蛋壳颜色与蛋品质及蛋壳超微结构的关系

通过测定蛋壳颜色、蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度及钙含量,用扫描电子显微镜观察蛋壳外表面及横断面的结构,研究新扬州鸡蛋壳颜色与蛋品质、蛋壳超微结构的关系。结果表明：蛋壳颜色越深,蛋壳重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋形指数就越大,蛋壳、蛋白和蛋黄中的钙含量越高。颜色浅的蛋壳表面的气孔多于颜色深的。     

不同蛋壳颜色鸡蛋品质的比较研究

通过对不同蛋壳颜色蛋品质的比较研究,探讨蛋壳颜色与蛋品质的关系。连续3 d收集新扬州鸡蛋,从中随机选取120只,测定其蛋壳颜色、蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色、蛋白重、蛋黄重、蛋壳重和蛋壳厚度,分析蛋壳颜色与蛋品质各指标的关系。结果表明,不同蛋壳颜色的蛋品质间存在着一定差异。不同蛋壳颜色组间蛋重、蛋白重、蛋黄重、蛋形指数、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,蛋壳颜色为30～34.9的蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度与其他各组存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;蛋壳颜色与蛋壳强度、蛋壳重呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与蛋壳厚度呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）。     

中药复方对蛋壳品质及血清钙含量的影响

为了探讨中药复方对鸡蛋蛋壳品质及鸡血清钙含量的影响，将自拟中药复方按0．5％和1％的比例加入蛋鸡的日粮中饲喂，测定血清钙含量和饲喂试验中不同的时期蛋壳重量、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳百分率、蛋壳密度，结果表明该中药复方确能改善鸡蛋壳品质和血清钙含量。     

鸡蛋壳有机成分与蛋壳质量关系的研究

为研究鸡蛋壳有机成分与蛋壳质量之间的关系,随机选取相同饲养管理条件下38周龄的北京油鸡、快大乌骨鸡、边鸡、茶花鸡、藏鸡及金湖乌凤鸡同日所产的蛋各30枚,测定其蛋壳品质及蛋壳中有机物的含量等.结果表明:不同品种间蛋壳质量和蛋壳有机成分的差异显著(P＜0.05)；蛋壳蛋白质含量与蛋壳强度呈极显著正相关(r=0.839,P＜0.01),与蛋壳厚度呈显著的正相关(r=0.224,P＜0.05),蛋壳内糖醛酸和酸性氨基葡聚糖浓度与蛋壳强度呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).鸡蛋壳内有机成分含量的差异是影响蛋壳质量的重要因素之一.     

赤水乌骨鸡不同产蛋期蛋壳颜色的测定

为探究不同产蛋时期赤水乌骨鸡绿壳蛋颜色的数值及变化规律,试验选取360只赤水乌骨鸡所产的600枚鸡蛋,利用NR型蛋壳颜色色差计分别测定180、360、540日龄的蛋壳颜色△L?值,每个时期测定200枚鸡蛋.结果:180日龄蛋壳颜色△L?值为49.47±3.14,360日龄为52.39±2.93,540日龄为54.12±...     

蛋壳强化剂的试验

在鸡日粮中按 3%添加由硅铝酸盐和其它营养物质组成蛋壳强化剂 ,能提高蛋壳强度增加厚度 ,降低鸡蛋的破损率。对种鸡不影响繁殖性能 ,经济效益显著     

固始鸡蛋壳质量性状分析

实验对56个固始鸡鸡蛋的蛋壳颜色、蛋壳重占总蛋重的比例和蛋不同部位蛋壳厚度进行测定。结果表明,浅褐色和灰色蛋壳颜色占绝大多数,没有灰白色和白色;蛋壳重占总蛋重的比例平均为10.97%;平均蛋壳厚度0.339mm,大多数鸡蛋锐端蛋壳厚度比钝端和中间高。     

磷与蛋壳质量

近年来,为了提高鸡的产蛋能力,在饲料中有增加钙的含量趋势。据报道,当鸡在自由摄取钙时,每日每只鸡最多能摄取4.1g。如果每只鸡每日要从所摄取的100～120g 的饲料中获得大约4g 的钙,饲料中的钙含量以3.75%比较合适。此外,磷也是必不可缺少的。例如在一个鸡蛋中,蛋壳中含钙2.0～2.5g;含磷大约超过20mg。而且,蛋黄中约含磷130～140mg,合计含磷约160mg。1.磷的标准与蛋壳质量磷的标准对蛋壳质量的影响如表1所示。对肉用种鸡的试验结果表明,当饲料中的总磷含量为0.41%,产蛋率呈上升趋势;但当     

蛋壳强化剂的试验研究

在鸡日粮中按３％添加由硅铝酸盐和其它营养物质组成的蛋壳强化剂，能提高蛋壳强度、增加厚度，大大降低鸡蛋的破损率。不影响种鸡繁殖性能，经济效益显著。     

不同周龄母鸡鸡蛋及不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋的蛋品质比较

本文比较了同一品种不同周龄(26、40周龄和64周龄)母鸡所产蛋的蛋壳品质和蛋品质,包括蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位、蛋清pH值。之后,还比较了该鸡种不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋(正常蛋和砂壳蛋)之间上述指标的差异。结果表明:在不同周龄母鸡所产蛋之间,蛋重、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位等均存在显著差异(p<0.05),而蛋壳厚度之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。此外,蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比率随着母鸡周龄的增加呈上升趋势,而蛋壳强度、蛋壳相对重、哈氏单位、蛋黄指数、蛋清pH值呈下降趋势。最后,蛋壳质地不同的鸡蛋(正常蛋与砂壳蛋)之间,蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳强度、蛋清pH值之间存在极显著差异(p<0.01),而其他参数之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

蛋壳强度与蛋壳表型性状的关系

１５７６枚伊沙褐和２０２９枚星杂２８８鸡蛋的蛋重、蛋型指数（纵／横）、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋壳重、蛋壳率和单位面积的蛋壳重。以每枚蛋的测定值为变量，分３批（伊沙褐和星杂２８８第１、２批）对各表型性状与蛋壳强度作了相关与通径分析。结果表明，蛋重、蛋型指教与蛋壳强度的相关关系较弱，对后者的直接、间接影响和决定作用较小；蛋壳厚度、蛋壳率和单位面积蛋壳重与蛋壳强度均有极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）的中等正相关关系，单位面积蛋壳重对蛋壳强度的直接影响和决定作用最大；蛋壳重与蛋壳强度间有极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）的弱或中等正相关。相关系数值低于蛋壳厚度、蛋壳率和单位面积蛋壳重，高于蛋重和蛋型指教。在３批测定中，６个表型性状对蛋壳强度的综合决定程度分别为２７．８５、２２．９４和３９．２６％，说明还存在其他影响蛋壳强度的因素。     

循环高温对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳品质及钙磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在模拟夏季蛋鸡舍内的循环高温,研究不同温度对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳品质及钙磷代谢的影响。选取28周龄高产海兰褐蛋鸡288只,随机分为21℃适温组(自由采食)、27~30℃循环高温组(自由采食)、29~35℃循环高温组(自由采食)和21℃采食配对组(按前1 d 29~35℃循环高温组的采食量饲喂),每个组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,分别饲养于4个人工环境控制舱内,试验期4周。结果表明:与21℃适温组相比,27~30℃循环高温组蛋鸡平均日采食量、体增重和平均蛋重显著降低(P0.05),蛋壳强度显著降低(P0.05),蛋鸡钙、磷的代谢率差异不显著(P0.05),但钙、磷的吸收量显著降低(P0.05),除蛋黄颜色显著降低(P0.05)外,鸡蛋品质其他相关指标差异不显著(P0.05);而29~35℃循环高温组除平均日采食量、体增重和平均蛋重显著降低(P0.05)外,产蛋率同样显著降低(P0.05),蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度均显著降低(P0.05),破蛋率显著升高(P0.05),蛋鸡钙、磷的代谢率差异不显著(P0.05),而钙、磷吸收量同样显著降低(P0.05),鸡蛋蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色均显著降低(P0.05)。与21℃采食配对组相比,29~35℃循环高温组平均蛋重显著降低(P0.05),料蛋比显著提高(P0.05),蛋壳强度显著降低(P0.05),钙、磷的代谢率和吸收量差异不显著(P0.05),鸡蛋品质差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示,夏季鸡舍内温度在27~30℃波动即可显著降低蛋鸡的体增重、平均蛋重和蛋壳品质;而29~35℃不仅显著降低蛋鸡的体增重、产蛋率、平均蛋重以及蛋壳品质,还显著影响鸡蛋的蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色。高温对蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色的影响可能与降低采食量有关;高温可能直接影响蛋壳的形成,也可能由于降低钙、磷吸收量影响蛋壳品质。     

缠丝鸭蛋蛋品质及营养成分测定

为研究缠丝鸭蛋和普通鸭蛋在蛋品质及营养成分之间的差异,本试验随机选取300日龄左右鸭产的缠丝鸭蛋和普通鸭蛋各50枚,分别测定其蛋重、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋壳颜色、蛋白高度、蛋形指数、蛋黄色泽和哈氏单位等蛋品质性状及粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、磷、锌和铁等营养成分含量。结果表明,与普通鸭蛋相比,缠丝鸭蛋的蛋重、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度和蛋形指数差异均不显著(P>0.05),而蛋白高度、蛋黄色泽和哈氏单位极显著高于普通鸭蛋(P<0.01);蛋白质、钙、锌、铁含量较高,脂肪、磷含量较低。提示,缠丝鸭蛋蛋品质优于普通鸭蛋,营养物质含量比普通鸭蛋更丰富。     

Egg Shell Strength

Three experiments are reported which were designed to measure the relationship that exists between the specific gravity of an egg and deformation of its shell under load and also to determine the extent to which these two egg characteristics are related to shell breakage in the field.

A very close relationship was shown to exist between egg specific gravity and egg shell deformation.

In experiments 1 and 2, measurements of specific gravity and shell deformation were performed upon samples of eggs produced by groups of birds housed in wire‐floored pens and by individual birds kept in battery cages and were found, with one exception, to be significantly related to the incidence of cracking under these field conditions. The one non‐significant correlation was that between egg shell deformation and percentage cracks among eggs from the various pens of birds. However, too much emphasis should not be placed on this latter result because the incidence of floor‐laying in the different pens was not uniform and this increased chance variation in the occurrence of cracking.

In experiment 3 specific gravities and shell deformations were determined on 3000 sound eggs before they were subjected to treatments that simulated the hazards encountered during (a) laying in battery cages, (b) transport in the conventional travelling boxes. Both measurements were found to forecast fairly accurately the probability of a particular egg becoming cracked or remaining sound during the treatments.

The results confirm that egg specific gravity, as measured by the hydrometer method, is a reliable assessment of shell strength and suggest that the measurement of shell deformation is of comparable reliability. Other factors of practical significance that would influence the choice between the two assessments are discussed.     

饲粮不同代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对新杨绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在通过研究饲粮不同代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对新杨绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期(44~56周龄)生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响,得出其产蛋后期饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质的适宜配比。选取768羽体重相近的43周龄末新杨绿壳蛋鸡,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复32羽。采用2×3因子(代谢能水平为10.87和11.08 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为15.00%、15.50%和16.00%)设计试验,共设计6种饲粮。试验预试期1周,正试期12周。结果表明:1)饲粮不同代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋率和料蛋比有显著影响(P0.05),饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平在产蛋率上表现出极显著的交互作用(P0.01),其中,高能低蛋组(代谢能为11.08 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为15.00%)产蛋率最高,料蛋比最低。2)饲粮较高粗蛋白质水平(16.00%)能显著提高绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期鸡蛋的哈氏单位(P0.05);饲粮较高代谢能水平(11.08 MJ/kg)能显著提高绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期鸡蛋的蛋黄颜色(P0.05);饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平在蛋品质上未表现出显著的交互作用(P0.05)。3)高能低蛋组绿壳蛋鸡血清尿素氮含量最低;饲粮较高代谢能水平(11.08 MJ/kg)能显著降低绿壳蛋鸡血清总胆固醇含量(P0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质水平分别为11.08 MJ/kg和15.00%时,更有利于绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能的发挥和蛋品质的改善。     

Evaluation of the dietary interaction of calcium and phosphorus in the high producing laying hen

1. In a 6 x 7 factorial experiment using 2688 22-week-old laying hens of the Lohmann-SL strain kept in cages (4 birds/cage), diets containing six calcium (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 g calcium/kg) and seven phosphorus concentrations (3.2, 4.2, 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.2, 16.2 g total phosphorus/kg (Pt)) were combined orthogonally. The resulting 42 treatments were replicated 8 times so that a replicate consisted of a double cage of 2 x 4 hens. The experiment lasted 40 weeks (10 x 28 days). 2. The experimental diets, based on maize and soyabean meals contained 11.5 MJ metabolisable energy/kg and 175 g/kg protein. Different dietary calcium and phosphorus contents were obtained by substituting oat hulls with limestone and dicalcium phosphate. 3. Mortality, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, food intake and food conversion efficiency were determined as well as the breaking strength, thickness of shells and the percentage of eggs with defective shells. 4. All responses measured were significantly influenced by the variance sources (calcium, phosphorus, interaction). Most of the production traits responded asymptotically to increasing dietary phosphorus concentration, the greatest increases or decreases generally being seen between 3.2 and 5.2 g Pt/kg. Further but weaker increases were seen between 5.2 and 8.2 or 16.2 g Pt/kg. 5. Increases in dietary calcium content always resulted in curvilinear responses. In all cases optimal effects were obtained with diets containing 25 g calcium/kg and the worst values at 45 g calcium/kg. The interaction between calcium and phosphorus was recognised by strong performance depressions and a high mortality at combinations of the lowest phosphorus concentration (3.2 g/kg) with high calcium contents (35 to 45 g/kg). These were largely offset by increasing dietary phosphorus. Thus, between 7.2 and 16.2 g Pt/kg and 25 and 45 g Ca/kg a plateau was formed where only small differences in egg production were observed. 6. From the three egg shell characteristics measured, breaking strength and shell thickness responded differently to the percentage of eggs with defective shells. While breaking strength and shell thickness were respectively negatively and positively influenced by increasing dietary phosphorus and calcium contents, both elements affected the proportion of eggs with defective shells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Effect of production system and flock age on egg quality and total bacterial load in commercial laying hens

The shell of the egg is essential in providing shape to the egg and ensuring safe packaging of the internal contents; however, shell defects have been shown to increase the risk of microbial contamination of eggs. Eggs were collected from commercial cage and free-range flocks at the ages of 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75 wk. From each collection per flock, 30 eggs were processed for the eggshell and egg internal quality determination, 30 eggs for cuticle estimation, 30 eggs for mammillary layer ultrastructural features scoring, and 60 eggs for egg microbial enumeration. Translucency score and shell reflectivity were significantly higher in free-range eggs and increased with flock age in both production systems. Egg weight, shell weight, percentage shell, shell thickness, albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk color were higher for cage eggs. The amount of cuticle was higher in cage eggs and fluctuated with flock age in both production systems. For the mammillary layer ultrastructural variables, a significant effect of production system and flock age was observed for early fusion, Type A bodies, and Type B bodies, whereas aragonite, depression, erosion, and hole were rarely observed. Variability of mammillary cap size, the incidence of poor mammillary cap quality, incidence of late fusion, alignment, Type A bodies, Type B bodies, and cubic cone formation were greater in the free-range versus cage system and increased with flock age in both production systems. The incidence of confluence and early fusion were greater in cage eggs and decreased with age in both production systems. Significantly lower total microbial load was observed for cage compared with free-range eggs, but the overall bacterial load recorded in this study was low. It can be concluded that cage eggs were better in overall quality when directly compared with free-range eggs.     

不同茧色家蚕品种茧层中的酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性分析

家蚕茧层中因含有黄酮类和其它酚类物质而具有抗氧化活性,被广泛用作化妆品和保健织物生产的原材料。对10个彩色茧家蚕品种和4个白茧家蚕品种茧层提取液中的酚类物质含量及体外抗氧化活性进行测定,并分析其量效关系,为筛选茧层中富含多酚类物质的家蚕品种及建立快速简便的茧层提取物抗氧化活性评价方法提供参考。不同茧色家蚕品种茧层中的酚类物质含量和茧层提取液的抗氧化活性存在明显差异:以绿茧品种最高,平均总多酚质量比为12.756 mg/g,其中总黄酮质量比为1.920 mg/g,总抗氧化活性达294.285 U/g,DPPH自由基清除率为48.583%;白茧品种最低,平均总多酚质量比为1.175 mg/g,其中总黄酮质量比为0.352 mg/g,总抗氧化活性仅有42.600 U/g,DPPH自由基清除率为17.258%;金黄茧和红茧品种居中。不同茧色品种茧层提取液的体外抗氧化活性与其总多酚和总黄酮含量的相关性都达到极显著水平,揭示家蚕茧层中的酚类物质是其抗氧化作用的重要物质基础之一,可通过测定茧层总多酚和总黄酮的含量,评价不同品种茧层提取液的抗氧化活性。