、果形指数0.93。被调查的果园叶片全磷、全钾、全钙和全铁含量均较高,全氮和全锌含量相对适宜,合理施肥,平衡树体营养,防止旺长是其今后树体养分管理的关键。     

赣南纽荷尔脐橙叶片微量元素含量状况

为了解赣南产区纽荷尔脐橙叶片黄化原因,2008年对赣南9个县（市、区）121个脐橙园脐橙叶片微量元素进行了分析。结果表明,叶片Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、B和Mo的含量分别为（127.90 ± 21.15）、（115.79 ± 136.72）、（16.50 ± 4.05）、（8.42 ± 9.32）、（81.88 ± 33.72）和（0.36 ± 0.14）mg · kg-1;在各脐橙园中,叶片Mo、Fe、Mn、B、Cu和Zn含量处于适量及以上水平的分别占100%、99.17%、90.91%、92.56%、62.81%和4.96%,叶片Fe、Mn、B、Cu和Zn含量处于低量水平的分别占0.83%、7.44%、7.44%、29.75%和23.97%,处于缺乏水平的仅有Mn、Cu和Zn,分别占1.65%、7.44%和71.07%。表明赣南产区脐橙叶片普遍无Mo、Fe、Mn和B缺乏问题,部分产区脐橙叶片Cu含量偏低,大多数脐橙叶片的Zn含量处于缺乏水平,生产上需要重视补充Zn肥,适量补充Cu肥。