Effectiveness and side effects of glue-traps to decrease damages caused by Byturus tomentosus in raspberry

Damages caused by the larvae of Byturus tomentosus (Coleoptera: Byturidae) are a big problem of European raspberry production. Under integrated pest management conditions in Switzerland, B. tomentosus is controlled by chemical-synthetic insecticides. In organic production, no corresponding insecticides are permitted. White sticky traps (type Rebell^® bianco) are used for monitoring purposes. Can glue-traps also be used for mass-trapping and damage control? In this study, the attractiveness for adult B. tomentosus of one yellow and several white glue-traps was compared by counting the trapped individuals. Trapped beneficial insects like honey bees, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae were also counted. The contamination of the traps caused by other non-target arthropods was measured by a computer-assisted method. The white sticky trap type Rebell bianco was the most attractive for B. tomentosus. The attractiveness for the beneficials was relatively low, except when too much glue was applied on the traps, then the attractiveness for honey bees increased significantly. In this study, traps, which were placed in high densities (17 traps per 100 m²), significantly decreased the damages caused by larvae by around 40%. The trapping method does not cause any residuals of pesticides on the fruits or soil. Therefore, the trapping method could be an alternative to control B. tomentosus, especially in organic production.     

华山松大小蠹的一种高效引诱剂

华山松大小蠹Dendroctonus armandi Tsai et Li是危害我国华山松Pinus armandii的主要蛀干害虫。收集和测定华山松树皮和华山松大小蠹的挥发物,根据挥发物组分设计配制8种诱芯,采用漏斗诱捕器进行林间诱捕筛选试验;应用诱芯Ⅱ进行多点诱捕验证和有效诱捕距离试验。结果表明:诱捕期内,诱芯Ⅱ平均诱捕华山松大小蠹1 070头/诱捕器,显著高于其它7种诱芯;单个诱捕器一天最多诱捕1 652头。诱芯Ⅱ在3个地点的平均诱捕量差异不显著,分别为83,114,101头/诱捕器,诱捕效果不存在地理差异;距离林缘50 m处诱捕量为43.5头/诱捕器,为最佳有效诱捕距离。该华山松大小蠹高效引诱剂可为我国华山松大小蠹的治理提供新技术。     

苹小吉丁对不同单色光及波长的趋性研究

[目的]为有效地监测苹小吉丁林间发生动态,寻找无公害防治的新途径。[方法]本研究首先在室内利用5种波长单色光对苹小吉丁进行了敏感波长的选择性试验,然后在野外苹果园内悬挂9种波长粘虫板对苹小吉丁进行了诱集对比试验。[结果]室内试验结果表明,苹小吉丁对5种波长单色光具有不同程度的趋性,依次为:530 nm>590 nm>450 nm>380 nm>650 nm,雌虫的趋光反应率显著高于雄虫。从光强度试验结果来看,苹小吉丁对5种单色光的趋性随着光强的增强而增高。从林间诱集试验结果来看,9种波长粘虫板对苹小吉丁诱集效果有一定的差异,其中绿色(550 nm)和蛋黄色(580 nm)粘虫板对苹小吉丁的诱集效果最好,3d最大诱捕量分别达到7头·张^-1、6头·张^-1,单位时间平均诱捕数量分别为2.86头·张^-1、2.70头·张^-1;对紫色和红色粘虫板趋性最弱。[结论]苹小吉丁对530-590 nm范围内的波长比较敏感。波长为550~590 nm粘虫板可作为苹小吉丁林间种群动态观测十分有效的手段。     

Seasonal population trends of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Liriomyza huidobrensis</Emphasis> (Blanchard, 1926) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.) in Western Turkey

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest in cucumber greenhouses in Izmir, Western Turkey. This study was carried out during the spring and autumn seasons of 1999 and 2000 in two adjacent cucumber greenhouses, each 1,000 m² in size. Population densities of adult L. huidobrensis in insecticide-treated and non-treated greenhouses were compared by using yellow sticky traps. Ten traps were placed in the non-treated greenhouse and ten traps in the insecticide-treated greenhouse. Yellow sticky traps were changed weekly and the number of flies counted in order to compare the two greenhouses. In addition to monitoring the leaf miner population, in each greenhouse 100 plants were checked and the ratio of infested plants, the ratio of infested leaves per plant and the number of mines per leaf were recorded weekly. The population density of the leaf miner was almost the same in both insecticide-treated and non-treated greenhouses. Thus, it was concluded that using yellow sticky traps will be healthier and more cost effective than using pesticides. Furthermore using pesticides is risky for the environment and the use of yellow sticky traps can easily reduce the number of pesticide applications. If yellow sticky traps are used in the greenhouse in a completely isolated environment and the appropriate insecticide is used when it is necessary, this will provide successful and integrated management against L. huidobrensis.     

Comparison of two methods of monitoring thrips populations in a greenhouse rose crop

The thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is among the most important pests of greenhouse crops in Europe and causes considerable damage to commercial rose crops. The usage of pesticides is associated with major problems, and thus the interest of implementing integrated pest management (IPM) for rose crops is increasing. One essential component of IPM is field monitoring/scouting. Growers use information gathered from scouting to select and schedule appropriate control tactics. Thrips populations were surveyed in 2005 and 2006 in a greenhouse planted with roses, Rosa x Hybrida in Southern of France. From April to August, thrips were counted using yellow sticky traps (YST), knock-down techniques [i.e., tapping flower heads (FT)] and actual counts of entire plants. Thrips abundance recorded using YST correlated well with abundance levels determined through FT or actual counts (whole plant). Our results demonstrate that it is accurate to estimate thrips populations using YST in rose crops in greenhouse. Because YST takes at least twice less time than other monitoring methods, it could be used as a valid and easy monitoring technique in further development of IPM programs on roses. The possibility of setting a damage threshold using the data from the YST in the greenhouse is discussed.     

黄板诱杀技术在防治葡萄斑叶蝉成虫中的应用研究

采用粘虫板对葡萄园内的葡萄斑叶蝉成虫黄板诱杀技术进行了研究,并对不同黄板的诱杀效果做了比较。结果表明:冀林黄板每天每板平均诱虫量为48.5头,效果明显优于其他两种黄板,市售黄板和自制黄板。北向黄板诱虫量与南向诱虫量有显著性差异。黄板悬挂高度10 cm为宜。密度30~40块/667 m2,即可达到控制葡萄斑叶蝉危害的目的。     

Seasonal abundance of western flower thrips and its natural enemies in different French bean agroecosystems in Kenya

The seasonal abundance of western flower thrips (WFT) [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] and its natural enemies on French beans in two agro-ecological zones (AEZs) (high and mid altitude) in Kenya, was studied in three growing cycles from January to December 2009. French beans were sampled every 2 weeks for WFT and natural enemies. Results show that colonization of French beans with WFT in both farm scales studied in the two AEZs started at 2- to 3-leaf stage. There was an increase in the population density of WFT from budding stage to podding/flowering stage, and it declined at crop senescence. The population densities of WFT on French beans were lower in the first compared with the second growing cycle and the highest in the third growing cycle. Two natural enemies of thrips, Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Ceranisus menes (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), were recorded on French beans. The population density of C. menes was positively correlated with thatof WFT, while the population densities of Orius spp. and WFT were not correlated. The population density of WFT was not correlated with temperature and relative humidity, but was negatively correlated with rainfall. Our results suggest that the population density of WFT in the two AEZs differs along growing cycles and plant phenological stages. Management strategies targeted at WFT would need to start at early crop stages (3-leaf to budding stage), depending on growing cycle, to prevent further build-up of thrips population.     

Stable fly (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Stomoxys calcitrans</Emphasis>) and house fly (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Musca domestica</Emphasis>) densities: a comparison of three monitoring methods on pig farms

House flies (Musca domestica L.) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans [L.]) are important pests on livestock farms and often occur in mixed populations. In order to identify when control actions must be taken, monitoring is essential. The two fly species should be monitored independently as they affect animals differently and may also differ in their responses to control measures. Here, we assess three monitoring methods on pig farms with mixed population of stable and house flies for quantifying fly abundance: spot cards, sticky traps, and a visual index. We compared estimated values from the spot card and a visual index method, which did not discriminate between fly species, with the number of each species caught on the sticky traps. Our results indicate that stable flies contribute less than half of the spots on the spots cards, compared with house flies. Thus, to monitor house flies, use of spot cards could be justified if the number of stable flies is low. However, the contribution of stable flies and house flies to the visual index differed between sites. Whether the visual index or sticky traps best represent the true fly densities is unknown. However, until proved otherwise, the visual index should primarily be used when the two species are registered separately. Threshold values for house fly control, as defined using spot cards (Pennsylvania, USA) versus visual index (Denmark), were compared and found to differ. Although this might be due to differences in tolerance between the two locations, unequal use of monitoring methods and differences between farms is also possible and highlights the need for a common monitoring technique for house flies internationally.     

不同颜色粘虫板诱集薇甘菊叶蝉的效果差异性比较

为选定诱捕薇甘菊叶蝉Cicadellidae(种名待定)粘虫板的最佳颜色,解决人工助叶蝉迁移防控薇甘菊关键技术问题,以薇甘菊叶蝉为对象,自制红、兰、黄3种不同颜色的粘虫板在薇甘菊林地内进行田间诱捕试验。结果表明,粘虫板间距为10 m,大小为29.7 cm×19.7 cm的黄色单面粘虫板对薇甘菊叶蝉的诱集效果最好,1 d可以诱集到薇甘菊叶蝉13.15±2.31(头),与红色、兰色粘虫板相比,差异性达到极显著水平;红色、兰色粘虫板诱集薇甘菊叶蝉值分别为1.46±0.50(头)和0.92±0.29(头),二者之间差异性不显著。     

A new and highly effective male lure for the guava fruit fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera correcta</Emphasis>

Bactrocera correcta is an economically important and invasive fruit fly pest. As part of the quest to develop new chemical attractants for potential control of this species, we had previously detected a large amount of β-caryophyllene (CAR) in the pheromone glands of wild B. correcta males. This compound was found in addition to the metabolites from consumed methyl eugenol (ME), a common male lure used for many Bactrocera species. We conducted bioassays to compare the attractiveness of CAR and ME to male B. correcta, determine the behavioural and chemo-ecological basis of the attraction and to monitor their trapping efficacy. Males of B. correcta responded strongly to CAR at a much younger age before sexual maturity compared to ME. CAR feeding increased the male mating success in comparison with lure-deprived males, and CAR-fed males were equally competitive as ME-fed males when competing for conspecific females in semi-field trials. Field trapping data also revealed that ME-baited traps captured both B. dorsalis and B. correcta, while CAR-baited traps brought in only B. correcta males. Numbers of total flies trapped per trap per day (FTD) were also significantly higher in traps baited with CAR compared to ME-baited traps, capturing up to seven times more B. correcta males. This study demonstrated that CAR is a more specific and potent male lure than ME for B. correcta. This discovery may contribute to improve the tools currently available for pest management and border biosecurity against B. correcta.     

Blending of pheromone lures for two exotic European pest elaterid beetles

Two exotic European click beetle species, Agriotes obscurus and Agriotes lineatus, were introduced into the lower Fraser valley of British Columbia over a century ago, and are now predominant pests of a number of arable crops. A semiochemical-based method of monitoring both species has been developed as a part of an integrated pest management plan, and there is interest in mass trapping with pheromones as a management tool. A. obscurus females produce primarily geranyl octanoate (G8) and geranyl hexanoate (G6), while A. lineatus females produce both G8 and geranyl butanoate (G4). The current studies examined the possibility of using a blend of G8, G6, and G4 components in a single lure to trap both species simultaneously. A blended G8, G6 and G4 lure in a 1:1:1 ratio was, on average, 1.42 times more attractive to A. lineatus males than standard A. lineatus pheromone lures, but caught only 0.24 times the number of A. obscurus in standard A. obscurus traps. Blended traps, therefore, are effective for monitoring and mass trapping of A. lineatus, but only for detection of A. obscurus.     

黄色粘板对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫的引诱及在监测中的应用

在林间试验10种颜色粘板引诱桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle)成虫,发现桉树枝瘿姬小蜂对黄色粘板的趋性明显高于蓝色和其他颜色,引诱率为95%,悬挂高度4 m和西南方向对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的引诱效果最好,发现10种颜色的粘板诱蜂量与肉眼观察桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫种群数量平均符合度为70%,黄板的符合度最高为84.53%,在低种群密度下比肉眼观察的监测效果好.     

性信息素诱捕器对槐小卷蛾雄蛾诱捕效果的影响

研究了性信息素诱捕器的颜色、形状、粘胶面积以及在树冠内放置的位置对槐小卷蛾Cydia trasias (Mayrick)雄蛾诱捕效果的影响。结果表明，白、绿和黄3种颜色的诱捕器的诱捕效果明显优于蓝颜色的诱捕效果；三角形诱捕器诱捕雄蛾的效果明显优于双层圆盘形和双层船形的诱捕效果；粘胶面积为500．0cm^2的三角形诱捕器的诱捕效果明显优于250．0cm^2和166．7cm^2的诱捕效果；悬挂于树冠中上部的诱捕器的诱捕效果明显优于悬挂于树冠中部及中下部的诱捕效果。在槐小卷蛾性信息素监测与防治系统中，悬挂在树冠中上部、粘胶面积为500.0^2的白颜色的三角形诱捕器的诱蛾效果最佳。     

Factors affecting field performance of pheromone traps for tobacco beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasioderma serricorne</Emphasis>, and tobacco moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephestia elutella</Emphasis>

Tobacco beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), is one of the most serious insect pests of stored tobacco, and traps baited with the female-produced sex pheromone, serricornin, are used for monitoring the pest. In two trapping experiments carried out in tobacco warehouses in Greece, two commercially available trap and lure systems for L. serricorne were found to be equally effective in terms of the numbers of beetles trapped. In contrast to previous reports, anhydroserricornin was unattractive and lures containing serricornin and anhydroserricornin were less attractive than lures containing serricornin only. The sex pheromone of the other main insect pest of tobacco, Ephestia elutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), could be added to the lures without affecting the attractiveness of either pheromone to their respective species. Lures remained attractive for at least 4 weeks under field conditions, and, in laboratory tests, release of pheromone could still be detected after 30 days at 27 °C. The stereoisomeric composition of the serricornin in the two commercial lures was similar with high proportions of the attractive (4S,6S,7S)-isomer. The proportion of the (4S,6S,7R)-isomer was low, and this is known to reduce the attractiveness.     

性信息素诱杀山地果园梨小食心虫效果比较

在浙南云和县重河湾山地果园,采用不同类型诱捕器、不同药剂和不同浓度性信息素比较了梨小食心虫的田间诱捕效果。结果显示,不同类型诱捕器中,以粘胶型诱蛾效果最好,其次是水盆型,其它诱捕器不适合诱捕梨小食心虫;纯梨小食心虫性信息素诱蛾效果最好,加入梨酯后,诱蛾效果显著下降,梨果中提取出的梨酯诱蛾效果最差;同一性引诱剂诱捕效果随浓度的增加显著提高,但浓度增加到一定程度后,会显著下降。     

柳毒蛾性信息素诱捕杨毒蛾林间试验

1998年 8月 1 2～ 2 0日 ,在中国林业科学研究院院内杨树林树高 3m处放置粘性诱捕器 ,内放人工合成的柳毒蛾诱剂内芯 3Z-cis-6 ,7-cis-9,1 0 -Di-epoxy-heneicosene,每天上午检查一次。在杨毒蛾 L eucoma candida Staudinger种群密度很低的情况下 ,9天共诱捕雄成虫 2 1头。试验结果表明 ,该信息素对杨毒蛾确有引诱作用 ,为进行监测和防治提供了有效途径     

模毒蛾性信息素应用技术研究

模毒蛾Lymantria monacha是内蒙古大兴安岭林区重大森林害虫。通过对模毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术的研究显示:不同类型的诱捕器诱虫效果不同,圆筒型和船型诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,方形的较差;诱捕器设置高度对诱虫效果的影响不同,设置在树冠下层和中层的诱捕器诱捕效果较好,上层的较差;不同设置距离的诱捕器的诱虫效果不同,随着设置距离的增加,诱捕器的诱捕量逐渐下降,设置于距林缘50 m的诱捕器诱虫效果最好,性信息素诱捕器的最远引诱距离可能为280 m。研究结果为利用性信息素对模毒蛾进行种群监测和防治提供了依据。     

Monitoring and efficacy of selected insecticides for European corn borer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ostrinia nubilalis</Emphasis> Hubn., Lepidoptera: Crambidae) control

The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (H?bner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is the major arthropod pest of corn in Croatia. However, chemical control is carried out only in maize for seed production, and in sweet corn. A 3-year investigation was carried out in corn fields in northwest Croatia to establish the most attractive pheromone lure for ECB monitoring, the optimal timing of insecticide applications, and the efficacy of selected insecticides against ECB. During each of the 3 years, the pheromone lures E, Z and E/Z («Isagro») were evaluated in the field from May to July. Insecticides were sprayed 14–20 days after the maximal capture in 2002 and 2003. In 2004, three different trials were set up: one trial with one early treatment (when corn was in the R49 development stage according to the extended BBCH scale); one with one late treatment (when corn was in the R65 development stage according to the BBCH scale); and one with two treatments in both stages. In the trials studying Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (B.t.k.), insect growth regulators (IGR), spinosad and classical chemical insecticides were applied. Pheromone lure E was the most attractive for monitoring ECB flights throughout 2 years of investigation. Insecticide efficacy depended on application timing. The insecticides most suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, including spinosad, B.t.k. and IGR, resulted in high (spinosad) to moderate (B.t.k.) efficacy. The efficacy of IGRs indicates the need for earlier application. The efficacy of chemical insecticides depended on the year and the insecticide. The organophosphate (OP) insecticides and pyrethroids gave moderate to good results; imidacloprid did not provide significant efficacy. One application of all insecticides based on proper (early) timing resulted in the same efficacy as two applications of the same insecticides.     

舞毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术研究

通过对舞毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术研究表明:三角型粘胶板诱捕器、奶盒型诱捕器和圆筒型诱捕器对舞毒蛾的诱捕效果不同,三角型粘胶板诱捕器的诱虫效果最好,圆筒型诱捕器次之;诱捕器设置高度对诱捕效果有明显的影响,设置高度为5.5 m的诱捕器诱捕作用最强,3.5 m次之,1.5 m最差;雄蛾对人工合成信息素的昼夜反应节律发生在白天,从8∶00持续到22∶00,反应高峰在14∶00,反应模式为"单峰式-白天型"。     

应用聚集信息素监测与防治纵坑切梢小蠹

监测和防治试验结果表明：最好的诱芯9诱集效果是对照诱集效果的7706．8倍，是饵木的20．49倍；效果中等的诱芯1的诱集量是对照的4288．4倍，是饵木的11．4倍；效果最差的诱芯5诱集量为对照的830倍，是饵木的2．19倍。这一结果肯定了聚集信息素诱虫灵敏度高、效果好的特性。同时虫口密度、有虫株率和梢被害率3项指标的减退率证实了应用聚集信息素防治纵坑切梢小蠹的效果显著可靠。其虫口密度减退率平均为94．35％，有虫株率减退率平均为87．7％，被害梢减退率为88．39％。