DTOPSIS法对云蔗05型甘蔗品系的综合评价

采用DTOPSIS法对云蔗05型9个甘蔗品系品比试验进行综合评价。评价结果表明:品系云蔗05-49、云蔗05-51综合性状优于双对照,云蔗05-39及云蔗05-211优于ROC16(CK2),次于ROC22(CK1)。上述4个品系应重点试验和评价,其余综合性状次于双对照的品系,仍需作进一步观察试验或直接淘汰。     

云蔗04系列新品系综合评价

采用DTOPSIS综合评价法,以10项工农艺性状作为评价指标,对自育2004系列第一套品比参试品系进行综合评价,并比较了公顷蔗茎产量和11月至次年2月公顷舍糖量.综合评价结果表明:云蔗04-516、云蔗04-622、云蔗04-621和云蔗04-296综合性状优良,优于双对照,云蔗04-139和云蔗04-841综合性状较双对照差,其他品系介于双对照之间.云蔗04-622和云蔗04-621已推荐参加第十一套省甘蔗品种区域化试验.     

应用DTOPSIS法综合评价甘蔗自育品系

用DTOPSIS法对10个甘蔗自育品系进行了综合评价,结果表明,综合性状优于新台糖22号(对照)的有桂垦08-174,可作为下一步试验的备选品系,其余品系综合性状差于对照,仍需进一步试验观察或淘汰。     

云瑞06型甘蔗新品系DTOPSIS法综合评价

采用DTOPSIS法对12个云瑞06系列新品系进行了综合评价.结果表明:综合性状表现优于双对照的是云瑞06-241、云瑞06-1717、云瑞06-2921、云瑞06-6032四个品系,优于ROCIO的是云瑞06-2417、云瑞06-2885、云瑞06-6021,可以考虑进一步繁殖、示范、推广应用.     

国家第九轮区试瑞丽点甘蔗新品系DTOPSIS法评价

为了客观、公正地评价参试甘蔗品种特性与生产利用价值,筛选优良新品系,采用DTOPSIS法对国家第九轮区试12个(含两对照)甘蔗新品系云南瑞丽点两新一宿的出苗率、单茎重、蔗糖分、有效茎数、蔗茎产量、出汁率、重力纯度等工、农艺性状进行综合评价。结果表明:福农1110、柳城05-136、云蔗05-49、福农0335、德蔗03-83、云瑞06-189、云蔗06-80的综合表现优于双对照ROC22(CK1)和粤糖93-159(CK2),粤甘40、闽糖01-77、粤甘42的综合表现比双对照低。评价结果与实际生产表现相吻合。     

自育甘蔗新品系的DTOPSIS法综合评估

应用DTOPSIS法对四川省植物工程研究院选育的7个甘蔗新品系进行了综合评估,结果表明,综合性状优于川蔗13号（对照）的有川糖04-6227、川糖01-707、川糖03-1424、川糖02-906,可作为下一步试验的备选品系,其余品系综合性状差于对照,仍需进一步试验观察或淘汰。     

云瑞09系列甘蔗品系材料的同异分析

采用同异分析法对11个云瑞09系列品系材料的2年新植1年宿根的试验结果,进行综合分析,结果表明,云瑞09-315、云瑞09-882、云瑞09-826和云瑞09-838四个品系材料表现优秀,均优于双对照粤糖93-159(CK1)和ROC22(CK2);其次云瑞09-895、云瑞09-637和云瑞09-991表现良好,也都优于双对照。上述7个品系材料需进一步重点扩繁观察,结合同异分析综合评价结果以期为云瑞系列品系材料在云南湿润气候生态区及其相似蔗区推广应用提供参考依据。其余材料综合性状皆次于双对照,仍需作进一步试验观察或给予淘汰。     

DTOPSIS法综合评价甘蔗创新种质

运用DTOPSIS法对17份甘蔗创新种质及两份对照种进行综合评价。结果表明,云野07-58、云野06-34、云野06-28、云野07-129、云野06-464、云野07-99、云野06-141、云野07-133八份材料的综合性状优于双对照,云野07-124、云野06-185、云野07-98、云野07-114、云野07-10、云野06-216、云野07-100、云野06-168优于ROC10,次于ROC22,该组材料可作进一步试验观察,云野06-207次于双对照种,予以淘汰。     

云瑞05系列甘蔗品系的综合评价及亲系分析

利用DTOPSIS法对云瑞05系列7个甘蔗品系材料两年新植1年宿根的试验结果进行了综合评价,结果与生产实际相符,除云瑞05-196外,其余6个参试材料的综合性状均优于对照粤糖93-159;进入云南省区试的云瑞05-596、云瑞05-704综合性状表现分别住居第一、二位,为最优品系;参试材料的综合表现随其野生种质血缘世代数升高而逐渐变差;综合评价及亲系分析,支持了"野生种质血缘2～4代可重点作为商业杂交亲本利用"的研究结果.     

国家第六轮甘蔗品种区试云南瑞丽点DTOPSIS法综合评价

利用DTOPSIS对参加国家甘蔗品种第六轮区试的13个品种,在云南瑞丽点两年新植1年宿根的品比结果,进行了综合分析,结果:闽糖95-261、福农99-20169、粤甘18号、福农02-3924、闽糖96-6016、桂引6号、粤甘16号、桂辐98-296、云蔗99-91九个品种的综合表现优于双对照ROC16(CK1)和粤糖93-159(CK2),适宜在湿热生态型蔗区推广应用;Rb76-5418的综合表现优于ROC16(CK1)。评价结果与糖产量排序基本一致,与甘蔗品种在云南瑞丽蔗区的实际表现吻合。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.