基于MEA-BPNN的西北旱区参考作物蒸散量预报模型

为有效提高西北旱区参考作物蒸散量(Reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)预报精度,在西北旱区选择5个代表性气象站点,构建10种基于思维进化算法(Mind evolutionary algorithm,MEA)优化的误差反向传波神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)ET0预报模型,并将其与Hargreaves-Samani模型、Irmak模型和48-PM模型等3种在西北旱区ET0计算精度较高的模型进行比较。结果表明:在不同输入的情况下MEA-BPNN模型模拟精度具有相对较高水平,其中MEA-BPNN1(输入最高气温Tmax、最低气温Tmin、相对湿度RH、日照时数n和距地面2 m高处的风速u2)、MEA-BPNN2(输入Tmax、Tmin、n和u2)及MEA-BPNN3(输入Tmax、Tmin、RH和u2)模型的R2、NSE均大于0.96,RMSE、MAE也分别小于0.34、0.25 mm/d,以上3种MEA-BPNN模型的整体评价指标(Global performance indicator,GPI)排名分别为1、2、3;MEA-BPNN7(输入Tmax、Tmin和u2)的R2、NSE分别为0.966 2、0.962 2,RMSE、MAE分别为0.361 0、0.276 1 mm/d,模拟精度较高;MEA-BPNN模型可移植性的分析表明:MEA-BPNN模型在西北旱区具有较强的泛化能力,基于不同站点数据构建的预报模型也有较高精度;在相同输入情况下MEA-BPNN模型模拟精度均高于Hargreaves-Samani模型、Irmak模型和48-PM模型。因此,在气象资料缺乏情景下MEA-BPNN模型可作为西北旱区ET0计算的推荐模型,可为实时精准灌溉预报的实现提供科学依据。     

基于不同ELM的西北旱区参考作物蒸散量模拟模型

参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的精准模拟是智慧灌溉、农田水分高效利用及水资源优化调度的重要依据。为有效提高气象资料缺乏情况下对西北旱区ET0的模拟精度,在西北旱区选取4个代表性站点,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型的ET0计算结果为标准值,基于"sin"、"radbas"和"hardlim"3种激活函数构建27种极限学习机模型(extreme learning machine,ELM,分别记为ELM-sini、ELM-radj、ELM-hardk),并将其模拟结果与Hargreaves-Samani(H-S)、Makkink(MK)、Irmark-Allen(I-A)模型进行比较。结果表明:ELM-sin7(输入u2、Tmax和Tmin)的R2和NSE均大于0.96,RMSE小于0.35 mm/d,其GPI排名第4,模型模拟精度较高; ELM-rad5(输入Tmax、Tmin和n)和ELM-sin8(输入Tmax和Tmin)的R2和NSE分别大于0.78和0.76,RMSE小于0.93 mm/d; H-S、MK和I-A模型的R2和NSE分别小于0.77和0.63,RMSE大于1.00 mm/d,可见ELM-rad5和ELM-sin8模型精度明显高于相同输入下的其他物理模型;基于ELM-sin7探究隐含层节点数对模型精度的影响发现隐含层节点数为60～100时模型精度最高;基于ELMsin7模型进行可移植性分析发现,ELM-sin7在西北旱区内各训练站点和模拟站点组合下模拟精度较高。因此,在相同气象因子组合输入下,ELM-sini和ELM-radj模型模拟精度明显高于ELM-hardk,其中ELM-sin7模拟精度较高适用于西北旱区气象因子较少时的ET0模拟;而较传统物理模型,仅有温度和日照时数时ELM-rad5模型在西北旱区适用性更好,仅有温度时ELM-sin8模型在西北旱区适用性更强。     

基于支持向量机的干旱区月潜在蒸散发的模拟

探讨支持向量机回归模型模拟无风速和日照时数条件下潜在蒸散发的有效性,为气象资料短缺的干旱地区提供潜在蒸散发模拟的新途径。根据西北干旱区石羊河流域5个气象站1999―2009年基准期的日气象资料,用Penman-Monteith方程计算月潜在蒸散发量,采用支持向量机回归模型(SVR)模拟潜在蒸散发。以均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、确定性系数(DC)以及相关系数(R)作为模型的性能评价指标。结果表明,在模拟月潜在蒸散发时,无论在训练期还是验证期,当输入变量为最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、相对湿度、风速和日照时数等6个气象因子时,SVR模型取得了较好的模拟效果,各站的R和DC均在0.9以上;当输入气象变量为最高气温、最低气温、平均气温及相对湿度4个气象因子时,SVR模型对月潜在蒸散发的模拟精度略低于6个因子输入的精度,但各站的R和DC依然在0.9以上,说明在无风速和日照时数两个气象因子时,SVR模型可以有效的模拟干旱区月潜在蒸散发量。     

基于HHT变换的PSO-LSSVM耦合模型估算气象资料短缺地区ET_0

为准确估算气象资料短缺地区参考作物腾发量,构建了一种基于HHT变换的PSO-LSSVM耦合模型,并利用新疆和田气象站2000—2009年单日数据做训练、双日数据做验证。结果表明,该模型估算ET0方法明显优于常规的PSO-LSSVM和GRNN,预测精度较二者分别提高了15.7%~85.6%和15.8%~93.7%;该方法预测ET0的气象要素重要性为RsTmaxTminRHWn,利用该方法对气象要素组合为Tmax/Tmin/RH/Wn、Tmax/RH/Wn、Tmin/Wn、Wn条件下的ET0预测,MSE分别为0.407、0.185、0.149、0.135,说明该方法可以很好地估算资料缺失地区ET0。     

基于自适应模糊推理系统的汾河流域参考作物蒸散量模拟研究

【目的】有效提高缺少气象资料条件下汾河流域参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)计算精度。【方法】选取汾河流域及附近7个气象站点1960—2017年逐日气象资料,根据不同气象要素组合,构建16种基于自适应模糊推理系统(ANFIS)的ET₀模拟模型,并与Hargreaves-Samani、Irmak-Allen、Makkink模型进行比较,评价ANFIS模型在汾河流域的适用性及可移植性。【结果】(1)ANFIS模型能很好地展现ET₀与各输入因子之间的非线性关系;仅输入Tmax、Tmin、Ra建立的ANFIS2模型模拟精度(平均R²为0.882,平均NSE为0.876,平均RMSE为0.341 mm/d)能满足使用要求,随着输入气象要素数量的增加,模型模拟精度不断提高;(2)在输入因子相同时,ANFIS模型精度高于Hargreaves-Samani、Irmak-Allen、Makkink模型;(3)ANFIS模型在汾河流域具有很强的泛化能力和可移植性,不同分区建立的ANFIS模型相互移植时具有较高精度(平均R     

基于机器学习算法模拟不同土壤深度含水率

准确模拟土壤水分(SM)对农田精准灌溉、优化区域水资源配置和提高农业水资源利用效率具有重要意义。采用逐日气象和土壤含水量数据，探究随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM)模拟不同深度(4 cm、10cm和20 cm)土壤含水量的适用性，采用太阳辐射(R_s)、空气温度(T)、降水量(P)、风速(U₂)、空气湿度(RH)和土壤温度(ST)数据的4种输入组合，探讨不同输入变量对SM模拟的影响。结果表明：RF模型在4种输入组合下模拟不同深度土壤含水量精度最高，SVM模型模拟精度较低，R²范围分别为0.871～0.914和0.710～0.814,RMSE范围分别为0.050～0.069 cm³/cm³和0.080～0.098 cm³/cm³,MAE范围分别为0.030～0.051 cm³/cm³和0.060～0.077cm³/cm³。考虑模型精度和数据易获取性...     

基于机器学习与气象灾害指标的苹果相对气象产量预测

为及时准确地预测我国黄土高原苹果产量，首先选取黄土高原苹果产区86个基地县的气象观测数据，分别提取出苹果生长季内不同月份的气温、降水量、太阳辐射等气象特征变量，花期冻害时间、连阴雨时间和标准化降水蒸发指数(Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, SPEI)等气象灾害特征变量，以及气象站点经度、纬度和高程等空间特征变量，再根据斯皮尔曼相关性分析确定影响苹果产量的最重要气象特征变量。然后，采用梯度提升树(Gradient boosting decision tree, GBDT)、支持向量机(Support vector machine, SVM)、贝叶斯正则化反向传播神经网络(Bayesian regularization back propagation artificial neural network, BRBP)和多元线性回归(Multiple linear regression, MLR)算法，建立苹果相对气象产量的预测模型，并确定最佳模型输入特征变量组合。最后，基于不同生育期和生长季内各月份最佳模型输入特征变量...     

基于分类梯度提升算法和人工神经网络的食松和樱核圆柏的气孔导度模拟

气孔导度是表征植物蒸腾状态的重要指标，气孔导度的准确量化对于地表水文循环研究具有重要意义。为探索提高气孔导度模拟准确性的方法，本研究利用分类梯度提升算法（CatBoost,CAT）和人工神经网络（Artificial Neural Network,ANN）两种机器学习模型对食松（Pinus edulis）与樱核圆柏（Juniperus monosperma）的气孔导度进行了模拟，并将二者的模拟结果与Ball-Berry模型和Medlyn模型进行了比较。机器学习模型以净光合速率An、叶表二氧化碳浓度Cs、相对湿度RH、饱和水汽压差VPD、叶片温度TL和黎明前叶水势LWP为输入变量，设计了3种建模策略：策略(1)输入变量为An、Cs和RH；策略(2)输入变量为An、Cs和VPD；策略(3)输入变量为An、Cs、RH、VPD、TL和LWP。结果表明(1)Ball-Berry模型和Medlyn模型模拟效果相近，RMSE分别0.013 8和0.013 9 mol/（m2·s）；(2)机器学习模型对气孔导度的模拟效果明显优于Ball-Berry模型和Medlyn模型，不同输入策略下CAT和ANN模...     

耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机的日参照蒸散量模拟计算

针对传统最小二乘支持向量机模型的训练速度慢、不易在线训练、计算量大及参数选择困难等缺陷,提出采用耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机算法,建立基于耦合模拟退火优化最小二乘支持向量机的参照作物蒸散量预测模型。选取陕西省的榆林、安康和西安气象站监测的1971-2014年气象资料进行模型训练、测试与验证,研究气象监测获取原始数据作为网络输入,参照蒸散量ET0为输出,构建CSA-LSSVM预测模型,并将CSA-LS-SVM预测结果与LSSVM模型及经典ET0模型模拟计算结果进行比较。结果表明,CSA-LS-SVM模型模拟计算精度和总ET0模拟模型都优于LSSVM模型及其他经典模型模拟结果。该研究CSA-LS-SVM模型为陕西地区气象资料缺乏情况下ET0精确计算提供科学依据,为作物需水量的智能决策提供参考。     

支持向量机在李果实坚实度近红外检测中的应用

为增强模型的适应性,选取了3个不同成熟期(绿熟、半红熟和红熟)的李果实样品建立坚实度指标的近红外检测模型,建模所使用的光谱范围为4 000~12 492cm-1。为改善模型性能,比较了最小二乘支持向量机和偏最小二乘法两种建模算法对李果实坚实度指标的建模结果。研究结果表明,所建立的最小二乘-支持向量机模型的预测性能和稳定性均好于偏最小二乘模型,并以前10个潜在变量得分作为输入变量的最小二乘-支持向量机模型为最佳模型,其校正相关系数、校正和预测均方根误差分别为0.989及1.31、1.84kg/cm2,剩余预测偏差为4.79。与以往研究文献相比,获得了较为理想的预测精度和稳定性能。研究结果表明,最小二乘支持向量机算法结合偏最小二乘法提取的潜在变量作为输入变量,可以使李果实坚实度近红外定量模型有较大程度的改善。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。