饲用微生物菌种对丝羽乌骨鸡的影响

为研究日粮中添加活性酵母干细胞和枯草芽孢杆菌对丝羽乌骨鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肠长度的影响,将50只28日龄丝羽乌骨鸡随机分成5组,每组10只鸡.试验1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮.试验2～5组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.2％活性酵母干细胞、1％活性酵母干细胞、0.2％枯草芽孢杆菌和1％枯草芽孢杆菌,进行为期28 d的饲养.试验结果表明:1％活性酵母干细胞和1％枯草芽孢杆菌可显著提高丝羽乌骨鸡日增质量,降低料肉比.添加活性酵母干细胞可显著提高丝羽乌骨鸡的全净膛质量.1％枯草芽孢杆菌组丝羽乌骨鸡的胸肌质量显著高于其他4组,且其他4组间差异不显著.添加活性酵母干细胞和枯草芽孢杆菌显著提高丝羽乌骨鸡的屠宰率和空回比,其中1％活性酵母干细胞和1％枯草芽孢杆菌可显著增加丝羽乌骨鸡空肠长度.     

耐药大肠杆菌中药抑制剂对乌骨鸡某些免疫指标的影响

为了探讨耐药大肠杆菌中药抑制剂(加减三黄汤)对塞北乌骨鸡的免疫保护作用,试验将常规饲养60 d后的塞北乌骨鸡雏鸡随机分为5组,即阴性对照组、阳性对照组、试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,试验组每天灌服浓度为2 g/mL的中药抑制剂1.5,1.0,0.5 mL,连续7 d.除阴性对照组(注射生理盐水0.3 mL)外,其他各组每只鸡腹腔注射试...     

鞣酸可根治鸡啄癖

啄癖是鸡群常发生的现象,雏鸡啄毛,成鸡多啄肚和啄尾,蛋鸡多啄蛋。在鸡的日粮中,每只鸡每天添加鞣酸20 mg,分早晚两次喂服,连喂7 d 为 1 个疗程。7 d 后啄癖现象全部消失,效果很明显。鞣酸还可外用作鸡的皮肤、黏膜消毒液,内服作肠道保护剂。     

缓释复方免疫增强剂有效药物释放量及安全性试验

将100只14日龄健康肉杂仔鸡随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5个试验组,每组20只鸡,A、B、C、D 4组为试验组,E组为对照组。A、B、C 3组试验鸡每只分别投服批号为0308、0312、0402的缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒,进行有效药物释放量测定试验,试验结果表明,药物投服后日均磨损量20d前为6.2~6.7 mg,30 d前为6.0~6.3 mg,日均药物有效释放量为2.40~2.52 mg,经方差分析,批间差异不显著(P0.05),均在有效剂量之间,药物的有效释放期均在30 d以上。D组试验鸡每只投服缓释复方免疫增强剂3粒,进行有效药物安全性试验,试验结果表明,仔鸡投服后食、饮欲正常,精神状态良好,与对照组鸡相比未发现任何不良反应,从而说明该缓释制剂在鸡体内是安全有效的。     

丝羽乌骨鸡产蛋曲线拟合研究

丝羽乌骨鸡是闻名中外的药用家禽,国际承认的标准品种称为丝羽鸡,日本称乌骨鸡。因其具有药用、营养及观赏价值,被古今中外学者所重视。近年来,丝羽乌骨鸡蛋受到广大消费者的青睐,但是由于丝羽乌骨鸡生长缓慢、体重轻、产蛋性能低,难以满足广大消费者的需求。乌骨鸡开产日龄一般为170～205 d,比专用蛋鸡(153.2 d)要迟50 d左右,且其产蛋量低,年产蛋量仅有75～105枚,只有商品蛋鸡的1/3[2],与商品蛋鸡的产蛋性能相比差异显著。李房全对余干黑羽乌骨鸡进行4个世代的选育,开产日龄由202.23 d提     

育成蛋鸡喹乙醇中毒病例报告

喹乙醇广泛用作饲料添加剂,促进生长和预防禽出败,但使用不当容易中毒,现将一例报告如下。一、发病经过某蛋鸡场2号育成舍于1989年10月5日转入35日龄依莎蛋鸡5217羽,10月13日死鸡4羽,诊断为禽出败;10月14日全群喂服喹乙醇,剂量每天每羽50毫克(每羽平均体重400克),一次性拌料喂服,连喂三     

鸡 HMGCR 基因SNPs及其与鸡蛋胆固醇含量的关联性分析

为培育一种蛋黄胆固醇含量较低的蛋鸡新品系,以丝羽乌骨鸡为研究对象,测定675枚丝羽乌骨鸡蛋蛋黄胆固醇含量,通过DNA测序技术和创造酶切位点PCR-RFLP方法检测了丝羽乌骨鸡群体中3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶基因的2个SNPs位点,分别分析这两个SNPs位点不同基因型与鸡蛋胆固醇含量的关联性。结果表明:(1)丝羽乌骨鸡蛋蛋黄胆固醇含量为13.41mg/g,鸡蛋中胆固醇含量为456.50mg/100g。(2)g.12217G>T位点中GG基因型的鸡蛋胆固醇含量最低,且与其他两种基因型具有显著的差异。     

黑色素沉积相关基因在丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌中的表达分析

试验旨在分析黑色素相关基因在丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡中的差异表达。试验测定丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡2～17周龄胸肌和腿肌肉色亮度值，比较黑色素相关基因TYR、TYRP1、PMEL和MITF在两种乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌的差异表达量。结果显示：2周龄时余干乌骨鸡胸、腿肌和丝羽乌骨鸡胸肌肉色亮度值显著小于其他周龄（P<0.05），余干乌骨鸡6周龄胸、腿肌亮度值显著大于6周龄丝羽乌骨鸡（P<0.05）,17周龄时丝羽乌骨鸡腿肌亮度值显著大于余17周龄干乌骨鸡（P<0.05）;4个基因在2种乌骨鸡2～17周龄的胸肌和腿肌中相对表达量的变化趋势基本一致，2周龄时表达量较高，随后呈现下降趋势。同时黑色素相关基因表达量存在品种效应，2周龄时TYR和TYRP1基因在丝羽乌骨鸡腿肌中表达量较高，17周龄时MITF基因在余干乌骨鸡腿肌中表达量较高。TYR、TYRP1、PMEL和MITF 4个基因在2种乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌中表达均呈现显著正相关（P<0.05）;4个基因表达与2种乌骨鸡肉色亮度值显著负相关（P<0.05），且对黑色素沉积呈现正调控作用。研究表明，在乌色度选种时可以将TYR、TY...     

中药口服液防治鹅副黏病毒病的试验研究

用珍珠草、华荠苧2味中药制成口服液,研究其防治鹅副黏病毒病的效果。将试验雏鹅随机分成6组,其中中药预防与治疗组每羽每次口服1 m L,2次/d,连用4 d。西药奥司他韦(达菲)胶囊预防与治疗组每羽每次口服18.75mg,2次/d,连用4 d。结果中药口服液预防组存活率90%,治疗组存活率80%;西药预防组存活率95%,治疗组存活率80%。表明中药口服液防治鹅副黏病毒病的疗效与奥司他韦基本相同。     

药物氯丙嗪对麻羽肉种鸡产蛋性能的影响

为探讨氯丙嗪对优质肉种鸡繁殖性能的影响,将150只健康的36周龄麻羽肉种鸡D系父母代种母鸡随机分为5组,其中4个试验组饲喂氯丙嗪:试验1组至4组每鸡每天分别饲喂10 mg 、15 mg、20 mg、25 mg,连饲喂2 d停药5 d,再重复一次;对照组不使用氯丙嗪.结果表明:经药物处理的第1周,试验2组产蛋率显著提高,其他各组无明显提高.药物处理的第2周,试验1组产蛋率提高显著.用药2周内试验2组平均产蛋率提高,试验1组种蛋平均合格率下降,其他各组无显著差异.     

赤水乌骨鸡不同产蛋期SPIA1基因的差异表达研究

为了探究SPIA1基因的表达量与蛋壳绿色深浅之间的规律性,本试验以赤水乌骨鸡母鸡为试验动物,利用双重PCR技术进行基因分型,根据基因型(纯合型、杂合型)和蛋壳颜色(深绿色、浅绿色、淡绿色)进行分类.采集300日龄赤水乌骨鸡的蛋壳腺进行转录组测序,结果发现SPIA1基因为蛋壳绿色的上调基因,为了验证测序结果,随机选取不同...     

Salmonella gallinarum field isolates of the biovars pullorum and gallinarum

In 40 cases salmonellae of the serovar Salmonella (S.) gallinarum were culturally isolated from domesticated gallinaceous birds submitted for diagnostic purposes in the period of 1979-1989. On the basis of the cultural and biochemical features found 35 of them could be assigned to the biovar Pullorum and 5 to the biovar Gallinarum. Of 35 isolates of the biovar Pullorum, 29 were isolated from pure bred chickens of small fancy-exhibition type flocks, 4 from floor-housed adult brown hybrid laying hens and one each from broiler chicks and pheasant chicks (Phasianus colchicus). Acute to subacute courses of the pullorum disease were observed in the 4 flocks of brown hybrid hens. Of 5 isolates of the biovar Gallinarum, 4 were isolated from adult brown hybrid laying hens kept in battery cages and one from floor-housed brown hybrid pullets of the laying type. First cases of fowl typhoid occurred early in the summer of 1988. The disease was characterized by a peracute course in the 4 flocks of brown laying hens and by a more acute course in the pullet flock. The primary source of the fowl typhoid producing organisms was not elucidated.     

The distribution of lipoprotein lipase in tissues of the domestic fowl and the effects of feeding and starving

Lipoprotein lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) has been detected and assayed in heart muscle and adipose tissue of immature male, immature female and egg laying female domestic fowl. The levels of the enzyme in heart muscle were similar in the three classes of birds studied, but the level of the enzyme in the adipose tissue of immature birds was much higher than in that of laying hens. On starving for 22 h or 72 h the level of the enzyme increased in both heart muscle and adipose tissue of immature males. The enzyme could not be detected in liver tissue or ovary tissue from laying hens. Tissue levels of lipoprotein lipase are not a sensitive index of the state of lipid metabolism in the domestic fowl.     

Salmonella gallinarum biovar gallinarum as the cause of a highly acute septicemic disease in adult laying hens kept in battery cages

Early in the summer of 1988 two flocks each of them consisted of about 7500 brown laying hens of a heavy hybrid line were affected by fowl typhoid. The birds have been bought at the age of 20 weeks and housed in two buildings placed close together in one farm. The disease started in flock I at the age of 26 weeks and in flock II at the age of 36 weeks. In repeated trials amoxicillin was effective in the treatment of fowl typhoid when given in the drinking water for ad libitum consumption over a 4-7 days period; however relapse occurred 3-4 days after withdrawal of the drug. All the hens were slaughtered 5 days after termination of the last therapy. In spite of the treatment 18.3% of the hens in flock I and 14.3% of those in flock II died within the observation period of 47 days and 22 days respectively. Egg production was not affected. The source of the fowl typhoid producing organisms could be not elucidated.     

Influence of enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol on the level of IgY in serum and egg yolk after immunostimulation of hens with Salmonella enteritidis antigens

In the chicken, maternal antibodies are transferred into the egg and subsequently transported into the developing embryo. IgG (called IgY) is the primary immunoglobulin isotype of the egg yolk. Their level in serum depends on the correct function of immunological system in laying hens. Many factors have a direct or indirect influence on antibody level in fowl. One of them is a commonly used antibiotic, but its influence on avian immune system is still unknown. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol on the level of IgY antibody in serum and egg yolk after immunostimulation of hens with living cells of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis and lipopolisaccharide. Forty adult egg-laying Arbor Acres and Isa 215 hens (32 and 50 weeks old) from the reproductive flocks and 1640 of their eggs were used for the investigation. No clinical symptoms of any diseases were observed in birds during the entire breeding period. Additionally the birds were checked as free from Salmonella spp. in the beginning of the experiment. The birds were divided into 6 experimental and 2 control groups (5 birds in one group). The hens in the experimental groups were immunized with S. Enteritidis antigens: living bacteria and lipopolisaccharide and treated with enrofloxacin or chloramphenicol. Antibiotics were administered in drinking water for 10 days (from 3rd to 13th day of experiment). To indicate anti-S. Enteritidis, antibodies in sera and egg yolk were used indirectly on ELISA based on lipopolisaccharide from S. Enteritidis. As conjugate these were applied anti-chicken IgY with horseradish peroxidase and ABTS with H2O2 as obtained. Additionally, to detect antibody in serum, a rapid slide test was used with Pullognost and Enterognost standard antigens made in the laboratory. The study revealed that both antibiotics tested decreased the level of specific IgY in laying hens immunized with living bacteria and lipopolisaccharide. It seems that antibiotics have a suppressive effect on the immunological system. The strongest immunosuppressive effect was exerted by chloramphenicol.     

饲粮钙磷水平对乌骨鸡生长性能及胫骨灰分含量的影响

为了得到乌骨鸡适宜的饲粮钙磷水平,将2250只乌骨鸡随机分为5组,设置不同饲粮钙磷水平,测定其对乌骨鸡生长性能及胫骨灰分含量的影响。研究结果表明,根据乌骨鸡的生长性能及胫骨灰分含量的数据分析,乌骨鸡饲粮1~25日龄钙水平0.90%、非植酸磷水平0.40%,26~45日龄钙水平0.85%、非植酸磷水平0.36%,46~65日龄钙水平0.80%、非植酸磷水平0.33%已完全满足其生长和骨骼发育的需要,高于此钙磷水平对乌骨鸡骨骼发育和生长性能无明显改善。     

Stability of fear and sociality in two strains of laying hens

1. This trial studied the effects of strain and age on tonic immobility (TI) duration, emergence time (ET) and social reinstatement time (SRT) in laying hens and investigated the consistency of individual behavioural characteristics over rearing and laying periods and the correlations between these behavioural traits. 2. One hundred chicks from each of ISA Brown (ISA) and Lohmann Tradition (LT) laying hens were reared from one day old in pens. At 3 weeks, birds of each line were divided into 4 groups. Twenty birds in one group of each line were marked individually for repeated testing and the other groups were assigned for single testing to test the habituation effect and possible age effects at a group level. 3. ISA birds had higher overall means for TI duration and latency to leave the start box. ISA also showed longer latency in SRT at week 28 than Lohmanns. TI duration increased from weeks 3 to 10 and then decreased to week 35 in both lines. The latency to explore the test area and to reinstate decreased from weeks 10 to 35. 4. Tonic immobility, exploratory and social reinstatement behaviours were consistent over time in both lines, as revealed by Kendall's W coefficient of concordance. 5. In social test situations, an inter-situational consistency was found, that is, birds emerged quickly from the start box and reinstated quickly with their companion. TI (non-social test) was negatively correlated with ET and SRT. Thus the two lines of laying hens respond differently in social and non-social tests.     

Dystrophic muscular fibers in the muscles of certain breeds of birds

The occurrence of pathologically changed muscular fibers in some wild species of birds and in economically important domesticated species of birds is described. The hydrops of muscular fibers, necrosis and atrophy with connective tissue infiltration in muscular bundles were detected in breast and thigh muscles in wild birds, e. g. in raven, pigeon and pheasant. The same pathological processes were also found in domesticated species, e. g. in guinea fowl, less often in geese and duck. Their incidence in turkeys and laying types of fowl was more frequent, they were observed most often in muscles of broiler hens. Fission of muscular fibers, very thin, but also hypertrophic fibers and resorption of necrotic fibers were detected in hens besides the above changes. The described histological picture is confronted with the picture of hereditary myodystrophy in chickens.     

Organic matrix composition and ultrastructure of eggshell: a comparative study.

1. The avian eggshell is a biomineralised composite ceramic consisting of calcium carbonate embedded in an organic matrix. Matrix components are supposed to be involved in the control of mineralisation, crystallographic texture and biomechanical properties of eggshell. 2. The structure and eggshell matrix composition of various domesticated bird species were compared to gain insight into the universality of the eggshell mineralisation process. 3. The SDS-PAGE profiles of soluble eggshell matrix were specific within groups of birds (a: laying hen, breeder hen, quail, pheasant and possibly turkey; b: guinea fowl; c: duck and goose) but some of the protein bands were common to all groups. 4. Analogies between species were confirmed by Western blotting using hen protein antibodies. Ovocleidin-17 (OC-17) and ovalbumin were revealed in all species (except quail for OC-17). Lysozyme was present only in hen eggshell. Another egg white protein: ovotransferrin showed a positive signal in hens, turkey and quail. Osteopontin was observed in laying and breeder hens and quail. 5. Different proteoglycans were localised to discrete regions within the eggshell. Dermatan sulphate was observed within the matrix of the calcified shell of all species except quail which contained chondroitin-6-sulfate. Keratan sulphate was observed in mammillary bodies of breeder and laying hen, quail, pheasant and turkey while chondroitin sulphate was also present in guinea fowl and duck. 6. The general structural organisation of the different avian eggshells was similar but specific differences were observed in the ultrastructure of the mammillary layer. Species of the same taxonomic family could be grouped according to their structural analogies: breeder hen, turkey and pheasant resembled that of the domestic fowl. Guinea fowl was unique. Goose and duck were quite similar with large and confluent mammillary bodies. 7. Some matrix components are therefore common to eggshells of various species but more information is needed to relate differences in matrix composition between taxonomic groups with differences in ultrastructure.     

Short-term reduction in egg production in laying hens treated with an agonist of GnRH.

1. In two experiments laying hens were treated with an agonist of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce a reduction in the secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and a pause in egg production. 2. In experiment 1, 70-week-old laying hens were either given daily subcutaneous injections of saline for 7 d, offered whole oats for 7 d (nutrient restriction), given daily injections of the GnRH agonist [D-Trp6-Pro9 N-ethyl amide]GnRH for 7 d at 50 micrograms/kg or 100 micrograms/kg or administered 4 biocompatible implants each containing 120 micrograms of the GnRH agonist. 3. Weekly egg production was monitored for 7 weeks and blood samples were taken at weekly intervals and assayed for plasma LH and oestradiol. Egg production was reduced in the birds treated with the agonist (28 to 46% reduction) but not to the same extent as in the birds offered whole oats (92.3% reduction). 4. The treatments also reduced plasma LH and oestradiol in treated hens but again to a greater extent in the birds offered whole oats than the birds treated with the agonist. Egg production and plasma LH and oestradiol increased following the termination of the treatments. 5. The birds fed whole oats suffered a reduction in weight of 16.7% over the treatment period whereas there were increases in the weights of the birds treated with saline, 50 micrograms of GnRH agonist and the implants of GnRH agonist, but no change in birds treated with 100 micrograms of GnRH agonist. 6. The birds fed oats lost feathers over the treatment period but the birds in the other treatment groups suffered no loss. 7. In experiment 2 laying hens were either injected daily with saline or 200 micrograms GnRH agonist and weekly egg production and plasma LH and oestradiol were measured. As egg production was reduced by almost 60% in the birds treated with the agonist but did not completely cease. Reductions in plasma LH and oestradiol were also observed. All variables increased to pretreatment levels once treatment ceased. 8. These data confirm the effects of severely depriving hens of nutrients on egg production and the secretion of LH and oestradiol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)