有机无机肥配施对玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N2O排放的影响

在等施氮量条件下,比较有机肥与无机肥施用后旱地玉米-豇豆复种系统土壤硝化与反硝化作用、N_2O排放与作物产量的变化,有助于正确认识肥料施用对N_2O排放的影响,为制定大田合理的丰产减排措施提供理论依据。本研究通过田间试验,利用静态箱技术和BaPS气压过程分离技术研究了不同肥料类型处理(无机肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施)下玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N_2O排放、硝化与反硝化作用的变化特征。结果表明:1)相对于单施无机肥或有机肥,有机无机肥配施可显著降低土壤硝化作用速率;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理平均土壤硝化作用速率分别比化肥和有机肥处理显著降低了28.74%和13.96%,豇豆生长季显著降低了24.66%和13.28%。土壤反硝化作用速率在各施肥处理间差异不显著。2)有机无机肥配施显著降低土壤N_2O排放;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理分别比无机肥处理和有机肥处理显著降低33.44%和32.29%,在豇豆生长季分别显著降低27.00%和15.14%。3)相关分析表明,土壤N_2O排放与硝化作用速率呈极显著相关,而与反硝化作用速率呈不显著相关。4)有机无机配施处理玉米和豇豆产量最高。因此,有机无机肥配施能有效降低玉米-豇豆系统土壤N_2O排放和提高作物产量,是一项丰产低N_2O排放的施肥技术,但长期有机无机肥配施对土壤N_2O排放和作物产量的影响还需要进一步研究。     

基于双同位素图谱评估肥料类型对滴灌白菜地N2O来源的影响

N2O是一种重要的温室气体,菜地高水高肥导致其排放量大。该研究通过解析滴灌条件下不同肥料处理对白菜地N2O排放的影响,以阐明滴灌下不同肥料处理的N2O来源,为菜地土壤N2O减排提供理论依据。设置无机复合肥（NPK）、有机肥（M）、无机水溶肥（WS）和无肥（NF）4种常见肥料处理,采用滴灌方式灌溉,收集菜地土壤排放的N2O,并利用稳定同位素技术分析N2O的同位素特征值,通过15N在N2O分子中的位置偏好值、N2O和H2O之间的净同位素效应值搭建双同位素图谱,分析N2O产生途径及其贡献。结果表明：对于NPK、M、WS和NF处理,N2O排放通量分别为1 074、146.5、116.2和112.9 μg/(m2·h);NPK、M、WS处理的氮肥利用效率分别为45.1%、22.0%、45.2%;NPK、M、WS和NF处理下N2O主排期的硝化作用贡献分别约为38%、46%、54%和49%,N2O主排期的N2O还原程度分别约为14%、71%、46%和70%。可见,无机水溶肥处理显示了最高的氮素利用效率和较低的N2O排放量,且其与无机复合肥处理的N2O还原程度都相对较低不利于反硝化过程中的N2O减排;有机肥处理则有最高的N2O还原程度,是减少反硝化作用N2O产生的主要途径。综合考虑,该研究推荐菜地施肥时采用有机肥作为底肥,管理过程中配合水肥一体化技术,达到促进N2O还原以减少N2O排放和提高肥料氮素利用效率的效果。     

有机无机肥配施对酸性菜地土壤硝化作用的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验, 研究了有机无机肥配施对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响。培养试验条件为60%土壤最大持水量和25 ℃。 结果表明,土壤硝化作用模式为指数方程,延滞期10天。与纯化肥处理（NPK）相比,鲜猪粪配施无机肥（FPM+NPK）和猪粪堆肥配施无机肥（CPM+NPK）均能降低土壤硝化势和氨氧化潜势,猪粪堆肥配施无机肥还能增加土壤微生物量碳、 氮。鲜猪粪配施无机肥和猪粪堆肥配施无机肥处理在硝化培养和田间试验期间N2O释放量均没有差异,但硝化培养期间鲜猪粪配施无机肥的N2O释放量显著低于纯化肥处理,田间试验期间猪粪堆肥配施无机肥的N2O释放量显著低于纯化肥处理。培养试验结束后的土壤pH值与土壤硝化势间,以及硝化培养期间N2O累积释放量与土壤硝化势间均存在显著正相关关系。本研究表明, 有机无机肥配施显著影响土壤硝化作用以及硝化培养期间和田间N2O释放。     

菜地土壤施用铵态氮肥后 N2O 排放来源及其动态

氧化亚氮(N2O)是重要的农业源温室气体,菜地土壤施肥量高、施肥次数多,且肥水同期,是重要的N2O排放源。采用室内培养实验,测定在70%田间持水量条件下菜地土壤施用铵态氮肥后3周内N2O排放动态,利用不同气体抑制剂(低浓度乙炔、纯氧、纯氦、纯氧+乙炔)对N2O排放过程抑制效果各不相同的特点,经合理组合计算得出自养硝化、硝化细菌的反硝化、生物反硝化等主要过程对土壤N2O排放的相对贡献及其动态,以探索菜地土壤施用铵态氮肥后土壤N2O排放的来源及动态。结果表明,(1)在70%田间持水量条件下,菜地土壤施用铵态氮肥后2d内(48h内)的N2O排放通量最高,为314.4ng·g-1·d-1,到第4天时N2O排放通量已迅速降至前两天的1/6,且随培养时间的延长其排放通量不断降低。(2)自养硝化作用是菜地施用铵态氮肥后N2O排放的主要来源,施肥培养后2周内的贡献率在50%以上,2周后其贡献率降至40%左右。(3)硝化细菌的反硝化作用对N2O排放的贡献主要在施铵氮后2d内,其贡献率达44%,之后其贡献率一直保持在14%~27%。反硝化作用对N2O排放的贡献随着土壤中铵态氮含量的下降和硝态氮含量的升高而逐渐从开始时不到1%增至30%,但由于施肥培养2周后N2O的排放通量绝对数值很低(仅为施肥后2d内排放高峰的1/20),故其对N2O排放的贡献有限。土壤N2O排放通量及其来源与土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量的动态变化密切相关,施用铵态氮肥后土壤短期内呈现酸化趋势。因此,合理控制硝化作用是有效控制菜地土壤N2O排放的关键措施。     

水稻土和菜田添加碳氮后的气态产物排放动态

【目的】动态连续监测添加碳氮底物后各气体产物—O2、 NO、 N2O、 CH4和N2的排放,对土壤碳氮转化过程和气体产生过程做更深入的理解,揭示不同土地利用方式典型红壤的温室气体产生机制。【方法】采集长江中游金井小流域不同土地利用方式稻田和菜地土壤为研究对象,利用全自动连续在线培养检测体系(Robot系统),通过两组试验分别研究土壤碳氮转化过程中各气体产物的动态变化。试验1采用菜地和稻田土壤进行好气培养,设置不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖6个处理。试验2采用稻田土壤进行淹水培养,设不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%秸秆、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%的葡萄糖、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖8个处理。培养温度均为20℃,土壤水分含量为70% WFPS (土壤孔隙含水量),培养周期为15天。【结果】从菜地和稻田土壤不同碳氮添加处理气态产物及无机氮的动态变化可看出: 1)菜地土壤好气培养初期硝化作用产生了大量N2O; 受低碳和低含水量的限制,反硝化作用较弱。当提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,出现N2O和NO的大量排放。2)在好气稻田和淹水稻田培养过程中,反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要途径。3)稻田土壤中,提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,各气态产物出现的顺序依次是NO、 N2O和N2,与三种气体在反硝化链式反应过程中的生成顺序一致。淹水稻田加铵态氮和碳源处理N2为主要产物,添加硝态氮处理后,N2O成为主要气态产物。当土壤碳源充足时,反硝化过程进行彻底,反硝化产物以终产物(N2)为主。4)在稻田土壤出现厌氧或添加碳源条件下,均检测到大量CH4产生; 且在甲烷产生的同时,NO-3几乎消耗殆尽。【结论】金井小流域典型红壤菜地N2O主要来自于硝化作用,好气和淹水稻田N2O主要来源于反硝化作用; 当碳源充足和厌氧时,菜地及稻田反硝化作用增强; 反硝化产物组成、 产物累积量及出峰顺序与碳源和氧气浓度有关。     

氮肥施用对西南地区紫色土冬小麦N_2O释放和反硝化作用的影响

N2O是重要的温室气体之一,由此引起的全球变暖和臭氧层破坏是当今重要的环境问题。采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究了氮肥施用对小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理N2O平均排放通量分别为2.71、2.42、1.97 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均N2O排放通量分别为2.42、2.14、3.13 gN.hm-2.d-1。小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理平均反硝化速率分别为4.91、4.50、1.67 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均反硝化速率分别为4.50、3.68、5.29 gN.hm-.2d-1。氮肥施用明显促进了土壤-植物系统中N2O排放通量和反硝化作用,氮肥施用量水平和N2O排放通量、反硝化作用呈正相关。硝酸钾对N2O排放通量和反硝化作用贡献最大,硫酸铵最小。研究还表明,小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用与季节有一定相关性,温度较高季节排放量及反硝化作用明显,反之则较弱。     

基于同位素特征的华北平原菜地N2O排放监测中取样时间的探讨

【目的】为了长期监测土壤释放N2O的通量和同位素变化规律,了解产生N2O的微生物过程,提高对N2O排放量和排放系数估计的准确性,需要对N2O的日变化规律做深入研究,以便获得具有代表性的取样时间点及密闭时间。【方法】采用田间原位试验对华北平原的莴苣菜地进行了N2O排放监测,选取N2O排放高峰期即施肥灌溉后5~6 d为监测时间段,采用静态气体箱收集土壤释放的N2O气体,结合气相色谱和质谱技术测定N2O的含量及其同位素值(δ15N-N2O,δ18O-N2O和SP)。试验设2种取样间隔,即2 h和10 min,分别对N2O日变化规律和密闭时间进行研究。【结果】 1)在莴苣菜地N2O排放高峰期内,N2O通量日变化范围为34.65~131.45 μg/(m2·h),最大和最小的通量分别发生在13: 00和次日5: 00,9: 00的N2O通量为83.66 μg/(m2·h),与日通量平均值82.81 μg/(m2·h)相接近。N2O通量产生日变化的原因与土壤温度有关,相关分析表明,N2O通量与地下5 cm处土壤温度呈显著正相关(R2=0.82, P＜0.01),而与土壤充水孔隙度(WFPS)无显著相关性。2)24 h内,δ15Nbulk-N2O和δ18O-N2O随着时间呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势,变化范围分别为－31.22‰~－11.09‰和－7.45‰~-0.68‰; SP值随时间呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,变化范围为16.13‰~26.41‰。N2O各个同位素值随时间的变化表明产生N2O的微生物过程随之变化,但SP值在9: 00~17: 00较稳定,变化范围为23.26‰~26.21‰,极显著高于其他时刻(P＜0.01),表明硝化作用在这一时间段内对N2O的产生起主导作用。3)扣箱40 min后, N2O含量、 δ15N-N2O和SP值都达到稳定状态,因此选取40 min作为单次观测N2O含量和同位素变化的密闭时间。4)24 h内N2O通量加权SP值为22.54‰。根据前人总结的规律,本研究中N2O主要由细菌硝化作用产生,且估计60.92%的N2O来自于细菌硝化作用, 39.08%的N2O来自于反硝化作用。【结论】华北平原莴苣菜地的N2O通量和同位素值具有较大的日变化,综合N2O通量和同位素值,建议选取9: 00作为观测莴苣菜地N2O排放通量和同位素特征值变化规律的时刻,建议静态气体箱密闭时间为40 min。     

设施和露天栽培下有机菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的比较研究

矿化作用和硝化作用是土壤氮素转化的主要途径,通过室内培养试验,对设施和露天栽培方式下有机菜地土壤氮素的矿化与硝化作用进行了比较研究。结果表明,除培养第1d外,设施有机菜地土壤氮素矿化量、矿化率在整个培养期间都显著高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤硝化量、硝化率在培养前两周内高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤矿化与硝化作用总体比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。矿化作用可能与全氮、C/N、微生物活性关系密切,而硝化作用强弱可能与微生物活性有关。无论施肥与否,设施有机菜地土壤N2O排放速率在培养期间总体高于露天有机菜地土壤,前者N2O累积排放量显著高于后者,这可能与土壤C/N有关。     

长期施肥对黑土氮素矿化与硝化作用特征的影响

采用培养试验研究了长期施肥对黑土矿化与硝化作用特征的影响。结果表明,黑土的矿化作用和硝化作用都较强,长期施肥对黑土矿质态氮量有显著影响,施用化肥能够增加矿质态氮量,在施用NPK肥基础上增施有机肥,矿质态氮量进一步增加,表明在土壤管理上如果增加有机肥的施用,可以提高土壤的供氮能力。长期施肥黑土的硝化率与施N肥相关性较好,其次是施用PK肥。有机肥与无机肥配施可使土壤硝化率显著提高;硝化率高低取决于黑土可矿化态氮素含量和土壤pH。     

不同培肥措施下复垦土壤氮素转化特征

为揭示不同复垦年限和培肥措施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤氮素转化特征影响,分别采用间歇淋洗好气培养法、室内恒温控湿好气培养法和硝酸盐消失法研究了5种培肥措施下复垦4,8年土壤矿化、硝化、反硝化作用规律。结果表明:随复垦年限增加,土壤的矿化量(Nt)和矿化势(N0)均有增加,但土壤矿化率(Nt/N)及矿化势占全氮的比例(N0/N)无明显变化;不同培肥措施下,复垦8年土壤生物有机肥配施化肥处理(MCFB)Nt、N0、Nt/N和N0/N分别较单施化肥处理(CF)提高65.22%,65.21%,60.42%和60.76%。土壤硝化率和达到最大硝化速率需要的时间(Tmax)受复垦年限影响较小,不同施肥措施均可提高土壤硝化率,但处理间差异不显著;最大硝化速率(Vmax)随复垦年限增加而增大,复垦4,8年土壤Vmax和Tmax总体以MCFB效果优于其他培肥处理。土壤硝态氮损失率和硝酸盐消失速率随复垦年限的增加而增加,经过7天培养,不同培肥措施下复垦4年土壤硝态氮损失率以单施有机肥处理(M)最高,达78.72%,硝酸盐消失速率以MCFB处理最低,与不施肥对照(CK)一致;复垦8年土壤反硝化作用在不同处理下无显著差异。通过短期氮素转化作用强度比较,复垦土壤硝化作用>反硝化作用>矿化作用。综合来看,培肥对复垦土壤氮素转化作用提升效果明显,生物有机肥配施化肥更有利于土壤有效氮的保持和提高,减少氮素损失。     

Biological and chemical properties of arable soils affected by long-term organic and inorganic fertilizer applications

 Using soils from field plots in four different arable crop experiments that have received combinations of manure, lime and inorganic N, P and K for up to 20 years, the effects of these fertilizers on soil chemical properties and estimates of soil microbial community size and activity were studied. The soil pH was increased or unaffected by the addition of organic manure plus inorganic fertilizers applied in conjunction with lime, but decreased in the absence of liming. The soil C and N contents were greater for all fertilized treatments compared to the control, yet in all cases the soil samples from fertilized plots had smaller C:N ratios than soil from the unfertilized plots. The soil concentrations of all the other inorganic nutrients measured were greater following fertilizer applications compared with the unfertilized plots, and this effect was most marked for P and K in soils from plots that had received the largest amounts of these nutrients as fertilizers. Both biomass C determined by chloroform fumigation and glucose-induced respiration tended to increase as a result of manure and inorganic fertilizer applications, although soils which received the largest additions of inorganic fertilizers in the absence of lime contained less biomass C than those to which lime had been added. Dehydrogenase activity was lower in soils that had received the largest amounts of fertilizers, and was further decreased in the absence of lime. This suggests that dehydrogenase activity was highly sensitive to the inhibitory effects associated with large fertilizer additions. Potential denitrification and anaerobic respiration determined in one soil were increased by fertilizer application but, as with both the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity, there were significant reductions in both N₂O and CO₂ production in soils which received the largest additions of inorganic fertilizers in the absence of lime. In contrast, the size of the denitrifying component of the soil microbial community, as indicated by denitrifying enzyme activity, was unaffected by the absence of lime at the largest rate of inorganic fertilizer applications. The results indicated differences in the composition or function of microbial communities in the soils in response to long-term organic and inorganic fertilization, especially when the soils were not limited. Received: 10 March 1998     

有机肥部分替代化肥氮对叶菜产量和环境效应的影响

针对叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳替代比例及对经济效益和环境效应综合评价较缺乏等问题,本研究采用田间试验,对包心菜和小青菜进行等氮水平下不同比例有机肥替代化肥处理,包括:纯化肥氮(0M),25%、50%、75%和100%有机肥替代化肥(25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M),研究不同处理下蔬菜产量、经济效益、土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放。结果表明, 25%M处理下包心菜和小青菜产量均达最高,且与0M处理相比包心菜和小青菜的产量分别增加15.0%(P0.05)和16.3%(P0.05)。25%M比0M处理经济效益分别增加11.7%和5.4%,但在50%M、75%M和100%M处理下经济效益为负增长。25%M处理下,氨挥发累积排放量在包心菜和小青菜季分别为42.1kg·hm~(-2)和12.9kg·hm~(-2),比0M处理分别降低23.4%(P0.05)和41.6%(P0.05); 0M和25%M处理间氧化亚氮累积排放量无显著差异, 25%M处理在包心菜和小青菜季的氧化亚氮累积排放量分别为0.74 kg·hm~(-2)和3.06 kg·hm~(-2);与25%M处理相比, 50%M、75%M和100%M处理下氧化亚氮排放分别增加33.7%～60.8%(P0.05)、50.0%～134.3%(P0.05)和56.8%～185.6%(P0.05)。基于此,提出叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的适宜替代比例在25%左右时可实现最佳的增效减排效果。     

农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展

农业是全球最主要的温室气体排放源之一,稻田不仅是全球重要的甲烷(CH4)排放源,亦是氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源。灌溉、施肥、耕作等农作措施能够改变稻田生态系统土壤微环境,影响土壤硝化与反硝化过程,进而影响N2O的排放。目前,关于农作措施对农田生态系统N2O排放特征研究很多,但系统地综述农作措施对稻田N2O排放影响的研究还比较少。该文着眼于中国的农业发展趋势,基于稻田灌溉、施肥及耕作等方面的新技术,综合分析新型农作措施对中国稻田生态系统N2O排放的影响及其机制,为相关研究提供参考。在此基础上,提出了中国稻田生态系统N2O排放深入研究的方向:1)加强研究新型农作措施下稻田N2O产生及排放途径;2)系统研究稻田生态系统直接与间接N2O排放的影响及其机制;3)开展农作措施集成技术对稻田生态系统N2O排放影响的研究;4)加强模型模拟的调参验证并进行相关预测分析。     

有机无机肥料配施对春玉米农田N2O排放及净温室效应的影响

为了明确有机无机肥料配施条件下华北旱地春玉米农田N2O周年排放规律、影响因素及其净温室效应,采用静态箱-气相色谱法和生物地球化学模型（DNDC）相结合的方法,对单施化肥（NPK）、有机无机肥料配施（50％M＋50％U）、单施有机肥（M）、对照（CK）等处理的春玉米农田N2O排放情况进行了周年监测,并对DNDC模型进行验证,利用验证后的模型定量评价了不同施肥处理的净温室效应。结果表明：不同有机无机肥料配施处理N2O放通量具有明显的季节变化规律,通量变化范围是-17．56—157．25μg·m2·h-1,在非生长季观测到明显的N2O排放峰,最大排放通量为83．85μg·m2·h-1。NPK、50％M＋50％U、M、CK处理周年累计排放量分别为1．49、1．20、0．82、0．61kgN·hm-2·a-1,非生长季排放总量分别占全年总排放量的40．6％、59．2％、61．7％和60．7％,非生长季N2O排放不容忽视;在整个周年观测期内,当土壤水分含量介于19％-37％之间时,各处理下的N2O通量同土壤含水量呈极显著正相关关系。综合考虑整个农田生态系统碳收支平衡和温室气体排放,经过DNDC模型模拟表明有机无机肥料配施同单施化肥处理相比净温室效应减少33．5％,可以达到在保持产量的基础上“减排”和“固碳”的协同效果。上述研究结果为有机无机肥料合理使用以及旱地农田“稳产、减排、固碳”相协调施肥技术的筛选提供了科学依据。     

Isotopomer analysis of nitrous oxide accumulated in soil cultivated with tea (Camellia sinensis) in Shizuoka,central Japan

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a greenhouse gas that is destroying the stratospheric ozone to an increasing degree. Because of nitrogenous fertilizer application, agricultural soil is an important contributor of global N₂O. In Japan, tea fields are amended with the highest level of N fertilizers among agricultural soils, causing soil acidification and large N₂O flux. In soil, microbes play key roles in producing and consuming N₂O. A previous study investigated net N₂O production in tea fields using N₂O flux measurement and soil incubation, which are indirect methods to analyze relevant processes of N₂O production and consumption in soil. In the present study, to analyze N₂O concentrations and isotopomer ratios (bulk nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, δ¹⁵N^bulk and δ¹⁸O, and intramolecular ¹⁵N site preference, SP) and to reveal most probable microbial production processes and consumption (N₂O reduction to N₂) process of N₂O, soil gas was collected from a tea field (pH 3.1–4.5) at 10–50 cm depths using a silicone tube. The combination of fertilization, precipitation, and temperature rise produced significantly high N₂O concentrations. During the period of high N₂O concentration (above 5.7 ppmv), SP, the difference in ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio between central (α) and terminal (β) nitrogen position in the linear N₂O molecule (^βN^αNO) showed low values of 1.4‰–9.8‰, suggesting that the contribution of bacterial denitrification (nitrifier-denitrification and bacterial denitrifier-denitrification) was greater than that of bacterial nitrification or fungal denitrification. High SP values of 15.0‰–20.1‰ obtained at 10, 35, and 50 cm depths on 31 May 2011 (after one of fertilizations) during which soil temperatures were 15.8 °C–17.9 °C and water-filled pore space (WFPS) was 0.73–0.89 suggest that fungal denitrification and bacterial nitrification contributed to N₂O production to a degree equivalent to that of bacterial denitrification.     

农田土壤N2O排放和减排措施的研究进展

氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种受人类活动影响的重要温室气体。农业土壤是其主要的排放源之一,土壤中硝化和反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要过程。N2O的排放受多种因素的影响,农业活动尤其是施用化学氮肥是农田N2O排放量增加的主要因素。提高氮肥利用率,使用硝化抑制剂等措施将有助于减少N2O的排放量,更有效的减排措施还有待进一步的研究与应用。     

由电子废物处理和回收引起的土壤污染: 特别关注中国

This short review deals with soils as an important source of the greenhouse gas N2O. The production and consumption of N2O in soils mainly involve biotic processes: the anaerobic process of denitrification and the aerobic process of nitrification. The factors that significantly influence agricultural N2O emissions mainly concern the agricultural practices (N application rate, crop type, fertilizer type) and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil organic C content, soil pH and texture). Large variability of N2O fluxes is known to occur both at different spatial and temporal scales. Currently new techniques could help to improve the capture of the spatial variability. Continuous measurement systems with automatic chambers could also help to capture temporal variability and consequently to improve quantification of N2O emissions by soils. Some attempts for mitigating soil N2O emissions, either by modifying agricultural practices or by managing soil microbial functioning taking into account the origin of the soil N2O emission variability, are reviewed.     

N2O, NO, and NH3 Emissions from Soil after the Application of Organic Fertilizers, Urea and Water

Agricultural soil is a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH₃). Little information is available on emissions of these gases from soils amended with organic fertilizers at different soil water contents. N₂O, NO and NH₃ emissions were measured in large-scale incubations of a fresh sandy loam soil and amended with four organic fertilizers, [poultry litter (PL), composted plant residues (CP), sewage sludge pellets (SP) and cattle farm yard manure (CM)], urea fertilizer (UA) or a zero-N control (ZR) for 38 days. Fertilizers were added to soil at 40, 60 or 80% water-filled pore space (WFPS). The results showed that urea and organic fertilizer were important sources of N₂O and NO. Total N₂O and NO emissions from UA ranged from 0.04 to 0.62%, and 0.23 to 1.55% of applied N, respectively. Total N₂O and NO emissions from organic fertilizer treatments ranged from 0.01 to 1.65%, and <0.01 to=" 0.55%=" of=" applied=" n,=" respectively.=" the=" lower=">₂O and NO emissions from CP and CM suggested that applying N is these forms could be a useful mitigation option. Comparison of the NO-N/N₂O-N ratio suggested that nitrification was more dominant in UA whereas denitrification was more dominant in the organic fertilizer treatments. Most N was lost from PL and UA as NH₃, and this was not influenced significantly by WFPS. Emissions of NH₃ from UA and PL ranged from 62.4 to 69.6%, and 3.17 to 6.11% of applied N, respectively.     

Anaerobic digestates lower N2O emissions compared to cattle slurry by affecting rate and product stoichiometry of denitrification – An N2O isotopomer case study

Assessing effects of organic fertilizer applications on N₂O emissions is of great interest because they can cause higher N₂O emissions compared to inorganic fertilizers for a given amount of added nitrogen (N). But there are also reports about enhanced N₂O reduction to climate-neutral elemental N₂ after application of organic manures to soils. Factors controlling the N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) product ratio of denitrification are interrelated, and also the ratio is difficult to study because of limitations in N₂ flux measurements. In this study, we investigated N₂O and N₂ emissions from soil treated with organic fertilizers with different C/N ratios. An N₂O isotopomer approach combined with conventional N₂O and N₂ flux measurements was employed to study underlying microbial pathways.A grassland soil was amended with anaerobic digestate (AD) from food waste digestion (low C/N ratio) or cattle slurry (CS; high C/N ratio), respectively, adjusted to 90% WFPS, and incubated for 52 days under helium–oxygen atmosphere (10% O₂) using a soil incubation system capable of automated N₂O, N₂, and CO₂ measurements. N₂O isotopomer signatures, i.e. the δ¹⁸O and SP values (site preference between ¹⁵N at the central and the peripheral position in the N₂O molecule), were determined by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and used to model and subsequently estimate the contribution of bacterial denitrification and autotrophic nitrification to N₂O production. For this approach the direct determination of emitted N₂ is essential to take isotope effects during N₂O reduction to N₂ into account by correcting the measured isotope signatures for isotope effects during N₂O reduction using previously determined fractionation factor ranges.The addition of both organic fertilizers to soil drastically increased the rate of gaseous N emissions (N₂O + N₂), probably due to the effects of concurrent presence of nitrate and labile C on the denitrification rate. In the initial phase of the experiment (day 1 to ∼15), gaseous N emissions were dominated by N₂ fluxes in soils amended with organic manures; meanwhile, N₂O emissions were lower compared to untreated Control soils, but increased after 15–20 days relative to the initial fluxes, especially with CS. Extremely low N₂O, but high N₂ emissions in the initial phase suggest that reduction of N₂O to N₂ via denitrification was triggered when the soil was amended with organic fertilizers. In contrast in the untreated Control, N₂O release was highest during the initial phase. Total N₂O release from AD treated soil was similar to Control, while N₂O from CS treated soil was considerably higher, indicating that denitrification was triggered more by the high labile carbon content in CS, while the cumulative N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) product ratio and thus N₂O reduction were similar with both organic fertilizers.The results of the N₂O source partitioning based on the isotopomer data suggest that about 8–25% (AD) and 33–43% (CS) of the cumulated N₂O emission was due to nitrification in organically amended soil, while in the untreated Control nitrification accounted for about 5–16%. The remaining N₂O production was attributed mainly to denitrification, while the poor model fit for other source pathways like fungal denitrification suggested their contribution to be of minor importance. The observed rather distinct phases with predominance first of denitrification and later of nitrification may help developing mitigation measures by addressing N₂O source processes individually with appropriate management options. The observation of relatively large shares of nitrification-derived N₂O is surprising, but may possibly be related to the low soil pH and will require further investigation.The determination of N₂ production is essential for this isotopomer-based source partitioning approach, but so far only applicable under laboratory conditions. The results of this study indicate that the combination of N₂O δ¹⁸O and SP values is very useful in obtaining more robust source estimates as compared to using SP values alone.     

有机和无机肥配比对黄褐土硝化和反硝化微生物丰度及功能的影响

【目的】 土壤硝化与反硝化作用是氮循环的两个关键环节,本文研究不同比例的有机、无机肥配施对硝化和反硝化进程产生的影响,为高效施肥提供理论基础。 【方法】 在安徽农业大学农翠园试验基地的黄褐土上进行了小麦–玉米轮作田间试验。试验以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),在小麦、玉米总施氮量相同的条件下,设置5个处理,分别为单施无机肥 (T1)、无机肥∶有机肥 = 2∶1 (T2)、无机肥∶有机肥 = 1∶1 (T3)、无机肥∶有机肥 = 1∶2 (T4)、单施有机肥 (T5)。在小麦拔节期,取0—20 cm土壤样品,利用荧光定量PCR技术测定反硝化和氨氧化微生物丰度,并结合反硝化能力、N₂O/(N₂O+N₂) 产物比、土壤呼吸、硝化势和氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 与古菌 (AOA) 对硝化势相对贡献率的测定,分析江淮地区长期有机和无机肥配施对黄褐土硝化、反硝化微生物丰度及其功能的影响。 【结果】 单施无机肥或有机肥处理的硝化势均高于不同配比处理。与添加有机肥相比,增施无机肥会显著增加AOA的丰度和硝化贡献率。在反硝化方面,反硝化能力和土壤呼吸随着有机肥投入量的增加而增加,单施有机肥处理显著高于其它处理。nirS和nosZ型反硝化菌丰度随着有机肥的增加而增加,而nirK型反硝化菌丰度呈减少趋势。相关分析表明,反硝化能力与nirS型、nosZ型反硝化菌丰度、有机质和可溶性有机碳含量极显著正相关,与nirK相关性不强。 【结论】 与单施无机肥或有机肥处理相比,有机和无机肥适当配施可降低土壤硝化势,并能调控AOA和AOB在硝化过程中的作用,有效地降低土壤反硝化损失。