镉胁迫对转基因棉花SGK3和ZD-90种子品质性状的影响

以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,通过盆栽模拟试验,采用ICP-MS技术和NIRS技术测定不同水平镉胁迫下2个棉花品种(系)种子种仁的镉含量和营养成分。结果表明,3个参试的棉花品种(系)种仁中的镉含量随镉处理浓度的增加而显著增加,其中转基因抗虫棉品种SGK3种子种仁的镉含量最高,低、中、高镉浓度处理后的种仁镉含量均显著高于其他品种(系),说明该品种具有较强的镉累积能力。转基因抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90种仁中的镉含量虽显著低于SGK3,但高于甚至显著高于陆地棉标准系TM-1。镉处理可降低棉花种子的物理品质性状,且品种(系)间的差异达到显著水平。3个陆地棉品种中,镉处理对于TM-1的蛋白质、油分和棉酚含量有较大的影响,差异达到了显著水平。而SGK3和ZD-90的种子种仁营养成分受镉处理影响相对较小,不同处理间种仁的营养成分差异未达显著水平。耐镉害能力为SGK3>ZD-90 >TM-1。相关性分析结果表明,棉花种子种仁的镉含量与棉酚含量呈显著负相关,但与其他种子物理品质性状和种仁营养品质性状的相关性未达显著水平。     

转基因抗虫棉种子品质性状的遗传效应及相关性分析

 采用二倍体种子数量性状遗传模型和统计分析方法,分析了陆地棉9个亲本和30个杂交组合的子指、种仁率、仁壳比、蛋白质含量、油分含量和棉酚含量等种子物理性状和营养品质性状的遗传效应、遗传率和遗传相关性。结果表明,所有棉子品质性状均受种子直接遗传效应和母体遗传效应的共同控制,种仁率还受到细胞质效应的影响。子指和仁壳比以母体显性效应为主,蛋白质含量以显性效应为主,油分含量和棉酚含量以母体加性效应为主。遗传相关性分析表明,棉子物理性状和营养品质性状间的显性遗传相关均达到极显著水平,其中子指与蛋白质含量呈极显著显性正相关,子指与油分含量和棉酚含量呈显性负相关。种仁率和仁壳比与3个棉子营养品质性状间的母体遗传相关均达到了极显著水平。     

贮藏时间对麻疯树种子萌发率和总体出油量的影响

以不同年份采收的麻疯树种子为试验材料,研究采后1个月、1年、2年、3年、4年、5年和8年种子的种子百粒重、种仁百粒重、出仁率、种子含水率、种仁含水率、酸值、种仁含油率、主要脂肪酸比例和萌发率变化共11个指标,多元线性回归分析显示,贮藏时间只与萌发率和种仁含水率呈负相关,与油脂酸值呈正相关,贮藏1年后萌发率下降到32％.种仁含油率和出仁率是影响总体出油量的关键因子,它们与贮藏时间未见相关性,但是前者与种仁重量正相关,后者与种子含水率负相关.酸值的增加并未影响除萌发率以外的包括含油率和主要脂肪酸比例等指标.所以,用于扩繁再生的种子最好贮藏1年以内,控制低湿度;作为原料油再加工的种子至少可贮藏5年,可尽量干燥.     

不同脱绒方式对棉花种子活力及萌发期生理特性的影响

以带绒棉花种子为对照,研究了不同脱绒方式对棉花种子活力及萌发期生理特性的影响.结果表明:棉花种子脱绒后,种子吸水速率、种子相对电导率、棉花种子萌发期相对电导率及丙二醛含量显著增加;发芽率、棉芽中可溶性蛋白质与可溶性糖含量明显降低;脱绒处理对棉花种子造成了不同程度的损伤,使其抗低温能力显著降低;相对于硫酸脱绒处理,机械脱绒对保护棉花种子活力及抗低温能力效果较好.     

不同脱绒方式对棉花种子活力及萌发期生理特性的影响

以带绒棉花种子为对照,研究了不同脱绒方式对棉花种子活力及萌发期生理特性的影响。结果表明：棉花种子脱绒后,种子吸水速率、种子相对电导率、棉花种子萌发期相对电导率及丙二醛含量显著增加;发芽率、棉芽中可溶性蛋白质与可溶性糖含量明显降低;脱绒处理对棉花种子造成了不同程度的损伤,使其抗低温能力显著降低;相对于硫酸脱绒处理,机械脱绒对保护棉花种子活力及抗低温能力效果较好。     

不同棉花品种种子活力对低温和人工老化胁迫的反应差异

为探讨棉花种子活力的品种差异及不同种子活力测定方法对棉子活力结果的影响,以17个棉花主栽品种(系)为材料,用简化的标准发芽、低温发芽和人工老化发芽3种方法测定棉花种子活力,并分析种子物理性状与种子活力的相关性。结果表明:3种活力测定方法下不同品种间种子活力均存在较大差异,各活力指标表现趋势也不一致,低温条件主要抑制种子幼苗的生长势,老化条件则主要抑制种子的发芽率。简化的标准发芽的活力指数与2种逆境发芽下的活力指数间的相关性较低。对3种测定方法的种子活力指标进行聚类分析,筛选出中棉所102、新陆中42、湘杂7号、XG39K5、屯杂6号及皖杂9号等高活力品种。低温和人工老化发芽条件显著降低了种子活力与种子各物理性状间的相关性。种子密度和健子率在不同发芽条件下均与种子活力关系最密切,可作为判断棉花种子活力大小的物理指标。     

显性低酚棉新品系种仁营养品质与利用评价

 以自主选育的7个显性无腺体新品系为材料,通过种子性状考察,种仁游离棉酚、脂肪酸和氨基酸含量测定,研究了低酚棉种仁具有重要的油用、食用价值和保健功能。结果表明：4个新品系种仁棉酚含量低于国家食用标准,其中苏显无154、苏显无156棉酚占种仁质量低于3 mg·kg^-1,成为名副其实的无酚棉新种质。低酚新品系种仁粗脂肪含量高于有酚品种,不饱和脂肪酸总含量超过70%,油酸相对含量略低于有酚品种,亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸相对含量以及不饱和脂肪酸总含量与有酚品种相同。低酚新品系种仁色氨酸含量高于常规有酚品种,其它必需氨基酸含量以及氨基酸总含量与有酚品种相近。低酚基因Gl₂^e对棉花种仁脂肪酸、氨基酸组成及其含量未产生负效应。     

不同成熟度棉花种子营养成分与生理生化特征关系研究

为了探讨不同成熟度棉花种子所含营养成分对种子生理生化特性的影响,通过开花当日挂牌标记,获得包括13个样本的种子群体,比较其百粒重、发芽率,粗脂肪、可溶性糖和淀粉含量,同时检测发芽第4天时的MDA、POD、CAT、SOD活性水平。结果表明:1)各样本营养成分含量差异显著,粗脂肪含量较多,可溶性糖含量居中,淀粉含量较少。棉花种子的成熟度主要影响可溶性糖的积累。2)同为棉花种子,百粒重和第4天发芽率2个指标差异不大;种子越大,发芽率越高;受粗脂肪含量和种子成熟度的正向影响。3)种子成熟度影响到萌发期间有毒物质(MDA)的积累,以及CAT和SOD活性。粗脂肪含量影响到MDA浓度和POD活性,可溶性糖含量则影响到CAT和SOD活性。因此,在保证种子质量的前提下,种子成熟度越高,活力越强,越有利于其萌发和利用。     

棉花幼苗和离体根无性系中棉酚的动态变化研究

以陆地棉三对色素腺体近等基因系以及海岛棉不同色素腺体基因型为材料 ,对种子萌发后的子叶、根系和离体根系无性系的棉酚及其旋光体含量进行了系统的分析 ,结果表明 ,有色素腺体棉种子萌发后的子叶棉酚含量呈下降趋势 ,而无色素腺体棉则呈积累趋势 ;棉花根系中的棉酚含量与子叶有相同趋势 ,但变幅显著小于子叶。有色素腺体棉和无色素腺体棉的离体根系无性系中的棉酚含量均随着培养时间而持续增加 ,培养 2 5d的棉花根系无性系中的棉酚含量可达到 0 .8%～0 .9% ,说明棉酚主要由棉花根系合成。棉酚旋光体含量测定结果表明 ,棉花种子萌发初期的子叶左旋棉酚和右旋棉酚含量与其种仁相一致 ,但种子萌发 1 4d后 ,二者的含量几乎相等 ;离体根系无性系 ,以及无色素腺体棉的子叶和根系中的棉酚均为消旋棉酚 ,表明棉花生长过程中合成的棉酚为消旋棉酚。此外 ,本文还就棉酚及其旋光体的合成和代谢进行了讨论。     

IAA对纤维发育阶段棉铃糖代谢的影响

IAA在棉花纤维发育过程中起着重要作用,而棉纤维的发育过程实质上也是糖代谢不断循环的过程,探究IAA对糖代谢的影响,为研究IAA调控纤维发育提供依据。利用转iaaM基因棉花种质IF11,研究棉铃不同部位(胚珠/种仁,纤维,棉铃壳)中糖代谢相关糖分含量(蔗糖,果糖,葡萄糖)和酶活(酸性转化酶,蔗糖合成酶,蔗糖磷酸合成酶)的动态变化。结果表明,IAA不影响各糖分含量及酶活在棉铃中的总体变化趋势,对糖分含量的影响呈"先降后增"的趋势,前期主要是降低棉铃壳中的蔗糖和果糖、种子中的蔗糖含量,后期各部位蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均有增加;IAA对糖代谢相关酶活性有促进作用。     

The Influence of Plant Water Stress on Net Photosynthesis and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of plant water stress on net photosynthesis, leaf growth, yield and yield-related components were investigated in a single experiment in order to determine in which way water deficits affect sunflower yields.
Sunflower plants, grown under controlled temperature regimes, were stressed during budding, anthesis and seed filling by withholding water until the leaf water potential reached -1600 and -2000 kPa. Leaf area of unstressed plants significantly exceeded that of plants under severe stress during all growth stages investigated. The CO₂ uptake rate per unit leaf area as well as the total uptake rate per plant, significantly diminished with stress, while this effect drastically increased during the reproductive phase of the plant. Although this resulted in significantly smaller heads and kernels, it did not affect the number of seeds borne in the inflorescence. Severe stress during anthesis and seed filling resulted in more empty kernels. Moderate and severe stress during budding significantly lowered both grain and oil yields while plants that experienced moderate stress during anthesis and seed filling significantly outyielded those under severe stress.     

Photosynthesis and Remobilization of Dry Matter in Wheat as Affected by Progressive Drought Stress at Stem Elongation Stage

With increasingly erratic rainfall patterns particularly in drought‐prone production systems, the capacity of plants to recover productively from drought spells becomes an important feature for yield stability in rainfed agriculture. Consequently, effects of water management at the stem elongation stage on partitioning and remobilization of dry matter, alteration in photosynthesis and water‐use efficiency (WUE), and yield components of wheat plants were studied in a glasshouse pot experiment. The plants were subjected to three soil moisture regimes: well watered during all phenological stages (WW), drought affected during stem elongation and post‐anthesis stages (DD) and drought affected during stem elongation and rewatered at post‐anthesis stage (DW). Total dry weight substantially decreased by both drought treatments. However, DD plants allocated relatively higher assimilates to roots whereas DW plants remobilized them to the grains. Drought applications resulted in a decrease of grain yield and thousand grain weight while reduction was more pronounced in DD treatment. Relative contribution of post‐anthesis photosynthesis to dry matter formation in grain was higher in WW treatment (72.6 %) than DD (68.5 %) and DW (68.2 %) treatments. Photosynthetic rate, gas exchange and transpiration decreased whereas leaf (photosynthetic) and plant level WUE increased with drought applications. However, all these parameters were rapidly and completely reversed by rewatering. Our findings showed that partitioning of dry weight to grain increases with rewatering of wheat plants subjected to drought during stem elongation phase, but the relative contributions of remobilization of stem reserves and post‐anthesis photosynthesis to grain did not change. Moreover, rewatering of plants at booting stage after a drought period lead to full recovery in photosynthesis and WUE, and a significant although partial recovery of yield components, such as grain yield, TGW and harvest index.     

Sensitivity of Two Quinoa (ChenopodiumquinoaWilld.) Varieties to Progressive Drought Stress

Quinoa (ChenopodiumquinoaWilld.) is a highly nutritious Andean seed crop which shows great potential to grow under a range of hostile environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of drought tolerance of a Bolivian (Achachino) and a Danish (Titicaca) variety, and especially drought‐related adaption strategies. Soil water status was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Relative stomatal conductance (RSC), relative transpiration (RT) and relative leaf water potential (RLW) were calculated by determining stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf water potential of the drought‐treated plants relative to those of fully irrigated plants. The responses of RSC, RT and RLW to decreasing FTSW were described by a linear‐plateau model. The critical value of FTSW was the threshold of FTSW where the parameters studied decreased. The thresholds increased C_S for stomatal conductance, C_T for transpiration and C_Lfor leaf water potential. Achachino showed significantly lower C_T and C_L when compared with Titicaca, implying that transpiration and leaf water potential were less affected under mild drought conditions in the Bolivian variety. C_S in Achachino was significantly higher than C_L and C_T, which indicated that stomatal conductance declined before transpiration and leaf water potential were reduced. Such difference was found in Titicaca where reduction of leaf area had more effect on transpiration than stomatal closure. Slower growth rate and smaller leaf area in combination with a lower stomatal conductance was found to contribute to drought resistance in Achachino. ABA concentration in the xylem sap tended to increase in both varieties after 2 days onset of drought, prior to decline in leaf water potential. Titicaca showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ABA concentration when compared with Achachino under both fully irrigated and drought conditions. Titicaca had higher xylem nutrient concentration in comparison with Achachino in both fully‐watered and drought plants at day 2 after onset of soil drying. It was concluded that Titicaca was more sensitive to progressive drought than Achachino which avoided water loss by means of lower growth rate and smaller leaf area.     

Identification of drought tolerant populations at multi-stage growth phases in temperate maize germplasm

Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses in agriculture worldwide. Drought could increase under the predicted scenario of climate change, particularly in the Mediterranean area. Breeding for drought tolerance requires screening of germplasm in order to identify sources of tolerance; therefore, were evaluated 51 diverse open-pollinated maize populations from various temperate regions under increasing levels of drought at germination, seedling establishment and early growth. There was genetic variability for drought tolerance among populations at all growth phases. Several populations from diverse origins and germplasm groups exhibited high germination across stress treatments. Some of those populations had high ability to sustain root development and showed differential performance depending on the stage of development and the phenotypic aspect considered. In general, BS17 showed high germination rate, fast seedling growth and early vigor under drought. Longlellow and Grano de trigo showed high germination and growth establishment rates, whereas AS3(HT)C3 showed high germination rate and early vigor under drought. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration of Enano Levantino/Hembrilla (ELH) and BS17 populations were not affected by drought. Water use efficiency of BS17, ELH, Northwestern Dent (NWD) and Viana was not affected by drought. Some of these populations are promising sources of drought tolerance which can provide different mechanisms of drought tolerance at different stages of plant development. Therefore, these results open new possibilities of breeding for drought tolerance by combining those mechanisms through crosses among potential donors. Furthermore, these findings indicate that it is worthwhile to study the genetic and biological basis of such mechanisms.     

Drought‐induced osmotic adjustment and changes in carbohydrate distribution in leaves and flowers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Research has indicated osmotic adjustment as a mechanism by which leaves and roots of cotton plants overcome a drought period. However, the relevance of this mechanism in reproductive tissues of modern cultivars under drought has not been fully investigated. The objectives of this study were to measure osmoregulation and carbohydrate balance in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves grown under water‐deficit conditions. Two cotton cultivars were grown under controlled environment and field conditions. Plants were exposed to water‐deficit stress at peak flowering, approximately 70 days after planting. Measurements included stomatal conductance, proline concentration, soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration, and water potential components. Stomatal conductance of drought‐stressed plants was significantly lower compared to control, while osmotic adjustment occurred in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves by different primary mechanisms. Pistils accumulated higher sucrose levels, maintaining cell turgor in plants exposed to drought at similar levels to those in well‐watered plants. However, subtending leaves lowered osmotic potential and maintained cell turgor by accumulating more proline. Soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration in leaves were more affected by drought than those of floral tissues, with corresponding reduction in dry matter, suggesting that flowers are more buffered from water‐deficit conditions than the adjacent leaves.     

Spike formation and seed setting of the main stem and tillers under post-jointing drought in winter wheat

To clarify the influence of post-jointing drought on the ear-bearing and seed-setting characteristics of the main stem and tillers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a pot experiment was conducted with cultivars “Shannong 29” (SN29) and “Heng 0628” (H0628), and five water regimes: mild drought (WR1) and severe drought (WR2) for 0–5 days after jointing, mild drought (WR3) and severe drought (WR4) for 0–10 days after jointing and adequate water supply as a control (CK). The present study focused on primary tillers (appear in the axils of main stem leaves: T1, T2, T3, T4, etc.), as well as on secondary tillers (appear from the bud in the axil of the prophyll: T10 and T20; appear in the axil of the first leaf of the primary tiller T1: T11). The yield components of tillers showed a downward trend with increasing tiller position and drought degree and duration, and the kernels per spike, single kernels weight and grain yield per spike of tillers T2, T3, T10 and T4 decreased more than those of the other tillers. These outcomes may be related to the spike developmental stages at the time of the drought period. Severe drought during the period from when the stamen primordium is first present (Waddington’s stage 4) to when the carpel extends around the three sides of the ovule (Waddington’s stage 5) significantly decreased the seed set of tillers, but short-term (5 days) mild drought during this period and even a short-term severe drought before Waddington’s stage 4 had little effect on the seed set of tillers. The ear-bearing capacity of tillers was determined not only by the spike developmental stage, but also by the gap from the main stem and the competition of nutrition and space between tillers. Although the ear-bearing rate of tillers T3 and T10 decreased rapidly after the short-term mild drought, the increase in the ear-bearing rate of tillers T20 and T11 effectively compensated for the loss of the number of spikes per plant. Therefore, the short-term mild drought at the jointing stage had no significant effect on the grain yield of the two cultivars. The tillers T2, T3, T10 and T4 were sensitive to soil moisture in the jointing stage and had high plasticity. During this period, if timely irrigation improves soil moisture, it is expected to increase the ear-bearing rate and seed set of these tillers, thereby increasing grain yield.     

Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Phenology, Yield and Yield Components of Short-duration Pigeonpea

Nine short-duration pigeonpea genotypes were given adequate soil moisture throughout growth or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) growth stages under field conditions. The stress 1 treatment had no significant effect on the time to flowering. No stress treatment affected maturity or inter-plant flowering synchronization. The interval from a newly opened flower to a mature pod was about 30 days for all genotypes, and was unchanged in plants that were recovenng from stress 1 or undergoing stress 2. Seed yield was reduced to the greatest extent by stress 2 (by 37 %) and not significantly affected by stress 3 for all genotypes. No consistent differences were found between determinate and indeterminate genotypes in the ability to maintain seed yield under both stress 1 and stress 2. The harvest index was significantly reduced (22 %) by stress 2 but not by stress 1. However, under each soil moisture treatment, genotypic differences for seed yield were associated largely with differences in total dry matter production (TDM). For all genotypes, the number of pods m^-2 was the only yield component significantly affected by the water stress treatments. The stability of other yield components should be fully exploited to improve the stability of seed yield under drought conditions (drought resistance). Possible characteristics which may improve the drought resistance of short-duration pigeonpea include the ability to maintain TDM, low flowering synchronization, small pod size with few seeds pod^-1, and large 100-seed mass.     

干旱条件下氮营养对小麦不同抗旱品种生长的影响

在土壤干旱条件下，３米小麦品种叶片水势、饱和渗透势、相对含水量、净光合速率、叶片导度、干物质积累量和籽粒产量均明显降低，且施氮小麦的下降幅度大于不施氮小麦，干旱削弱了氮素营养对小麦生长和产量的促进作用。土壤愈旱，渗透调节作用愈强，适当的氮素营养可增强渗透调节强度，水地型品种对水分和氮素营养均最敏感，其水分状况、游离脯氮酸含量，光合物质生产的产量的变化均较旱地型品种大；旱地型品种受旱时水分状况较稳定     

花期干旱胁迫钝感与敏感水稻保持系的生理特性

以负压式土壤湿度计和取土烘干法双重监控盆栽试验的土壤水势变化,观测我国14个常用水稻保持系的花期耐旱性,并以干旱胁迫指数人为分为钝感、耐旱、不耐旱与敏感4个耐旱等级,其中K22-B、金23-B为花期干旱胁迫钝感材料,珍汕97-B、中9-B为花期干旱胁迫敏感材料,选此4个典型保持系,研究它们对花期干旱胁迫的生理效应。结果表明:(1)花期干旱胁迫钝感保持系稻株比之敏感保持系稻株剑叶与小穗(颖花、籽粒)具有较高水势,缺水引发水稻器官水势下降,剑叶蒸腾速率也因干旱而下降,但下降程度小于敏感材料。(2)钝感与敏感保持系稻株的光合速率并无明显差异,但因干旱胁迫而下降的程度有明显不同,钝感保持系光合速率下降程度小于敏感材料。(3)花期干旱胁迫钝感与敏感保持系花粉数/花药相似,也不因花期干旱胁迫而明显下降(P0.05),花粉粒充实度与柱头着粒花粉的发芽率也不因花期干旱胁迫而明显变化(P0.05),干旱胁迫敏感保持系稻株的花药开裂度与柱头上花粉着粒数均低于钝感保持系稻株。总之,对花期干旱胁迫钝感的保持系稻株比之敏感保持系稻株经干旱胁迫,保持较高的器官水势与蒸腾速率,有利于花药开裂与柱头着粉受精,维持相对较高的光合效率与物质转移效率,有益受精籽粒灌浆成熟。     

土壤水分调控对高产冬小麦生理特性及产量影响

采用田间防雨旱棚方法研究了高产小麦分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期的三个生育时期在不同水分胁迫下,冬小麦生理特性指标的变化、产量构成因素及最终产量的变化。结果表明：冬小麦各个生育时期对水分胁迫反应有显著差别,主要表现为光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势等方面;生育后期比生育前期对水分敏感性强,产量受后期水分影响较大;根据各时期光合速率、蒸腾速率、最终产量等指标得出高产冬小麦合理节水灌溉指标主要为各生育期田间持水量分蘖前期为45%~50%,分蘖后期到孕穗前期为55%~60%,孕穗后期至灌浆期要维持60%~65%左右。这种条件下可以获得较合理的生物产量和经济效益。