胀果甘草原生境土壤盐分特征分析

 通过野外调查采样和土样化学测定,分析胀果甘草原生境下土壤盐分的特征。结果表明:研究区土壤盐分普遍较高且表聚作用明显,土壤表层0～10 cm土层盐分均值高达32+.08g/kg,属典型的强度盐渍化土;土壤盐分组成中,含阳离子Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+和阴离子Cl-、SO24、HCO-3,不含CO2-3,土壤盐分的特征因子为Ca2+、C1-、SO2-4、NaCa+,其盐渍类型主要为硫酸盐-氯化物型,重碳酸盐是土壤盐分的次要成分;该生境土壤中在整个垂直剖面上Ca2+的含量丰富,属典型钙质土。     

天津市滨海盐碱地刺槐种植区水盐动态变化规律

[目的]通过对滨海地区盐碱土水盐动态变化规律的研究,为该地区的土壤利用以及植树造林提供科学依据。[方法]以天津大港地区刺槐林土壤为研究对象,研究不同土层的土壤水盐年份变化和盐分离子分布特征。[结果]试验地土壤全年含水量变化范围在11.9%~28.8%;含盐量变化范围在4.2%~18.4%。春(3—5月)秋(9—11月)季节土壤含水量低,含盐量高,土壤盐分含量随土层深度增加逐渐降低;夏季(6—8月),土壤含水量高,含盐量低,土壤盐分含量随土层深度的增加逐渐升高。pH值在7.37~8.39之间,土壤中K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-春季表层土壤(0—10cm)含量最高,分别为0.04,4.27,2.69,1.04和10.03g/kg。除SO2-4和HCO-3外,其他盐分离子在春季变异系数(29.99~162.98)明显大于夏秋季节(2.87~88.13)。[结论]不同土层的土壤含水量和含盐量随当地降雨量呈明显的季节性变化;试验地区土壤属于碱性土壤,随季节变化不明显;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-与含盐量变化趋势保持一致,SO2-4和HCO-3随季节变化没有明显的规律性;春季各盐分离子在土壤中分布极为不均。     

Deposition and Leaching of Sulphate and Base Cations in a Mixed Boreal Forest in Eastern Finland

Monthly fluxes of sulphate (SO₄ ^2-) and base cations(Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺) were studied from 1993 to 1996 as precipitation passed through forest vegetation and surfacesoil layers in an area receiving low and declining levels of atmospheric sulphate pollution. The canopy was dominated by mature Norway spruce (Picea abies Karsten) and the soilwas a podzol developed on glacial till material. The mean annual bulk deposition of SO₄ ^2- collected in the open was 136 mol_c ha^-1 and that of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ was 44, 11 and 25 mol_c ha^-1, respectively. The annual total throughfall deposition of SO₄ ^2- was 318 mol_c ha^-1 and that of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ was 151, 64 and 181 mol_cha^-1, respectively. Sulphate was the dominant anion accompanying the base cations leached from the canopy. More than half (58%) of the annual total throughfall deposition ofSO₄ ^2- was retained by the O-horizon and only 15% leached from below the B-horizon. The annual leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ from below the B-horizon was14, 25 and 9% of the annual total throughfall deposition, respectively. The transport of base cations through the soil was predominantely countered by SO₄ ^2- anions.     

塔里木盆地西南缘典型灌区土壤盐渍化特征分析——以塔吉克阿巴提镇为例

在野外GPS定点定位调查、土壤样品分析的基础上,借助Excel和ArcGIS9.3等软件,对新疆自治区喀什市岳普湖县塔吉克阿巴提镇0-30cm土层的盐离子特征、灌区土壤盐渍化现状及空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,0-30cm土层土壤中的离子以Cl^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,Ca²⁺为主Na+与Cl^-呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.98,HCO₃^-与其它6种离子(Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺,Cl^-,SO₄^2-)呈负相关关系受灌排系统影响较大的农田0-30cm土壤中Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值远小于不受灌排系统影响的荒地农田和荒地0-30cm土壤中的Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值与总盐呈正相关关系,相关系数依次为0.68和0.32。现阶段对塔吉克阿巴提镇灌区农业危害最严重的是氯化物-硫酸盐盐渍化土,硫酸盐盐渍化土表现为盐渍化土地向非盐渍化土地转变的过渡类型非盐渍化农田及轻度盐渍化农田主要分布在开垦较早,灌排系统畅通的区域,灌排系统不畅通的区域仍然处于脱盐缓慢或持续积盐的状态。     

基于地理加权回归模型的博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲土壤盐分离子含量高光谱估算

以博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲为研究区,分析HCO_3~–、Cl~–、SO_4~(2–)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~++K~+等主要土壤盐分离子含量与土壤高光谱反射率的分数阶微分光谱变换与RSI、DSI、NDSI等二维土壤指数的相关性优选特征波段,构建基于地理加权回归模型的土壤盐分离子含量估算模型。研究结果表明:Na~++K~+的微分变换特征波段集中在468～724 nm与1 182～1 539 nm,二维土壤指数的特征波段集中在1 742～2 395 nm,基于RSI的特征波段优选下地理加权回归模型对Na~++K~+含量的估算效果较好,建模集R~2=0.94,RMSE=0.22,验证集R~2=0.74,RMSE=0.19;SO_4~(2–)含量在1.2阶优选的位于469～636 nm波段估算效果较佳,建模集R~2=0.91,RMSE=0.02,验证集R~2=0.75,RMSE=0.33;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)优选的特征波段主要集中在912～2 340 nm的近红外波段;Cl~–含量在1阶的近红外波段建模效果较好,建模集R~2=0.74,RMSE=0.03,验证集R~2=0.93,RMSE=0.11;含量相对较高的Na~++K~+、SO_4~(2–)、Cl~–的地理加权回归模型精度高于含量较低的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)。     

几种一年生盐生植物的吸盐能力

【目的】土壤盐渍化在新疆发生面积多,分布广,利用盐生植物对盐分的超富集能力,选育生物量大且体内盐分浓度高的品种,可有效改良盐碱地。本试验比较了几种主要盐生植物的吸收离子类型和盐分积累量,为科学合理利用盐生植物进行盐碱地改良提供科学依据。【方法】选取一年生盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、高碱蓬(Suaeda altissima)和野榆钱菠菜(Atripex aucheri Moq.)为材料进行人工种植,试验地土壤为壤土和砂壤土,耕层土壤盐分均值为10.23 g/kg,p H为8.36,属于中度盐化土壤。采用完全随机排列设计,在生育早期、中期和末期采样测定植物地上、地下部分干物质量和K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4浓度。【结果】生育末期四种盐生植物地上生物量均占整株生物量的89%以上,高碱蓬(23302 kg/hm2)蓬野榆钱菠菜(20379 kg/hm2)盐地碱蓬(18670 kg/hm2)盐角草(9096 kg/hm2)。盐分总浓度盐角草(215 g/kg)盐地碱蓬(152 g/kg)高碱蓬(137 g/kg)野榆钱菠菜(103 g/kg)。不同植物离子含量不同,K+浓度以高碱蓬中最高,Na+、Cl-、SO2-4在盐角草中最高,Ca2+、Mg2+浓度在盐地碱蓬中最高;4种盐生植物对Na+、Cl-、SO2-4的吸收能力极强,按阴离子类型划分盐角草属于SO2-4-Cl-型盐生植物,盐地碱蓬、高碱蓬、野榆钱菠菜属于Cl--SO2-4型盐生植物;盐分积累量为高碱蓬(3499 kg/hm2)盐地碱蓬(3061 kg/hm2)蓬野榆钱菠菜(2180 kg/hm2)盐角草(2080 kg/hm2)。【结论】盐生植物对土壤的改良效果主要以生育末期刈割时单位面积从土壤中吸收的盐分总量来衡量,这取决于此时地上部分生物量与植株体内盐分浓度的大小。植物会根据其生长需求选择吸收土壤中矿物质元素,盐角草对的Na+、Cl-的吸收能力强于盐地碱蓬、高碱蓬和野榆钱菠菜,尤其对Cl-表现出极强的选择吸收能力。     

Trends in the Chemistry of Acidified Bohemian Lakes from 1984 to 1995: I. Major Solutes

Temporal changes in major solute concentrations in six Czech Republic lakes were monitored during the period 1984–1995. Four chronically-acidic lakes had decreasing concentrations of strong-acid anions (C_SA = SO₄ ^2- + NO^{3 -} + Cl^-), at rates of 3.0 to 9.0 μeq L^-1 yr^-1. Decreases in SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-, and Cl^- (at rates up to 5.1 μeq L^-1 yr^-1, 3.2 μeq L^-1 yr^-1, and 0.6 μeq L^-1 yr^-1, respectively) occurred. The response to the decrease in deposition of S was rapid and annual decline of SO₄ ^2- in lake water was directly proportional to SO₄ ^2- concentrations in the acidified lakes. Changes in NO₃ ^- concentrations were modified by biological consumption within the lakes. The decline in C^SA was accompanied in the four most acidic lakes by decreases in Al_T, increases in pH at rates of 0.011 to 0.016 pH yr^{- 1}, and decreases of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (but not Na⁺) in three lakes. The acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased significantly in all six lakes. Increases in base cation concentrations (CB = Ca²⁺ + Na⁺ + Mg²⁺ + K⁺) were the principal contributing factor to ANC increases in the two lakes with positive ANC, whereas decrease in C_SA was the major factor in ANC increases in the four chronically-acidic lakes. The continued chemical recovery of these lakes depends on the uncertain trends in N deposition, the cycling of N in the lakes and their catchments, and the magnitude of the future decrease in S deposition.     

Evalution of Acid Deposition in Korea

This study was carried out to evaluate acid depositions and to understand their effect. Wet precipitation has been collected at twenty-four sites in Korea for one year of 1999. The ion concentrations such as H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? were chemically analyzed and determined. Precipitation had wide range of pH(3.5～8.5), and volume-weighted average was 5.2. The contribution amounts of Cl^?, SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? in anion were shown to be 54%, 32%, and 14%, respectively and those of Na⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ in cation were 32% and 25%. The ratios of Cl^? and Mg²⁺ to Na⁺ in precipitation were similar to those of seawater, which imply that great amount of Cl^? and Mg²⁺ in precipitation could be originated from seawater. The concentration of H⁺ is little related with SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^? and Cl^? ions, whereas nss^?SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? are highly correlated with NH₄ ⁺, which could suggest that great amount of SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? exist in the form of ammonium associated salt. The annual wet deposition amounts (g m^?2year^?1) of SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, Cl^?, H⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were estimated as 0.88～4.89, 0.49～4.37, 0.30～9.80, 0.001～0.031, 0.06～2.15, 0.27～4.27, 0.10～3.81, 0.23～1.59 and 0.03～0.63.     

新疆伊犁察南灌区土壤盐分特征

以察南灌区土壤为研究对象,对不同含盐量土壤进行盐化程度分级,并对该地区土壤盐分特征进行相关分析和主成分分析,以及对土壤盐分因子区域影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:察南灌区以碱性土壤为主,HCO_3~–是影响该灌区土壤p H最强的因子;对灌区0~100 cm土体土壤的分析表明,灌区盐化土面积约为总灌溉面积的1/4,盐渍化风险较大;相关性分析显示,HCO–3、Cl~–、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2~+)、Mg~(2~+)、Na~+、K~+为盐分主要组成离子,总盐分与各离子之间均呈正相关关系,与总盐分相关性最强的阴离子为SO_4~(2-),相关性最强的阳离子为Mg~(2~+);主成分分析显示,HCO_3~–、Cl~–、K~+为影响该灌区土壤盐分特征的主导因子;通过盐分因子区域影响因素定性分析可知,除HCO_3~–和pH是由河流以及地下水综合作用影响外,其他盐分因子均主要受河流影响。     

柴达木盆地弃耕地成因及其土壤盐渍地球化学特征

柴达木盆地弃耕地土壤pH值一般都在 8左右 ,属于碱性土壤。土壤含盐量较高 ,其全盐量随着土层深度的增大而减少。 0～ 10cm土层中的含盐量最大 ,一般在 1～ 45gkg- 1之间。弃耕地土壤阳离子主要以K 、Na 、Mg2 、Ca2 为主 ,各阴离子在三层土体中的含量为Cl- >SO2 -4>HCO-3 >CO2 -3 。经相关分析表明 ,弃耕地土壤全盐量与Cl- 呈极显著的正相关 (p <0 0 1) ,其次为Mg2 和Ca2 (p <0 0 5) ,而与HCO-3 呈负相关 ;Cl- 与Mg2 和Ca2 呈极显著的正相关 (p <0 0 1) ,与CO2 -3 和SO2 -4呈弱的正相关 ,而与HCO-3 呈负相关 ;从而进一步说明 ,柴达木盆地弃耕地土壤为氯化物盐化土。柴达木盆地弃耕地土壤中有机质含量较少 ,0～ 3 0cm土层中有机质平均含量为 11 46gkg- 1;全氮、全磷的含量极低 ,全钾的含量较为丰富。示范试验结果分析认为 ,柴达木盆地荒漠绿洲土地退化及土壤盐碱化的发生与当地自然条件和人为不合理利用等因素有紧密的联系     

Growth,Root Characteristics,and Leaf Nutrients Accumulation of Four Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars Differing in Their Broomrape Tolerance and the Soil Properties in Relation to Salinity

The effects of salinity on four faba bean (Vicia faba L) cultivars [Giza 429, Giza 843, Misr 1 (Orobanche-tolerant), and Giza 3 (Orobanche-susceptible)] and soil properties were investigated in a pot experiment with addition of 0, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 9 weeks. Salinity significantly decreased calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) while significantly increasing sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC; dS m^?1). Root length density (cm cm^?3), root mass density (mg cm^?3), total dry weight, and salt-tolerance indexes were significantly reduced as a result of application of salinity. The results presented support evidence on the positive relationship between Orobance tolerance and salt tolerance in the three cultivars (Giza 429, Giza 843, and Misr 1). This adaptation was mainly due to a high degree of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ and lesser quantities of Na⁺ and Cl^?, as well as greater K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios.     

Acid deposition and throughfall fluxes of elements as related to tree species in deciduous forests of South Sweden

The influence of tree species and soil properties on throughfall fluxes were studied for 5 tree species, growing on initially identical soil. In three mixed deciduous forests with different soil properties, throughfall fluxes of 11 elements were measured during 2 yr for 100 to 150 yr old individuals of Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Acer platanoides L.. Throughfall : precipitation flux ratios were: PO₄ ^3? (11 to 37), K⁺ (7 to 22), Mn²⁺ (5 to 14), Mg²⁺ (3 to 9), Ca²⁺ (3 to 5), Cl^? (1.9 to 2.6), Na⁺ (1.1 to 2.2), NH₄ ⁺ (1.5 to 2), SO₄ ^2? (1.5 to 2.1), NO₃ ^? (0.7 to 1.3) and H⁺ (0.1 to 0.5). The annual input of S to the soil by throughfall was for Fagus 22 to 29, Quercus 25 to 37, Carpinus 20 to 25, Tilia 24 and Acer 29 kg ha^?1. The annual input of N to the soil by throughfall was for Fagus 20 to 29, Quercus 14 to 22, Carpinus 15 to 22, Tilia 22 and Acer 20 kg ha^?1. Throughfall fluxes of Na⁺ and Cl^? differed between species, depending on different canopy filtering capacity of sea aerosol, and were greatest for Fagus and Quercus. Throughfall of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ were characterized by increased flux from poor to rich sites, with the greatest soil effect on Carpinus, and by a high leaching part, which increased in the same manner. Manganese throughfall showed especially soil effects, characterized of decreased flux from poor to rich sites, but also species effects, of which Carpinus had the greatest flux. pH in throughfall showed a pronounced seasonal variation with pH 6 to 6.5 for Fagus in the foliated season and pH 4.0 to 4.3 in the defoliated season. Carpinus and especially Quercus had lower pH at the poor site, but the differences decreased at the richer sites. The calculated annual acid input to the trees was 4 to 12 times greater than the H⁺ flux measured as pH in throughfall. An inorganic anion deficit in throughfall, probably due to the presence of organic anions, was proportional to K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺.     

Lysimeter study with a cambic arenosol exposed to artificial acid rain: II. Input-output budgets and soil chemical properties

The effects of artificial precipitation with different pH levels on soil chemical properties and element flux were studied in a lysimeter experiment. Cambic Arenosol (Typic Udipsamment) in monolith lysimeters was treated for 6 1/2 yr with 125 mm yr^?1 artificial rain in addition to natural precipitation. Artificial acid rain was produced from groundwater with H₂SO₄ added. pH levels of 6.1, 4 and 3 were used. ‘Rain’ acidity was buffered, mainly due to cation exchange with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, which were increasingly leached due to the acid input. The H⁺ retention was not accompanied by a similar increase in the output of Al ions, but a slight increase in the leaching of Al ions was observed in the most acidic treatment. The net flux of SO₄ ^2? from the lysimeters increased with increasing input of H₂SO₄, but in the most acidified lysimeters significant sorption of SO₄ ^2? was observed. The sorption was, however, most likely a concentration effect. The ‘long-term’ acidification effects on soil were mainly seen in the upper O and Ah-horizons, where an impoverishment of exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was observed. An increased proportion of Al ions on exchange sites in the organic layer was observed in the pH 3-treated soil. By means of budget calculations the annual release of base cations due to weathering was estimated to be between 33 and 77 mmol_c m^?2.     

Long-term development of element budgets in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest of the German solling area

To evaluate ecosystem response to changing atmospheric deposition, element budgets were established over the period from 1973 to 1991 for a Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) site. Budgets for Na⁺, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, N, S and H⁺ were based on total deposition and seepage water fluxes. The deposition of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, particularly, of S and H⁺ decreased with time, while calculated N deposition remained constant at a high level. The decrease in Ca²⁺ deposition led to a reduction of Ca²⁺ fluxes with seepage water. The decrease of Mg²⁺ deposition did not have an effect on the output fluxes of Mg²⁺. The reversibility of soil and seepage water acidification by reduced S deposition was delayed by the release of previously accumulated soil SO ₄ ^2? . The highest NO ₃ ^? fluxes were observed during the period of 1986 to 1988; NO ₃ ^? fluxes in general demonstrated a considerable annual and periodic variation. Total N accumulation in the ecosystem amounted to nearly 590 kg ha^?1 yr^?1 during the observation period. The major sink of N in the spruce site is the aggrading humus layer. The results emphasize the need for measurements over several years to make conclusions regarding the function of ecosystems in response to atmospheric deposition.     

塔里木盆地柽柳灌丛沙堆盐分分布特点研究

为明确处于稳定阶段柽柳灌丛沙堆内土壤盐分的分布规律及其对环境可能产生的影响,以塔里木盆地北缘洪积冲积扇末端为研究区,分析了灌丛沙堆内与堆间地盐分的分布特征及其与柽柳灌丛凋落物年产量的关系.研究结果表明,柽柳灌丛沙堆表层土壤(0-30 cm)盐分明显低于堆间地表层土壤盐分,相关分析表明,柽柳灌丛凋落物产量的增加是抑制盐分表聚的一个重要因素.而沙堆深层土壤(30-120 cm)盐分则明显高于堆间地相同深度的土壤盐分,呈明显的富集状态,即形成了明显的“盐岛”.盐岛内主要富集K+,Na+,C1和HCO3-这4种离子,其余离子(SO24-,Ca2+,Mg2+)则呈均匀分布或随机分布.以上结果表明,柽柳灌丛沙堆是土壤盐分局部汇集的小型盐分库,它的演变趋势会对干旱区绿洲生态系统的稳定性产生潜在的影响.     

Solute Release from Weathering of Spent Mushroom Substrate under Controlled Conditions

Weathering of piled material in the field is a popular method to treat spent mushroom substrate (SMS) before reuse. During the weathering process, rainfall and snowmelt pass through SMS piles and a large amount of solutes is released in the leachate. To investigate solute release patterns, the field weathering process was simulated under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Fresh SMS was packed in an acrylic column (20 cm i.d.) to 150 cm height and leached intermittently with a cumulative total of 230 cm of deionized water over 180 days. Leachate was collected and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), electrical conductivity (EC), and inorganic salts. Solute release patterns were described using first order models, and total released solutes were calculated. The SMS leachate had DOC, DON and EC values ranging from 450 to 15,500 mg L^?1, 50 to 1,700 mg L^?1, and 3 to 50 dS m^?1, respectively. The major inorganic cations were K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NH₄⁺, and anions were Cl^? and SO₄^2?. Release of DOC, DON, and bivalent cations Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were described by a first order Exponential Rise to Maximum model, while releases of monovalent ions Cl^?, K⁺, Na⁺ and NH₄⁺ were described as a first order Sigmoidal Logistic process, and SO₄^2? release was best modeled by a Sigmoidal Chapman equation. Following six months and 230 cm applied water, 3.1 kg of DOC, 0.58 kg of dissolved N, and 8.6 kg of inorganic salts were leached per cubic meter of bulk SMS (220 kg oven dry mass). Weathering of SMS involves a significant removal of nutrients from the composted material, which can contribute to pollution of soil and groundwater.     

不同年限温室土壤盐分变化及对土壤退化的影响

为明确种植年限与土壤盐分及土壤退化间的关系,选择栽培模式和管理方式相近的温室,研究其土壤盐分、pH和交换性盐基离子随种植年限的变化趋势。结果表明:随种植年限的增加,土壤全盐量增加,第18年达1.833g/kg;土壤K~+和SO_4~(2–)含量升高,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HCO_3~–含量降低;土壤中Na~+和Cl~–增量相对较少。土壤盐离子之和占全盐百分比在第6年平均为77.58%,而至第18年时为52.46%,说明随着种植年限延长,土壤盐离子组成已发生较大改变。土壤pH,第18年比第6年平均下降了1.01个单位,土壤交换性盐基下降了20.11%。因而,随温室种植年限延长,土壤盐渍化严重,酸化程度加重,交换能力下降,土壤肥力下降。     

Leaching of nutrients and major ions from an arable field with an unfertilized fallow as infield buffer zone

Abstract

Leaching of nutrients and major ions from a tile-drained arable field was evaluated over a 25-year period (1980–2005). The soil, classified as a Gleyic Cambisol, received moderate applications of fertilizers. During later years the soil was more frequently under ley, and since 2002, an area of ravine (29% of the total field) has been managed as a permanent fallow with annual cutting without removing the grass material. A decrease in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃?N) in the drainwater was estimated in 1980–2005, based on non-parametric tests on concentrations flow-normalized with a robust fitting curve procedure. The average concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus after pre-filtration (RP_f) of 0.030 mg l^?l corresponded to a calculated degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) of 6% in acid extract of ammonium lactate from the topsoil. Between 1995 and 2005, concentrations of suspended solids (SS), RP and total organic carbon (TOC) decreased significantly in the drainage water from the entire field. Throughout the entire period, there was a negative net accumulation of the major ions to the soil. The order of decrease in relative terms was calcium (Ca²⁺)>magnesium (Mg²⁺)>sulphate (SO₄ ^2?)>chloride (Cl^?)>potassium (K⁺). In addition, the soil phosphorus (P) balance was negative. A significant reduction in ion concentrations in the drainwater, including sodium (Na⁺) and hydrogen carbonate HCO₃ ^?, was estimated. The order of reduction in relative terms was: SO₄ ^2?>Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺>HCO₃ ^?>Cl^?>NO₃ ^?>Na⁺>HPO₄. Altogether these trends were equal to approximately 0.1 mmol_c l^?1. yr^?1 of positively and negatively charged ions. Based on measured concentrations, decreasing trends in SO₄ ^2? and Ca²⁺ were also observed in the shallow groundwater (3.6 m below the soil surface), while K⁺, Na⁺ and HCO₃ ^? tended to increase. Trends of cations in deeper groundwater (5.8 m below the soil surface) were in some cases the opposite of the trends in the drainwater.     

Niederschlags-Chemismus und atmosphärische Element-Deposition in einem an der Nordseeküste von Schleswig-Holstein gelegenen Agrarökosystem

Precipitation chemistry and atmospheric element-deposition in an agroecosystem at the North-Sea Coast of Schleswig-Holstein The objective of this study was to examine the chemistry of bulk precipitation and atmospheric element inputs in an arable soil near the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, North Germany. Bulk precipitation was collected at weekly intervals from November 1989 to October 1991. Precipitation amount, pH, electrical conductivity, and concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃^?, and SO₄^2? were recorded. The average volume-weighted pH was 5.5 and the average EC was 92 μS cm^?1. Sodium and Cl^? were with 64% and 76% the dominant ions (equivalent concentration) in bulk precipitation indicating the influence of the North Sea. The contribution of marine alkalinity to neutralization reactions of bulk precipitation was negligible (1%). The neutralizing substances NH₃ (63%) and Carbonate (36%) were more important. Deposition rates were in 1990 and 1991 97.0 and 51.7 kg Na⁺ ha^?1, 6.2 and 4.0 kg K⁺ ha^?1, 15.0 and 8.4 kg Mg²⁺ ha^?1, 13.2 and 10.4 kg Ca²⁺ ha^?1, 12.3 and 9.5 kg NH₄⁺-N ha^?1, 8.0 and 5.9 kg NO₃^?-N ha^?1, 168 and 83.1 kg Cl^? ha^?1 and 19.1 and 12.7 kg SO₄^2?-S ha^?1. In 1990 both more westerly winds and stronger wind-forces occurred than in 1991 and resulted in higher inputs of marine origin. Calculated on Cl^? basis 93% of Na⁺, 55% of K⁺, 74% of Mg²⁺, 24% of Ca²⁺, and 36% of SO₄^2? were of marine origin. Atmospheric input of marine origin supplied 39–72% of Mg and 21–37% of S requirement for crop production. The North Sea is an important source providing significant amounts of these elements to agricultural crops.     

Identifying sources of snowmelt acidification with a watershed mixing model

We used ionic tracers to estimate the volume of old (soil and ground) water interacting with snowmelt in eleven Adirondack, NY watersheds. The contribution of old water varied from 66 to 90%, with no general relationship between old water % and soil depth to till. This approach also discriminated between watershed retention and release of particular ions to lake outlet water during snowmelt. Most watersheds released NO₃ ^? during snowmelt, in addition to the snowpack NO₃ ^?. Nitrification of snowpack NH₄ ⁺ explained part of the additional NO₃ ^? in lake out outlet water, but some NO₃ ^? was likely mineralized nitrogen from soil organic matter. All watersheds retained NH₄ ⁺ as well. Nitrogen release was greatest in the acidic watersheds in the southwestern Adirondacks, a region thought to be impacted by anthropogenic deposition. During snowmelt, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions (presumably from soil exchange sites) were also released from most watersheds. In watersheds with acidic (minimum pH<4.6) lake outlet water, Al was also released during snowmelt. Thus, lake outlet water acidification during snowmelt was both buffered by cation release, and intensified by NO₃ ^? release. If the soil exchangeable cation pools were not replenished prior to snowmelt, or NO₃ ^? mobilization were increased, acidification during snowmelt would intensify.