土耳其东毕吸虫原肌球蛋白基因的克隆

根据日本血吸虫原肌球蛋白cDNA序列和曼氏血吸虫的原肌球蛋白cDNA序列M27512的保守区设计引物，采用RT-PCR方法，成功克隆了土耳其东毕吸虫的原肌球蛋白全长cDNA序列。测序结果表明，TM序列全长1125bp，5’非翻译区为1bp～124bp，3’非翻译区为980bp～1125bp，开放阅读框为125bp～979bp，编码284个氨基酸。将该序列与其他血吸虫的序列进行同源性比较，结果与埃及血吸虫的TM同源性为90％，与曼氏血吸虫、日本血吸虫的TM同源性均为88％，该基因已经提交GenBank，序列号为》N560898。     

Retinoic Acid Receptor α and Retinoic Acid Receptor γ in Lateolabrax japonicas : cDNA Cloning and Gene Expression Analysis

本文旨在研究鲈鱼视黄酸受体α(RARα)和视黄酸受体γ(RARγ)的结构及其基因的组织表达特点.采用反转录PCR和cDNA末端快速克隆(RACE)技术,从鲈鱼肝脏中克隆得到RARα和RARγ全长cDNA序列.检测鲈鱼肝脏、肌肉、心脏、眼、肠、肾脏、脂肪、脾脏、鳃和大脑10个组织中RARα和RARγ基因的表达情况.结果表明:1)鲈鱼RARα cDNA全长2 094 bp,5 ′端和3 ′端的非翻译区分别为124和608 bp,开放阅读框为1 362 bp,推测编码453个氨基酸,分子质量为50.64 ku,理论等电点为8.20.2)RARγcDNA全长1 671 bp,其中包括36 bp的5′端非翻译区、129 bp的3′端的非翻译区和1 506 bp的开放阅读框,共编码501个氨基酸,分子质量为56.20 ku,理论等电点为4.96.3)鲈鱼RARα和RARγ都具有典型的核受体结构,两者氨基酸序列同源性高达63.1％.鲈鱼的RARα和RARγ与红鳍东方鲀有较高的同源性,分别为96.9％和95.2％.4)RARα和RARγ基因在所有检测组织中均有表达,其中RARα基因在心脏和大脑中表达较少,在眼、鳃和肠中表达较高,而RARγ基因仅在鳃和脾脏中有较高表达.总之,本试验成功克隆了鲈鱼RARα和RARγ的全长cDNA;鲈鱼RARα和RARγ有着典型的核受体结构,在各组织中广泛分布.     

野桑蚕羧酸酯酶基因(BmmCarE-2)的克隆及表达分析

羧酸酯酶参与昆虫对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯等杀虫剂抗性的产生。通过反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法克隆了一个野桑蚕羧酸酯酶全长基因(BmmCarE-2)。序列分析表明该基因包含1个1 623 bp的开放读码框,有57 bp的cDNA5′端非翻译区序列(5′UTR)和79 bp的cDNA3′端非翻译区序列(3′UTR),编码540个氨基酸,GenBank登录号为EU328351。序列比对分析表明BmmCarE-2与家蚕羧酸酯酶基因BmCarE-2(GenBank登录号:DQ311250)的氨基酸序列相似性最高,达98.9%。利用半定量RT-PCR进行组织表达分析表明,BmmCarE-2在野桑蚕幼虫的头部和脂肪体表达量较高,在丝腺和中肠稍低,而在血液中的表达量最低。     

家蚕泛素结合酶新基因的克隆与基因组结构及5′调控区分析

在家蚕丝腺cDNA文库测序过程中,发现一个编码家蚕泛素结合酶的EST序列,利用3′RACE方法克隆了一个新的家蚕泛素结合酶基因cDNA全长序列,命名为BmUCE2 I(GenBank登录号为DQ219874)。家蚕BmUCE2 I基因全长cDNA由465 bp的开放阅读框序列(ORF)、97 bp的5′端非翻译区序列(5-′UTR)和237 bp的3′端非编码区序列(3-′UTR)组成,其编码的154个氨基酸与其他真核生物间具有较高的同源性。利用BmUCE2 I的EST片断作探针,通过筛选家蚕噬菌体基因组文库,获得了家蚕BmUCE2 I基因组序列和5′调控序列。BmUCE2 I基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成,在5′端上游调控区域没有类似TATA盒元件,但在-219~-268 bp的区域存在一个50bp的启动子序列,此外还存在CF2-Ⅱ、FTZ、DFD、BRCZ2、DL、STAT、PRD-HD等多个转录因子结合位点。家蚕泛素结合酶新基因的克隆、基因结构及5′调控区的分析为进一步研究泛素蛋白水解酶复合通路相关基因的调控规律提供了重要依据。     

家蚕真核翻译起始因子3f基因结构与表达研究

在对家蚕5龄丝腺cDNA文库测序的过程中,发现一个编码家蚕翻译起始因子基因(eIF3f)的EST序列。利用电子克隆、3′RACE(3′rapid amplification of cDNA ends)方法克隆了家蚕eIF3f基因cDNA序列全长,命名为eIF3f(GenBank登录号为DQ868530)。家蚕eIF3f基因cDNA全长为1 009 bp,由870 bp的开放阅读框序列(openreading frame,ORF)、55 bp的5′端非翻译区序列(5′-UTR)和65 bp的3′端非编码区序列(3′-UTR)组成,编码289个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比较分析显示,家蚕eIF3f与其他物种的eIF3f都具有翻译起始功能所必需的JAB_MPN结构域。家蚕eIF3f基因组结构分析:该基因由5个外显子和4个内含子组成;5′调控序列存在E74A、DFD、DRI等多个潜在的转录因子结合位点,但没有TATA盒启动子序列。家蚕eIF3f基因的表达在不同组织和不同发育时期存在差异,eIF3f是一种负调控翻译起始因子。研究结果有助于进一步研究真核翻译起始因子的相关基因调控规律。     

白颖苔草热激转录因子基因的克隆及其序列分析

白颖苔草(Carex rigescens(Franch.)V.Krecz.)的热激转录因子基因是重要的耐热候选基因。通过序列多重比对设计简并引物,扩增出白颖苔草的热击转录因子基因cDNA的中间片断,并在此基础上利用RACE技术得到3′端cDNA片段和5′端cDNA片段。结果表明:通过序列拼接获得该基因的全长cDNA(1226bp),命名为CrHSF。序列分析表明其含有一个完整的开放阅读框(103～1023bp),编码蛋白质含有306个氨基酸,分子量为38.75kDa,等电点为5.85。CrHSF的氨基酸序列与OsHSF的同源性为59%,与已知的其他热激转录因子也具有较高的同源性。在CrHSF的氨基酸序列中没有预测到信号肽以及跨膜区域,但是具有多种翻译后修饰的加工位点。     

一个新的家蚕锌指蛋白基因的克隆及基因组结构分析

锌指蛋白是一类能与细胞内核酸特异结合 ,调控基因表达活性 ,对细胞分裂、分化、胚胎发育及个体生长有重要作用的转录因子。从家蚕 5龄丝腺组织cDNA文库中克隆了一个具有锌指结构的新基因 ,命名为BmZFP基因 (GenBank登录号 :AY75 36 5 9) ,其cDNA全长为 180 9bp ,编码 14 3个氨基酸 ,3′端非翻译区 (3′ untranslatedregion ;3′ UTR)达 1332bp碱基序列。BmZFP氨基酸序列推测有 6个功能结构域 ,是一种CCHC型锌指蛋白。虽然BmZFP氨基酸序列与人、大鼠和小鼠的相关锌指蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性只有 33%左右 ,但 6个功能域中的Cys(C)和His(H)却完全匹配 ,推测其功能与人、大鼠和小鼠的相关锌指蛋白有相似性。BmZFP基因序列的结构分析表明 :该基因由 2个外显子和 1个 14 86bp碱基序列的内含子组成 ,在 5′端上游 - 182～ - 2 2 2区域存在一个启动子元件 ,但不是典型的TATA盒启动子。     

中国驯鹿生长素(ghrelin)全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE),在本课题组已获得的驯鹿ghrelin cDNA的部分片段的基础上进行3′和5′RACE。结果成功克隆出驯鹿ghrelin cDNA的3′和5′末端序列,从而得到604bp的驯鹿ghrelin cDNA全序列,其中包含57bp 5′非翻译区(UTR)、405bp的开放读码框(ORF)、128bp的3′UTR和poly(A)14。405bp的ORF编码134个氨基酸残基的前原ghrelin(preproghrelin),其中包含41个氨基酸残基的N末端信号肽,27个氨基酸残基的成熟肽及66个氨基酸残基的C末端肽。序列同源性比较显示驯鹿ghrelin cDNA与山羊、绵羊和牛的同源性分别是92.0%、90.8%和89.5%;与猪和人的同源性分别是69.5%和65.2%;与鸡的同源性仅为33.8%。表明ghrelin的结构具有明显的种属特异性。驯鹿Ghrelin cDNA全序列的获得为进一步研究其生理作用奠定了基础。     

家蚕质型多角体病毒感染应答的假定蛋白基因全长cDNA克隆与表达特征分析

在感染家蚕质型多角体病毒(BmCPV)的家蚕中肠组织中发现一个差异表达的假定蛋白基因。利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆了该假定蛋白基因的全长cDNA。用生物信息学方法进行基因序列与结构分析表明:该基因全长cDNA序列为486bp,包含108bp的5′端非翻译区序列(5′-UTR)和153bp的3′端非翻译区序列(3′-UTR),开放阅读框(ORF)为225bp,编码74个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量为6.888kD,等电点为5.27;该基因由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,ORF位于第2外显子内,编码蛋白含二次跨膜结构,多肽链表现为疏水性,在多肽链上的第15～16氨基酸残基可能是信号肽的切割位点。RT-PCR结果显示该基因在家蚕5龄幼虫的丝腺、血液、脂肪体、生殖腺及中肠组织中均有表达;荧光定量PCR结果表明该基因在感染Bm-CPV的家蚕中肠组织中的表达水平为正常家蚕中肠组织的6.28倍。研究结果为进一步解析该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

野桑蚕肌球蛋白轻链2基因(MLC2)的克隆和序列分析

利用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆了野桑蚕间接飞行肌(in-direct flight muscle,IFM)的肌球蛋白轻链2(myosin light chain2,MLC2)基因(GenBank登录号:EU332913),其cDNA序列全长979 bp,包括63 bp的5′端非翻译区序列(5′-UTR)、603 bp的开放读码框(ORF)、终止密码子TAA和310bp的3′端非翻译区序列(3′-UTR)。克隆该基因的内含子序列并分析基因结构表明,该基因包括3个外显子和2个内含子,编码201个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子质量约22.0 kD,等电点4.67。用在线软件SMART分析显示,野桑蚕MLC2蛋白有2个Ca2+结合基序(EFh)结构域,可以结合Ca2+,属于肌钙蛋白C超家族成员,并且含有保守的可以磷酸化的氨基酸残基,有可能具有磷酸化过程,参与肌动球蛋白ATPase活性的调节。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.