滇池沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征

本文利用BCR三步提取法对滇池沉积物中的重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)形态进行了详细研究.结果表明,表层沉积物中的Cd和Zn主要以可提取态(即弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态)存在,其中,Cd在弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态中的含量分别为35.0%、49.7%和12.9%;Zn在三者中的含量也分别达到了17.6%、16.6%和21.4%.而Cr、Cu和Pb主要以残渣态存在,其含量分别为88.5%、59.2%和81.8%.表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征为草海含量最高,其次为外海北部和南部,开阔湖中心区域含量最低.除Cr和Cu外,其他可提取态重金属的总含量随着采样深度的增加而减少.     

盘龙江口滇池沉积物重金属的分布及污染评价

对盘龙江口滇池沉积物重金属的分布进行了研究并对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn在表层沉积物中的含量较高(Pb在中层的含量较高),且随采样深度的增加含量递减,这几种元素的含量顺序基本为Zn>Cu>Cr=Pb>Cd。表层沉积物中各元素之间的相关性较差,中层和底层的相关性较好。表层沉积物重金属与颗粒的相关性较差。除底层沉积物中的重金属与有机质达到显著或极显著相关外,表层和中层的相关性都较差。所研究重金属(除Pb外)随与河口距离的增加,含量降低。利用地积累指数对该河口重金属的污染进行评价,发现重金属污染都在中等程度以上,其污染程度顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu=Pb>Cr,表明盘龙江入滇池口区的沉积物已受到严重污染。     

滇池外海沉积物中滴滴涕类农药的残留特征

滴滴涕类农药(DDTs)既是环境内分泌干扰物,也是持久性有机污染物,为了解滇池沉积物中DDTs的残留水平,本文采集滇池外海的18个表层沉积物样品,分析其DDTs农药的残留量,结果表明:1滇池沉积物中∑DDTs农药的含量为0.2~4.9 ng/g(干重),p,p′-DDE和p,p′-DDD是目前滇池外海表层沉积物中DDTs农药最主要的赋存组分,含量检测平均值为1.14 ng/g(干重)和0.78 ng/g(干重);2沉积物中的DDTs主要来源于历史残留,未发现新的污染源输入;3多数点位的WDDD/WDDE1,表明DDTs的降解环境以好氧条件为主;4滇池外海沉积物中DDTs的残留水平低于已有报道的国内其他水体,空间分布呈现北部湖区高于中部和南部湖区的特征。     

渭河(咸阳段)表层沉积物中重金属形态分布特征

采用欧共体修正BCR四步连续提取法对渭河(咸阳段)的表层沉积物的重金属(Pb,Cr,Cu,Ni,Mn和Zn)形态进行了研究.结果表明,Cr,Ni和Zn主要以残渣态的形式存在,分别为97.91%,66.36%和73.68%,表现出很高的稳定性.而Pb和Mn仅在乙酸提取态含量分别达27.66%和38.49%时表现出一定的生物有效性和潜在危害性."非稳定态"重金属的空间分布特征是沣河渭河交汇处上游位含量最高,其次为渭河3号桥下,沣河渭河交汇处下游含量最低.     

荣成天鹅湖沉积物中重金属的分布特征研究

通过对表层沉积物中重金属及粒度的分析,研究了荣成天鹅湖重金属的含量水平及分布特征,并对沉积物的环境质量进行了初步评价。结果表明,天鹅湖重金属的总体水平较低,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量均低于国家海洋沉积物I类质量标准,其中Cr和Pb存在轻度污染。Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量范围分别为0～0.84、1.75～116.11、1.50～29.06、17.36～27.25、2.00～34.98mg.kg-1和11.48～92.61mg.kg-1,平均含量排序为Zn〉Cr〉Pb〉Cu、Ni〉Cd。天鹅湖重金属的富集状况与沉积物的粒度以及人类活动密切相关,大部分元素的高值区出现在颗粒较细的湖中央以及污染严重的西北部,东南部含量较低。相关分析表明,各重金属之间的相关性较好,其中Cd、Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe间呈高度的正相关,空间分布规律相似;重金属与有机质、粘粒含量呈极显著正相关,而与砂粒呈极显著负相关。根据加拿大制定的沉积物评价标准,天鹅湖沉积物中Cr具有较大的生态危害性。     

滇池水和沉积物中氮磷空间变化

Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus (TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the KoN and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.     

受土壤类型和金属负荷量影响的重金属形态分布

Two series of soil subsamples, by spiking copper(Cu),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)in an orthogonal design,were prepared using red soil and brown soil,respectively.The results indicated that heavy metal fractions in these soil subsamples depended not only on soil types,but also on metal loading quantity as well as on interactions among metals in soil.Lead and Cu in red soil appeared mostly in weakly specifically adsorbed(WSA),Fe and Mn oxides bound(OX),and residual(RES)fractions.Zine cxisted in all fractions except organic bound one,and Cd was major in water soluble plus exchangeable(SE)one.Different from the results of red soil,Pb and Cu was present in brown soil in all fractions except organic one,but over 75% of Zn and 90% of Cd existed only in SE fraction.Meanwhile,SE fraction for any metal in red soil was lower than that in brown soil and WSA and OX fractions were higher.It is in agreernent with low cation exchange capacity and large amounts of metal oxides included in red soil.Metal fractions in soil,especially for water soluble plus exchangeable one ,were obviously influenced by other coexisting metals.The SE fraction of heavy metals increased with increasing loading amounts of metals in red soil but not obviously in brown soil,which suggest that metal availability be easily affected by their total amounts spiked in red soil.In addition,more metals in red soil were extracted with 0.20 mol L^-1 NH4Cl（pH5.40）than that with 1.0 mol L^-1 Mg(NO3)2(pH7.0),but the reverse happened in brown soil,implicating significantly different mechanisms of metal desorption from red soil and brown soil.     

天鹅湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的分布特征

在荣成天鹅湖选取20个代表性样点,研究了表层沉积物中总氮、总磷、有机质和重金属的水平及分布状况,并对沉积物的环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,沉积物中总氮、总磷和有机质含量主要变化在0.6～1.2 g/kg,0.2～0.4 g/kg,5.0～20.0 g/kg之间,分别平均为0.85,0.35,19.89 g/kg;三生源要素的空间分布规律类似,其中有机质的变异程度较大.重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的平均含量分别为0.37,50.09,16.02,16.48,53.02,22.17 mg/kg,其中Cd、Cu、Zn的分布趋势类似,Cr和Ni相差不大.天鹅湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的空间分布很不均衡,污染物质的累积与该区域的污染状况及沉积物粒度关系密切,北部人为活动频繁区和颗粒较细区含量较高,东近岸区及南部较低.与其它湖泊相比,天鹅湖沉积物中总磷和重金属的总体水平较低,Cr和Pb元素有所污染.据加拿大制定的沉积物评价标准,目前天鹅湖沉积物中污染物质不会产生大的生态毒性效应.     

滇池沉积物总氮的时空变化特征研究

采用GPS定位,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性样点沉积物总N含量进行为期1年的动态监测,分析了不同区域、不同层次、不同时期滇池沉积物总N的变化.结果表明全湖全年沉积物总N的平均含量为4.91g/kg,年变化范围是4.13～5.41 g/kg,呈现明显的季节性变化,总体趋势夏季高、冬季低,但不同区域变化高峰和趋势不同.沉积物总N层次变化差异显著,表现为表层＞中层＞底层,各层次年变化范围分别为表层3.54～9.10g/kg、中层2.72～8.04 g/kg、底层1.23～5.37g/kg.各区域沉积物总N平均含量以海埂和罗家村最高,斗南和新街较低.     

土壤和沉积物中重金属形态分析

介绍了一种土壤和沉积物中重金属形态分析方法,将重金属的形态分为水溶态、弱酸态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态,用水提取水溶态,0.11 mol/L的醋酸提取弱酸态,0.5 mol/L的盐酸羟胺提取可还原态,过氧化氢和1.0 mol/L的醋酸铵提取可氧化态,盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸提取残渣态.方法适用于Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Co、Mn、Mo、As、Sb、Ni等 11种重金属元素的形态分析研究,检出限在0.001 ～ 1 μg/g 之间,方法的精密度＜11%(RSD).     

滇池沉积物的功能: 磷源还是磷库?

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic: conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

滇池沉积物铵态氮的时空变化特征研究

沉积物在湖泊氮、磷循环和水体富营养化过程中起着重要作用。本研究应用GPS定位技术,于2003年5月至2004年5月,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性样点沉积物铵态氮含量进行为期1 a的动态监测,全面分析了滇池不同区域、不同层次、不同时期沉积物铵态氮的动态变化特征。结果表明,滇池沉积物铵态氮平均含量为74.57 mg kg-1,全湖沉积物铵态氮平均含量年变化范围是45.55~170.1mg kg-1。沉积物铵态氮因季节变化其变化幅度很大,各区域沉积物铵态氮含量总体趋势夏季高、冬季低,但不同位点变化高峰和趋势不同。不同层次沉积物铵态氮含量变化随季节而变化,夏季为表层(0~5 cm)中层(5~10 cm)底层(10~20 cm),冬季为中层表层和底层。表层、中层、底层沉积物铵态氮含量的变化范围分别为18.71~172.9mg kg-1、29.55~192.2mg kg-1、19.93~123.8mg kg-1。各区域沉积物铵态氮平均含量以罗家村最高,斗南最低。沉积物铵态氮与水体铵态氮、水体pH呈显著正相关,与沉积物有效磷呈显著负相关,暗示了沉积物铵态氮是水体氮的源和库,并影响着沉积物中磷的释放。     

氧化势影响下的滇池沉积物孔隙水磷浓度变化

The sediment redox potential was raised in the laboratory to estimate reduction of internal available phosphorus loads, such as soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） and total phosphorus （TP）, as well as the main elements of sediment extracts in Dianchi Lake. Several strongly reducing substances in sediments, which mainly originated from anaerobic decomposition of primary producer residues, were responsible for the lower redox potential. In a range of -400 to 200 mV raising the redox potential of sediments decreased TP and SRP in interstitial water. Redox potentials exceeding 320 mV caused increases in TP, whereas SRP maintained a relatively constant minimum level. The concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Na^＋ and S in interstitial water were also related to the redox potential of sediments, suggesting that the mechanism for redox potential to regulate the concentration of phosphorus in interstitial water was complex.     

滇池底泥中氮素空间分布异质性分析

采用传统统计与地统计学相结合的方法,对滇池底泥0-5,5-10,10-20 cm中的全氮、有机氮、铵态氮进行了空间变异特征研究.结果表明,3层底泥中不同形态氮的空间变异性均较大.结构性因素对0-5 cm底泥中全氮影响比较大,而随机性因素和结构性因素对0-5 cm和10-20 cm这两层底泥中的铵态氮以及10-20 cm中的3种形态氮的影响相近.从整个滇池来看,3层底泥中3种形态氮的含量均呈现自北向南递减,各种形态氮均在湖泊中心出现较深颜色的斑块,说明底泥氮有向湖泊中间沉积的趋势.同时随着深度的增加,3种形态氮在空间分布的颜色深浅是0-5 cm>5-10 cm>10-20 cm,可见底泥中氮的累积逐年增加,滇池污染有加重的倾向.     

成都市人工湖塘沉积物中重金属分布特征及污染评价

以成都市经济区内人工湖塘作为研究对象,分析湖塘沉积物中重金属元素的分布规律。利用地积累指数评价,结果表明沉积物中重金属地积累指数大小顺序为:Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>As。湖塘沉积物中Hg是主要污染物质,属强-极强污染,其次是Cd,Pb,Cu属强污染,靠近工业区的东湖沉积物污染最为严重,其次是近郊区的青龙渔场,远郊的朝阳水库污染较轻。     

不同水动力下湖泊沉积物重金属释放通量

为探讨不同水动力下湖泊沉积物重金属释放通量,该文在室内可循环式水槽试验中模拟了动水条件下沉积物的运动,试验时通过控制闸门开关改变水槽内水体流速,探讨了不同水动力下沉积物的悬浮与释放规律。以鄱阳湖沉积物为水槽试验沉积物,通过分析沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb浓度的变化,建立了当沉积物粒径为50~200μm时,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb释放通量与流速的关系式。结果表明:释放通量随水体流速增大呈指数增长,当流速分别为15、35、65 cm/s时,Cu释放通量分别为45.82、65.18、127.16 mg/(m~2·d);Zn为104.35、139.82、220.5 mg/(m~2·d);Cd为0.116、0.163、0.28 mg/(m~2·d);Pb为4.78、6.72、11.57 mg/(m~2·d),鄱阳湖水体重金属浓度计算值与实测值误差在5%~20%范围内。研究结果可为湖泊重金属污染控制及治理提供科学依据。     

滇池流域建设用地景观格局与滇池水质关系分析

运用灰色关联度分析法,研究了高原湖滨区滇池流域建设用地的景观格局指数与滇池水体的TN,TP浓度变化之间的关系。结果表明,1988-2008年,滇池草海与外海TN,TP浓度呈不断上升的趋势;滇池流域建设用地斑块的团聚程度和整合性升高,建设用地斑块间距离变小,大面积的建设用地增多,且建设用地斑块形状趋于复杂,具有不规则的特征;滇池流域建设用地对水质的影响与其景观空间格局关系密切,特别是聚合度和面积加权的平均斑块分维数。要保证该地区迅速发展的城市化背景下的水环境安全,滇池流域土地利用调整的基本方向是在湖滨带地区,保留足够的生态用地,避免建设用地的过度整合及大面积建设用地的形成。     

滇池宝象河流域水体氮素特征及影响因素

非点源流失的氮是造成水体污染的主要因素之一.通过对滇池宝象河6个点位沟渠水和河道水体氮素的动态监测,研究了流域水体氮污染特征和影响因素.结果表明,农田沟渠水总氮平均浓度高于相应河道水总氮浓度,沟渠水总氮平均浓度范围为3.86～22.86 mg/L,河道水总氮浓度3.14～6.63 mg/L,总体趋势是从上游到下游水体氮素浓度逐渐升高、并且沟渠水体和河道水体氮素随时间变化呈现同样的趋势.农田沟渠水与河道水体总氮之间、农田沟渠水总氮与沟渠周边表层土壤全氮及沟渠沉积物全氮均呈显著相关性.