Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants from East Asia

Air-borne measurements of air pollutants transported from northeast Asia to Japan and the Pacific Ocean were carried out three times from 1996 to 1999 over the seas between Japan and Asian Continent. Those campaigns were named PEACAMPOT II under auspices of the IGAC/APARE program. A transport pattern of a highly polluted air mass from central China was found. Such air mass was driven by the quick movement of low pressure traveling from Taiwan area to the northeast of Japan. This finding supported well the results of modeling studies for long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants from East Asia.     

Modelling of Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Pesticides

Modelling of atmospheric transport and deposition of pesticides is presented and discussed. Modelling on regional scale builds on the existing knowledge gained in other air pollution fields. An overview of current modelling studies on transport and deposition on a regional scale (typically 30-3000 km) is given. From these studies it is concluded that the models are capable in simulating the spatial distribution of the concentrations and depositions. However, large uncertainties are present in this type of modelling and are for the greater part induced by the uncertainty in the emissions and subsequently in the exchange process parameterisations and the physicochemical properties needed in the parameterisations. Many more measurement data are needed to validate the models.     

Acidic Precipitation and Large-Scale Transport of Air Pollutants Observed in Korea

Acid rain at a rural site in Chongwon (KHN), central Korea has been under observation since 1990. To substantiate the 10-year observations, rain samples from six other sites were also collected and analyzed. Results show that acid rain occurred frequently at all sites. At KHN, seasonal and annual variability of pH values had a 10-year VWM value of 4.67 and an arithmetic mean value of 5.09. In general, a high value of pH occurred during springtime when the occurrence of yellow sand (dust) was prevalent in East Asia; during summer, heavy rain usually contained neutral pH values. During other seasons, the degree of acidic precipitation usually coincided with certain air flows. Most frequently, air flows and cyclones coming from south and central China often resulted in precipitation with low pH values observed in Korea. Using daily satellite observations from 1996, we have also been monitoring the long-range and large-scale transport of air pollutants (LSTAP) over East Asia. Many samples of LSTAP were obtained when they were crossing the Yellow Sea and moving over the Korean Peninsula and to SW Japan. The width of the Yellow Sea is ca. 350～700 km and air pollutants take 1～2 days to cross it. Cases of acid rain in Korea clearly correlate wth the LSTAP from source regions in China.     

Assessing the Use of Magnetic Methods to Monitor Vertical Migration of Metal Pollutants in Soil

In order to assess the use of magnetic methods to study vertical migration behavior of metal pollutants in natural soils, a controlled experiment was performed near Belle River, Ontario, Canada. The soil at the site consists primarily of clay-rich glacial till overlain by localized alluvium. Twenty PVC tubes (16″ × 8″) were inserted vertically into the ground as test capsules. Magnetite powder (<5 μm) was distributed on the surface of the soil inside ten tubes (10 grams/tube) to simulate anthropogenic contamination, while the other ten were used as controls. While the surficial magnetic susceptibility (MS) remained fairly stable in controls, decreases of 15–60% were observed in contaminated soil tubes. Post-test MS profiles from soil cores in contaminated tubes show that the magnetic signal is strongest at depths between 4 and 6 cm. Magnetic measurements and chemical analysis (using SEM-EDS) on soil layers with enhanced magnetic signal indicate the presence of iron containing particles, likely magnetite. Overall, the results suggest that magnetite powder migrated vertically downwards at a rate of ∼14 cm/year over the four month period, probably as a result of rainwater infiltration. Such magnetic methods and chemical analytical techniques are useful in the investigation of migration of metal pollutants and the potential depth of soil contamination.     

离子型稀土矿区小流域氨氮污染物地表迁移特征

离子型稀土原地浸矿工艺大量使用硫酸铵作为浸矿剂,矿体中残留的氨氮等化学物质随流域汇水过程迁移,引起矿区水土环境的严重污染.为了揭示矿区氨氮污染在流域尺度上的地表迁移特征,本研究选择赣南某离子型稀土矿区小流域,在流域汇水过程最为强烈的雨季开展实地采样,借助GIS水文分析等手段研究了矿区流域氨氮和硝态氮的地表迁移分布特征....     

Transport and Retention of Phosphorus Pollutants in the Landscape with a Traditional,Multipond System

The landscape structure of a multipond system, runoff type andP-pollutant transport in an experimental watershed was studiedduring 1995 and 1998. A multipond system is a wetland system composed with many tiny ponds and ditches. In this watershed, it was found that such a system effectively controls the hydrological process through its huge storage capacity. The multipond system has a high interaction of land/water ecotones,which decreases the flow velocity systematically and results ina high sedimentation of the particulate matters.The multipond system intercepts runoff and creates either continuous or discontinuous flow. The retention efficiency of the system was very high in both cases but differed in nature. During continuous runoff on 1 May 1998, in a subwatershed Baojiatang, the retention rates of water, total phosphorus (TP),dissolved phosphorus (DP) and suspended solids (SS) by the multipond system were 83.0, 93.9, 90.9 and 94.9%, respectively.During discontinuous runoff on 29 June 1998, runoff volume generated from all lands was 1841 m³, but no surface waterwas exported and the system retention rates of TP, DP and SS were nearly complete. The removal of particulate phosphorus bythe system was more effective than removal of DP and thus DP wasthe main form of phosphorus exported from the watershed duringcontinuous flow. Because of such control, the export amount ofphosphorus was greatly reduced. The output of TP and DP was 0.013 and 0.012 kg ha^-1, respectively, from Liuchahe watershed in 1995, and they were 0.037 and 0.030 kg ha^-1 in 1998 correspondingly.     

硝态氮垂直运移过程中的影响因素研究

用模拟土柱的方法对黄淮海平原主要土壤类型中硝态氮垂直运移的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:在水分饱和条件下,硝态氮的垂直运移过程主要受土壤粘粒含量的影响,随着粘粒含量的增加硝态氮出流的时间推迟,硝态氮的穿透曲线的峰值变低、峰面分布变宽;在非饱和条件下硝态氮的穿透曲线变得不规则,有明显的拖尾现象,硝态氮运移的时间增长,穿透曲线变得平缓;示踪剂的流速对硝态氮运移有较大的影响,流速大的穿透曲线峰值高于流速小的穿透曲线峰值,且出流的时间和达到平衡的时间提前;不同价态阳离子由于带的电荷量不同,对硝态氮运移略有影响,表现为与硝态氮结合的高价阳离子产生的穿透曲线的峰值略高于低价阳离子;不同浓度的硝态氮示踪剂对硝态氮运移也有影响,在重力势和溶质势的共同作用下,浓度越高出流速度越快,穿透曲线峰值也高,完成出流的时间也迅速。     

春小麦冠层氮素垂直分布与转运特征

以春小麦品种“吉春34”为材料,2016−2017年在南京进行了3期分期播种试验（S1,2016年12月16日播种;S2,2017年1月13日播种;S3,2017年2月19日播种）,研究不同播期春小麦开花后不同空间层次叶片和茎鞘的氮素含量、氮素积累量、氮素垂直梯度变化以及植株氮素转运量、籽粒蛋白质含量和产量变化,以期明确江苏春小麦植株冠层氮素积累、分配与转运特征,并确定最适播期。结果表明：春小麦冠层氮素含量垂直分布特征明显,开花后春小麦植株含氮量随冠层高度的降低而降低,播期显著影响春小麦植株冠层氮素的积累、分布与转运。与早播春小麦（S1）相比,晚播春小麦（S2、S3）冠层40−80cm层次含氮量和氮积累量显著降低,叶片和茎鞘氮素垂直梯度的峰值出现时间提前至开花−灌浆期,峰值出现的空间位置降至冠层中下层,植株氮素转运量显著降低6.61%～29.12%。早播春小麦冠层中上部营养器官在生育后期可维持较大的氮素垂直梯度,促进氮素的运转。同时,晚播春小麦生育期内接受的太阳总辐射量、降水量减少,平均气温升高,开花后高温热害程度增加,生育期持续时间减少,降低了植株对氮素的吸收和转运。晚播春小麦比早播春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量降低8.46%～9.82%,蛋白质产量减少40.78～71.47g·m−2。综合春小麦冠层氮素分布与转运特征认为,在本试验条件下,S1播期（12月16日）为江苏春小麦的最佳播期。     

弱透水性下垫面降雨径流污染物输移特性

为了研究弱透水性下垫面降雨径流污染物的输移特性,选择兰州市作为典型城市,基于其降雨分布特点和面源污染特点提出了弱透水性下垫面径流污染物输移模型。通过对大学校园内屋面、路面及其他弱透水性下垫面组合形式下的天然降雨径流取样检测,分析了浊度,COD_cr,TN和TP等主要污染物浓度随时间的变化规律及污染物相关性研究,同时运用模型计算径流污染物初期负荷率。结果表明:校园弱透水性下垫面,降雨径流历时10～20 min各污染物浓度达到峰值。径流历时30 min内,降雨径流浊度,COD_cr,TN和TP的污染物负荷率可达到65%～85%。在中小降雨条件下,降雨径流过程中各污染物显著相关,径流污染物输移模型的适用性较好。     

Sensitivity of Long-Range Transport of Sulfur Compounds to Vertical Distribution of Sources

Numerical experiments using a long-rage transport model of sulfur compounds were carried out to investigate influences of vertical distribution of sources on deposition fields in East Asia. Monthly dry depositions of SOx emitted from a source placed at the center of the domain were insensitive to the vertical distribution of the source, with increasing distance from the source. The depositions at the source grid strongly reflected the emission intensity in the lowest layer. The vertical distribution of sources affected the source-receptor relationships at receptors near locally large emissions but not so much at remote receptors. It was presented that long-rage transport was not influenced by the vertical distribution of sources, i.e., far sources may be treated as either area sources or elevated sources.     

Evidence of Long-Range Transport of Pollutants from the Size-Fractionated Ionic Composition of Aerosols in the Jeju Island of Korea

The ionic composition of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine (PM_2.5) fractions was investigated from an 1,100 site in the middle of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea from March to November 2006. The sum concentrations of cation and anion species in TSP fraction were 205 ± 170 and 183 ± 164 neq m^?3, respectively, while those for PM_2.5 as 118 ± 129 and 88.5 ± 89.3 neq m^?3, respectively. In TSP, the concentration of the major ions changed in the order of SO₄ ^2? > NH₄ ⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?, while its PM_2.5 counterpart as NH₄ ⁺ > SO₄ ^2? > Ca²⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?. Inspection of the temporal variabilities of ionic components indicated that most ions peaked in spring or fall months. The back trajectory analysis showed that the atmospheric composition of the major ionic species was affected fairly sensitively by long-range transport from China under the favorable meteorological conditions. In contrast, the lowest ionic concentration levels were seen most abundantly, when air masses passed from South Sea. Hence, the analysis of ionic concentration data suggests that their distributions are controlled by the combined effects of various source processes including the most prominent Chinese origin and the meteorological condition favorable for such transport.     

土霉素在土壤中的垂直迁移及其影响因素研究

采用土柱淋溶法,研究了土霉素在土壤中的垂直迁移特性,探讨了不同土壤类型、淋溶体积、淋溶液pH值、施药量等因素对土霉素在土壤中淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明,在红壤、黑钙土、赤红壤3种不同类型的土样中,土霉素的迁移深度为：赤红壤〉红壤〉黑钙土;土霉素主要富集在土壤表层,其含量随土壤深度增加而明显降低;同一深度的土壤中土霉素含量随着淋溶液体积的增加而增大,随pH值增大而减小;土霉素在土层中的含量分布、淋溶深度与其施药量均呈正相关;当淋溶液中含有一定量的土霉素溶液时,土霉素在土壤中的迁移深度明显增加。     

利用染色分析法确定农田土壤中硝态氮垂直运移的研究

利用农田土壤剖面染色并结合田间硝态氮示踪的方法,研究了太湖地区典型的水稻土—白土剖面中优势流和硝态氮在土壤剖面中的运移规律。结果表明:染色法可以分析土壤剖面中大孔隙的分布状况和优势流的路径;染色面积越大的土层,表明该土层的大孔隙含量就越高。在白土剖面上,表层的大孔隙含量最高,20~30 cm和55~100 cm土层以下大孔隙含量都很低。在田间条件下,优势流是影响硝态氮迁移的主要因素;白土剖面中优势流直接影响的最大深度为78 cm,对地下水的影响很大。本试验中地下水的硝态氮含量比未试验前增加了10多倍,这对环境安全影响极大。     

PAM调控土壤养分元素迁移与流失试验研究

[目的]研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对氮磷钾素在砂土中的迁移和淋溶损失的影响,为探索PAM对控制养分元素的迁移、淋溶损失,提高水肥利用率的作用机制提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,共设置5个不同质量分数水平(0,0.02%,0.05%,0.1%和0.2%)的阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺处理组,观察PAM对氮磷钾淋溶和迁移的影响。[结果]PAM能降低土壤淋溶液中的氮浓度,各PAM处理组与对照组相比,土壤淋溶液中氮浓度降低了28.8%~45.5%,同时能抑制土壤中的氮向下迁移;PAM促进了土壤对氮的吸附与固定,各处理组土壤中的氮含量与对照组相比增加了135.2%~285.7%;PAM能够降低土壤淋溶液中的钾浓度,各PAM处理组与对照组相比,土壤淋溶液中钾浓度降低了33.2%~51.8%,同时能抑制土壤中的钾向下迁移;PAM促进了土壤对钾的吸附与固定,各处理组土壤中的钾含量与对照组相比增加了42.5%~65.7%;PAM不能减少土壤溶液中磷的淋溶损失,对土壤吸附固定磷没有明显的作用,反而减弱了土壤对磷的吸附固定能力。[结论]土壤中施加PAM能有效减少氮、钾在土壤中的淋溶损失,增加土壤对氮、钾的保持固定作用,但对磷的作用效果并不理想。     

Modelling Multi-Ion Transport in Saturated Soil and Parameter Estimation. II: Experimental

Multi-ion miscible displacement experiments were conducted

1 This paper is based on the M.S. thesis of the senior author. Chen Wenlin is now Research Associate at the Institute of Geography of the Academia Sinica, Beijing 100012, P.R. China.

with saturated soil columns under steady-state flow conditions. The experiments were carried out with four ionic species (Ca² Na⁺, SO₄2 and CI and the columns were 30 cm long. The experimental data were used to evaluate the multi-ion convective-dispersive miscible displacement model, developed in Part I of this study. Some parameters needed for this model were estimated with simplex and nonlinear least-square fitting methods. It was found that the model described the observed break through curves satisfactorily, when the soil matrix-solute interaction was described as an exchange process instead of an adsorption process.     

Modelling Multi-Ion Transport in Saturated Soil and Parameter Estimation. I: Theory

A coupled convective-dispersive model was developed to describe the solute movement of four ionic species (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, SC₄² and CI) through soil. The model considers precipitation and dissolution of calcium sulfate as well as cation exchange or adsorption during steady-state water flow in saturated soil columns. With the model hypothetical miscible displacement experiments were carried out. The governing partial differential equations were solved numerically with an implicit Crank-Nicolson scheme. With the use of obtained results the effect of various model parameters on the shape of the calculated breakthrough curves was investigated. It was found that the processes of dissolution and precipitation, cation exchange or adsorption do have a definite influence on the shape of the breakthrough curves.     

Distribution of 32 Elements in Organic Surface Soils: Contributions from Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants and Natural Sources

Data are presented for 32 elements (Li, Be, B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi) in organic-rich surface soils in Norway, based on samples from 464 sites. By considering geographical distributions based on isopleths, results from factor analysis, and ANOVA of median values from 12 different geographical regions, the contributions from natural and anthropogenic sources are estimated for each element. Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants from areas out of Norway is a dominant source for Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi and also a strongly contributing factor for Zn, As, Mo, and Tl. Also V, Ni, Cu, and Ge are somewhat affected, but other factors dominate for these elements. Local point sources of pollution provide significant contributions to soil concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd. The local bedrock is the overriding source of Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Rb, Zr, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, and probably of Ge and Ag. Surface enrichment by root uptake in plants and return to the soil surface by decaying plant material is particularly evident for Mn, Zn, Rb, Cs, and Ba. These elements show no clear difference between south and north in the country, indicating that their plant uptake does not depend on latitude. In the case of B and Sr, atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols is an important source. Rb and Ag, and to a less extent Mn, Ga, and Ba, appear to be depleted in soils near the coast presumably due to cation exchange with airborne marine cations.     

Vertical Distribution and Fate of Trace Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sediments of the Seine and Marne Rivers (France)

Trace metals: Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn and persistent organicpollutants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in a fraction ofsediments characterized by a granulometry < 200 μm. Coresfrom 17 to 54 cm depth, were collected at two sites of theSeine river upstream (Port à l'Anglais) and downstream (Saint-Cloud) from Paris and at one site of the Marne river (Saint-Maurice). Marne river sediments displayed higher Cu andPb levels than those of the Seine river. Except for Cd and Cr,contents did not vary notably in the Seine river sediments.Metal contents, except Pb, were significantly correlated withthe sediment fraction which granulometry is < 50 μm,particularly at Port à l'Anglais (p < 0.001). Correlationcoefficients between Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn contents and clayfractions of the cores ranged from 0.85 to 0.99 at both sitesof the Seine river. PCB levels varied widely, ranging from 27to 689 μg kg^-1 and were highly correlated with bothsediment fraction < 50μm and particulate organic carbon(POC) ratio. PAH levels ranged from 2.30 to 41.3 μg g^-1 and displayed the highest values close to dams; theyshowed no correlations with sediment fraction < 50 μm and POC.     

直压立式纱网沙障不同取样季节输沙量变化特征

[目的] 对不同规格纱网沙障春季、夏秋季的输沙量变化特征进行定位连续测定,为进一步评价纱网沙障的固沙效果提供科学依据。[方法] 采用野外定位、定期观测方法,研究不同季节纱网沙障的输沙量变化特征。[结果] 无论是春季,还是夏秋季,设置2 m×2 m,3 m×3 m,3 m×4 m和4 m×4 m的纱网沙障对风沙流的拦截效果随着网格变小而增加,且输沙量随高度变化趋势线均呈现指数关系。来自西北风方向的输沙量大于东南风方向的输沙量,且春季输沙量大于夏秋季输沙量。和对照相比,春季3 m×4 m纱网沙障0—60 cm高度拦截的净输沙量降低了85.98%,而夏秋季降低了79.56%。[结论] 纱网沙障输沙量主要集中在地表20 cm及以下高度范围,并随着纱网沙障规格增加其降低输沙量能力减少。设置纱网沙障能有效减少风沙流危害。