三唑磷对稻纵卷叶螟诱导的水稻植株挥发物释放的影响

 研究了施用三唑磷对稻纵卷叶螟诱导的水稻挥发物的影响。利用固相微萃取法收集水稻挥发物,并通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪对挥发物进行分离和鉴定,共收集到36个水稻挥发物组分,其中已定性的14个,以萜类及其氧化物（11个）为主。在已定性的组分中,异喇叭烯、(-) α 雪松烯、 (+) β 雪松烯、雪松醇等4个组分在水稻上尚未见报道。不同处理间水稻挥发物种类相同,但挥发物组分相对含量存在差异。三唑磷浓度不同导致5种挥发物组分（占总种类数的13.9％）相对含量的变化;而27种组分（占总种类数的75.0％）相对含量因施药天数不同而存在显著差异;农药与水稻品种、害虫密度等生物因子间的互作使32种水稻挥发物组分（占总种类数的88.9％）相对含量显著改变。     

大豆植株挥发物成份定性分析

植物在遭受害虫危害后,可通过改变挥发物浓度或组份以调节第三营养阶层,达到间接防御植食性昆虫目的.借助固相微萃取和气质联用技术,对健康大豆Glycine max、大豆蚜Aphis glycines及蚜害大豆植株复合物、机械损伤大豆挥发物成分进行了提取和组分分析.共检测出31种挥发性化学物质.健康大豆、大豆蚜及蚜害大豆植株复合物、机械损伤大豆挥发物中,均含有十四烷、3,7,11-三甲基-1-月桂醇、2-己基-1-癸醇、十六烷、十五烷、7-环己基-十三烷和10-甲基十九烷7种组份.大豆蚜及蚜害大豆植株复合物、机械损伤大豆挥发物中,含有1,1-二甲基-2-(3-甲基-1,3-环丙烷)、2,6,10.三甲基-月桂烷和邻苯二甲酸3种共有成份.在遭受机械损伤后,大豆植株又可释放2-甲基-4-戊烯醛、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-3-庚烯-2-醇、1-辛烯醇、3-辛醇、顺乙酸-3-己烯酯、1,7,7-三甲基-二环[2,2,1]庚二酮、1,1-bis(十二烷基)-十六烷和十八烷9种物质.遭受蚜虫危害后,大豆蚜及蚜害大豆植株复合物中可检测出1,7,7.三甲基-(1R)-二环[2,2,1]庚二酮、3-苯氧基-1-正丙醇、十九醇、1-二十二烯、1-二十六烯、3,7,11-三甲基-癸醇和2.甲基-二十烷7种物质.研究结果为进一步开展大豆挥发物对天敌昆虫的吸引作用研究奠定了基础.     

马来西亚产小果沉香所结沉香的GC-MS分析

采用乙醚超声萃取法提取马来西亚产小果沉香所结沉香的挥发性成分,运用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析其化学成分,并与马来西亚产白木香、柯拉斯那沉香和近全缘沉香结香样品进行对比分析。结果表明,小果沉香结香样品挥发性成分的组成的主要为5,8-二羟基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、对映-4(15)-桉叶烷-11-醇-1-酮、6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和(1β,4αβ,7β,8αβ)-八氢-7-[1-(羟甲基)乙烯基]-1,8α-二甲基萘-4α(2H)-醇（相对百分含量均超过10%）,栽培结香样品与野生结香样品区别较大,前者倍半萜类化合物相对百分含量明显高于色酮类化合物,而后者则是色酮类化合物相对百分含量高于倍半萜类化合物或相当,前者倍半萜和色酮种类均较多,其中倍半萜的种类也多于色酮类化合物,其相对百分含量也较高,色酮的种类较少,其相对百分含量也较低,而后者倍半萜和色酮的种类均较少,其中倍半萜的种类多于色酮类化合物,但相对百分含量较低,而色酮的种类少,但相对百分含量却较高。另外,有一种倍半萜类化学成分,即11,13-二羟基-9(10)-烯-8α,12-环氧艾里莫芬烷只在栽培小果沉香结香样品中检测到。此外,将小果沉香与白木香、柯拉斯那沉香、近全缘沉香结香样品中挥发性成分对比分析发现,其种类、相对百分含量与后三者均具有较大差异,所有样品中仅有2种共有成分,即5,8-二羟基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。     

茶刺蛾危害诱导茶树挥发物释放变化的研究

茶园观察发现，茶刺蛾危害的茶园的棒须刺蛾寄蝇数量明显多于未危害的茶园。推测茶树被茶刺蛾危害后释放了特定的信号物质，这些物质在棒须刺蛾寄蝇寄主定位中起着关键的作用。为了证实这一猜想，我们研究了茶刺蛾危害对茶树挥发性有机物释放的影响。未受茶刺蛾危害的枝叶有挥发性有机物74种组分。与未受茶刺蛾危害枝叶的挥发物组分相比较，受害后酯类、醛类和烃类的种类数量和所占相对含量都有显著变化。醇、杂环化合物、醚和有机酸类化合物在种类数量和相对含量上变化不大。受害后，4-异丙基甲苯、蒎烯、1-乙基-2,4-二甲基苯、4-乙基甲苯、3-乙基-甲苯、6-甲基庚烯[5]酮[2]和1,2,4-三甲基苯的相对含量显著增加。新产生54种化合物，其中烯烃14种，芳香烃12种，酯8种，烷烃8种，酮5种，醇3种，醛2种，有机酸和杂环类各1种。值得注意的是受害后萜类化合物的种类数量和相对含量均有显著的变化，暗示这些化合物可能在棒须刺蛾寄蝇的寄主寻找过程中发挥作用。研究结果为筛选引诱天敌昆虫的化学信息素，并应用其防控茶刺蛾的研究奠定一定的基础。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2对玉米叶际微生物群落的影响

为明确解淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)对施用环境微生物的影响,采用Biolog-ECO板培养法研究其对玉米叶际微生物群落结构的动态变化。结果表明,喷施Y2菌液1、3和5 d后,玉米叶际微生物对碳源的代谢活性(AWCD值)均显著低于空白对照,9、12 d后代谢活性高于空白对照;药剂对照百菌清处理后的代谢活性均最低(7 d除外)。Y2对Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh指数的影响较小,百菌清处理对其的影响显著(前6次采样)。Y2与空白对照的叶际微生物存在相似的碳源利用种类(前4次采样),百菌清处理的叶际微生物有其独自利用的主要碳源,与其他处理间均存在很大差异。6次采样中,对PC1贡献率大的碳源种类主要为糖类,所占比例为31.25%~50%。玉米叶际微生物对外源物质反应敏感,喷施生防菌Y2和百菌清处理对其群落结构均产生影响;Y2影响远小于百菌清处理。     

茶小绿叶蝉危害乌龙茶茶树品种的挥发物分析

为明确茶小绿叶蝉危害不同抗性茶树品种后挥发物的变化,从而为抗虫茶树品种的选育提供依据,本研究选择小绿叶蝉危害虫口密度最大和最小的乌龙茶茶树品种肉桂和铁观音为材料,以GC-MS为研究手段,进行茶树组成型和虫害诱导型挥发物的测定和分析。结果表明,邻异丙基苯甲烷、β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、α-法呢烯、γ-萜品烯和3-甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮为铁观音和肉桂的主要组成型挥发物成分。2个品种在健康茶树挥发物的成分组成和各组分的含量上都存在差异。芳樟醇只在铁观音的健康茶梢中被检测到,而十三（碳）烷、乙酸辛酯、十六烷和雪松醇只在肉桂的健康茶梢上检测到。β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和α-法呢烯在铁观音上的含量远远大于肉桂。另一方面,茶树受小绿叶蝉危害一段时间后,铁观音和肉桂在挥发物组成和含量上产生了较大的变化。二者都释放大量的β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、α-法呢烯和芳樟醇,在危害4 h和8 h的挥发物测定中,2个品种的这些成分较危害前的增加量从1.49倍到41.22倍。此外,茶小绿叶蝉的危害还诱导了新的挥发物的产生,包括(Z)-丁酸-3-己烯酯、癸醛、吲哚、己酸-3-己烯酯和苯乙醇。(Z)-丁酸-3-己烯酯、癸醛、吲哚、己酸-3-己烯酯、苯乙醇、β-月桂烯、β-罗勒烯、反式- β-罗勒烯、α-法呢烯和芳樟醇,这10种挥发性物质可能跟茶树的诱导抗性和铁观音的抗虫性有关。     

3种紫苏属植物鲜叶的挥发性物质的异质性分析

紫苏属植物的叶具多种生物活性,且有特异性香气。为探究紫苏属不同植物鲜叶挥发性物质异同,以紫苏、白苏和柠檬紫苏为研究对象,采用固相微萃取进行富集提取,运用气相质谱对鲜叶挥发物进行分离鉴定。结果表明：（1）紫苏属植物鲜叶的挥发物存在较显著差异。通过主成分分析,3种紫苏属植物的样本点分别独自聚为一类;（2）3种紫苏属植物高匹配（匹配度≥90%）、高相对含量（相对含量≥2%）的挥发物存在不同。柠檬紫苏为柠檬醛、顺式-柠檬醛和蘑菇醇等,紫苏为α-石竹烯、β-石竹烯和洋芹脑等,白苏则包括β-石竹烯、蘑菇醇和芳樟醇等;（3）3种紫苏属植物存在各自特异性挥发物。柠檬紫苏叶片中检测出特异性挥发物19种,为柠檬醛、β-柠檬醇等。紫苏有8种,如洋芹脑等。白苏有6种特异性挥发物,为芳樟醇等;（4）3种紫苏属植物同时存在4个共有挥发物,分别为β-榄香烯、大根香叶烯、β-石竹烯和蘑菇醇;（5）以所测挥发物为指标,通过聚类分析得到白苏和紫苏的样本聚为一个类群,而柠檬紫苏的样本单独聚为另一类群。本研究为紫苏属植物资源的进一步开发和利用提供依据。     

7个品种芒果花的挥发性化合物比较与分析

花朵挥发物是传粉昆虫和食花害虫定位花朵的嗅觉线索,不同品种间花朵挥发物含量组分的差异影响昆虫的选择行为多有报道。芒果依赖昆虫传粉,且易受食花害虫为害。而不同品种芒果花的挥发性化合物尚无报道,不利于引诱剂/趋避剂的开发。因此,本研究利用动态顶空吸附法收集四季蜜芒、台农1号、桂热82号、凯特芒、红芒6号、红象牙、金煌芒的花朵挥发物,运用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）鉴定分析其挥发性成分的组成差异和相似度。结果表明：7个品种芒果花挥发物共鉴定出挥发性成分115种,其中萜烯类44种、烷烃类30种、酯类16种、醇类16种、酮类5种、醛类3种、酚类1种。四季蜜芒、台农1号、桂热82号、凯特芒、红芒6号、红象牙和金煌芒的挥发性成分分别为82、49、46、49、60、49和59种。7个品种芒果花挥发物的共有成分有14种,分别为α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、3-蒈烯、α-萜品烯、D-柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯、萜品油烯、1-石竹烯、大牛儿烯D、邻-异丙基苯、苯甲酸乙酯和2-丙基-1-戊醇;特异性成分有33种,其中四季蜜芒有24种,台农1号有4种,金煌芒有2种,桂热82号、红芒6号和凯特芒各有1种。7...     

茶树—假眼小绿叶蝉—白斑猎蛛间化学通讯物的分离与活性鉴定

用Tenax TA吸附法捕集正常茶梢、机械损伤茶梢和茶树-假眼小绿叶蝉取食复合体挥发物，经GC/MS鉴定各处理挥发物的组成和含量，并就茶梢挥发物及其单组分进行了对假眼小绿叶蝉天敌蜘蛛优秀种之一-白斑猎蛛的生物活性鉴定，研究表明，捕食性天敌白斑猎蛛对正常茶梢挥发物和机械损伤茶梢挥发物的趋性明显弱于受假眼小绿叶蝉危害后茶梢的挥发物。在供试挥发物组分中，2，6-二甲基-3，7-辛二烯-2，6-二醇和吲哚两种成分是茶梢被害所形成的特异性化合物，并对白斑猎蛛具有明显的引诱活性，认为是白斑猎蛛受引诱的主要活性化合物。     

铁观音茶梗中挥发性物质分析

本研究以铁观音茶梗为供试材料,采用顶空进样法-气质联用(HS-GC/MS)技术对其挥发性物质进行提取和检测,利用质谱结合保留指数对其进行定性,并对挥发物种类、相对含量及部分挥发物所具备的生物活性进行比较和探讨。结果表明:从安溪铁观音茶梗中共检测出130种化合物,其中共有的成分108种;采用质谱法(mass spectrometry,MS)完全鉴定出45种、初步鉴定出58种,采用各化合物的保留指数(retention index,RI)鉴定出54种;MS与RI相结合共完全鉴定出68种挥发物。这表明谱库检索与保留指数相结合,有利于提高可定性挥发物的数量以及定性的准确度。在梗中,碳氢类化合物、醛、醇、酯的种类和含量都最为丰富,相对含量高于1%的挥发物有24种,部分挥发物具有麻醉、抑菌、抗癌等生物活性作用,其含量占茶梗挥发物总含量的20.51%。该结果为研究茶梗在形成乌龙茶香气品质中所起的作用及茶梗的综合利用提供理论基础。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.